Search Results (50)

A highly effective and economical method to immobilize cadmium in alkaline agricultural soil is urgently needed. Using adsorption kinetic and isotherm experiments, soil incubation tests, and cadmium leaching assays, this study aimed to evaluate the applicability of hydroxyapatite–organic fertilizer composite amendment (HO), individual hydroxylapatite (HA), individual organic fertilizer (OF), sepiolite (SP), and diatomite (DE) to passivate soil cadmium and their passivating effect. In the aqueous phase, HO successfully adsorbed Cd²⁺ onto the surface and has superior potential Cd²⁺ adsorption capacity than OF, DE, and SP, with its adsorption capacity closely approaching that of HA, enabling its use as a passivator in field Cd-contaminated soils. In Cd-contaminated soil, HO effectively lowered the pH from 9.22 to 8.59 at a 5% application rate and changed the aggregate-size distribution of the soil. The increase in the amount of passivator also significantly increased the soil aggregate size. Moreover, the addition of HO significantly improved the extractable contents of Cd in the soil. Compared with the control, the combined amendment decreased TCLP (toxicity leaching procedure test)-extractable Cd by 30.95%, 42.86%, 59.52%, and 69.05% at application rates of 0.5%, 1%, 3%, and 5% (w/w), respectively. These results demonstrate that HO is a highly efficient and low-cost organic–inorganic composite passivator for cadmium-contaminated soils. Full article

Facial aging is not a singular phenomenon but a cascade of anatomical and biological transformations unfolding across the skeleton, fat, ligaments, muscles, dermis, and epidermis. Its clinical expression-volume loss, sagging, wrinkling, and surface irregularities-cannot be adequately explained by simplistic metaphors of “filling” or “lifting.” This article is a narrative review synthesizing current anatomical, physiological, and clinical evidence relevant to multimodal facial rejuvenation. Traditional monotherapies, while sometimes effective in isolation, are increasingly inadequate for contemporary patients who demand outcomes that are natural, harmonious, and durable. Modern esthetic practice has therefore shifted toward multimodal approaches that address aging across multiple planes. Hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers provide volumetric scaffolding and hydration; collagen stimulators such as poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) and calcium hydroxylapatite (CaHA) induce neocollagenesis and long-term dermal remodeling; botulinum toxin restores balance to muscular vectors and improves expression dynamics; while energy-based devices (EBDs), including fractional lasers, radiofrequency microneedling, and high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), enhance skin texture, tone, and elasticity. When applied in a sequenced and evidence-based manner, these modalities act synergistically to deliver results unattainable by any single intervention. In addition to established modalities, the field has recently witnessed aggressive promotion of “regenerative” therapies-growth factors, exosomes, platelet-rich plasma (PRP), and platelet-rich fibrin (PRF). While biologically plausible, their efficacy and safety remain uncertain due to the absence of robust, randomized clinical trials and the heterogeneity of current data. This raises a critical question: is aesthetic medicine advancing through science, or being driven by novelty and marketing? This review synthesizes current anatomical and physiological knowledge of aging, evaluates the mechanisms, clinical applications, and safety considerations of major treatment modalities, and proposes practical sequencing strategies. It also emphasizes the ethical imperative that aesthetic medicine, while innovative and fast-evolving, must remain anchored in scientific evidence and patient safety—because aesthetic medicine is, fundamentally, still medicine. Full article

Background: Facial palsy constitutes a profoundly disabling condition, often leading to marked functional deficits and a decline in facial appearance, which substantially reduces the patient’s quality of life. A combined therapy of botulinum toxin (BoNTA), hyaluronic acid (HA) and calcium hydroxylapatite (CaHA) appears promising in the pharmacological approach of these patients. Methods: We reported our single center experience of patients with facial palsy, either of central or peripheral etiology who were treated with the combination of BoNTA, HA and CaHA, during a 6-month period (January 2025–June 2025). Results: Eight consecutive adult patients [mean age: 49.50 ± 7.95 years, 6 (75%) female] with facial palsy, either of central (4 patients) or peripheral (4 patients) etiology, received the combination of BoNTA, HA and CaHA. No serious adverse reactions were documented. Localized bruising and swelling at injection sites resolved without requiring any additional intervention. Facial Disability Index (FDI) was assessed both prior to and following treatment. The functional subscale increased from 65.63 ± 16.13 to 80.63 ± 10.50 (improvement rate = 24.4%, p-value = 0.002), while the psychosocial subscale increased from 63.00 ± 17.34 to 74.50 ± 10.89 (improvement rate = 18.3%, p-value = 0.004). Consequently, the total FDI score improved from 128.63 ± 28.92 to 155.13 ± 17.96 (overall improvement = 20.6%, p-value = 0.001). Conclusions: The present case series underscores the potential therapeutic role of CaHA as an adjunct to BoNTA and HA injections in patients with central or peripheral facial palsy. Full article

Injectable biomaterials for vocal fold disorders are being developed to provide not only mechanical reinforcement but also a regenerative microenvironment. Recent hydrogels based on hyaluronic acid (HA) derivatives, calcium hydroxylapatite and decellularized matrix scaffolds are designed to approximate the viscoelastic behavior of native tissue, allow controlled degradation, and modulate local immune responses. Rather than serving merely as space-filling agents, several of these materials deliver extracellular matrix (ECM)-like biochemical signals that help maintain pliability and overcome some limitations of conventional augmentation. Experimental and early clinical studies involving growth factor delivery, stem cell-based injections, and ECM-mimetic hydrogels have demonstrated improved mucosal wave vibration and reduced fibrosis in cases of scarring. In clinical series, benefits from basic fibroblast growth factor can persist for up to 12 months. Further progress will depend on correlating material properties with objective vibratory performance to achieve lasting restoration of phonation and advance true tissue-regenerative therapy. Full article

The sustainable conversion of biogenic waste into high-value materials presents a promising approach for addressing environmental and industrial challenges. This work reports an advancement into antioxidant-enriched phosphate minerals derived from green conversion of biogenic calcium carbonates of crustaceans. We demonstrate the effectiveness of Raman technology in controlling conversion using phosphoric acid treatment. The effects of reaction parameters—including acid stoichiometry, granular size distribution, and thermal treatment at 700 °C and 1200 °C—were systematically evaluated. Raman spectroscopy results validated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and SEM-EDX analyses revealed mixed-phase minerals monetite, brushite, whitlockite or hydroxylapatite, respectively. Notably, reducing particle size enhanced conversion efficiency by increasing the reactive surface area, while the use of excess phosphoric acid facilitated conversion to monocalcium phosphate and promoted the degradation of the organic matrix. Thermal treatment further altered the product composition: heating at 700 °C produced a whitlockite-rich phase, whereas treatment at 1200 °C shifted the balance toward hydroxylapatite. The synthesized calcium phosphate compounds, including hydroxylapatite, monocalcium phosphate, whitlockite, and brushite, hold significant practical utility in biomedical applications (such as bone grafts and dental implants), agriculture, and industrial processing. Moreover, we have proven that by controlling the reaction parameters the final product composition can be tailored according to the specific needs. A greener approach yields brushite, monetite, or monocalcium phosphate, while a more energy-demanding process, including heating to 1200 °C, yields a high-purity hydroxylapatite. This research offers a sustainable analytical route for producing high-purity calcium phosphate materials from wasted biomaterials, contributing to both the bioeconomy as well as scientific innovation. Full article

Background/Objectives: Calcium hydroxylapatite (CaHA)-based dermal fillers are widely used in esthetic medicine due to their dual volumizing and biostimulatory properties. Despite their rising popularity, comparative clinical outcome data evaluating different CaHA fillers remain limited. This prospective, single-center, unblinded study aimed to establish the effectiveness of the CaHA filler Rennova^® Diamond Intense via comparison to the well-established CaHA filler Radiesse^® in terms of clinical performance, safety, and patient satisfaction. Methods: Thirty patients (28 female, 2 male) underwent a single-session bilateral injection of Rennova^® Diamond Intense (right side) and Radiesse^® (left side) in the lower and medial posterior facial regions. Outcomes evaluated at multiple time points included dermal thickness, skin elasticity, transepidermal water loss, patient-reported outcomes (S-GAIS), physician-assessed outcomes (P-GAIS), and adverse events. Results: Both fillers showed improvements across all parameters. Patient-reported S-GAIS indicated predominantly “improved” outcomes at days 60 and 120, whereas physician assessments (P-GAIS) predominantly indicated “very improved” results at day 120. Ultrasound revealed increases in dermal thickness for both fillers. Similarly, improvements in skin elasticity and decreases in transepidermal water loss were observed bilaterally. Mild, transient adverse events (pain, swelling, redness, bruising) resolved spontaneously within 30 days post injection. Conclusions: Rennova^® Diamond Intense effectively increases dermal thickness, improves skin elasticity, and reduces transepidermal water loss, achieving high patient and physician satisfaction. These findings underscore its safety, versatility, and efficacy for esthetic facial rejuvenation, warranting further long-term evaluation. Full article

This paper presents a new account of the mineralogy of the bat guano deposit in Gaura cu Muscă Cave, Locvei Mountains, Romania. The cave, which, in its main proportion, is a wet, “live” cave, has a dry portion hosting guano. Biogenic leucophosphite is one of the main compounds of the fossil bat guano association in the cave, where it occurs together with hydroxylapatite, taranakite, ardealite, calcite, quartz and illite (the 2M1 polytype). The mineral species from the cave were characterized by optical methods, scanning electron microscopy, wet-chemical analysis, X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared and inductively coupled plasma – atomic emission spectrometry. The crystal-chemical formula of leucophosphite from Gaura cu Muscă is [K_0.978Na_0.003(NH₄)_0.014](Al_0.085Fe_1.903Mg_0.001Mn_0.006)(PO₄)₂(OH)_0.973·2H₂O. The cell parameters calculated for the same sample are a = 9.813(6) Å, b = 9.749(6) Å, c = 9.631(9) Å and β = 102.30(2)°. The infrared spectrum affords the presence of (PO₄)³⁻, (HPO₄)²⁻, (NH₄)⁺ and (OH)⁻ ions, together with H₂O molecules. The band multiplicity on the IR absorption spectrum suggests that the phosphate groups in the structure have C_s punctual symmetry. The host deposit was formed under extremely “dry” conditions that favored a sharp decrease in the pH of solutions derived from the guano mass. Full article

This study aimed to investigate the remineralization processes of dental enamel via scanning electron microscopy and observe the changes induced in the microstructure by oral hygiene products. More specifically, the effectiveness of Mentadent Professional Resilience was analyzed for its ability to demineralize erosion-affected enamel surfaces. This involved the sectioning of some teeth to preserve enamel integrity, followed by dehydration and preparation for SEM analysis. SEM observations were made at various magnifications to detect differences in enamel morphology after treatment with the product. These observations provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of action of dental care products and their potential to protect enamel. The study makes a contribution to our understanding of remineralization processes and describes the importance of microscopic analysis for evaluating and developing effective dental products. Full article

Hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers are extensively utilized in aesthetic medicine due to their biocompatibility, reversibility, and effectiveness in enhancing skin hydration, volume, and overall appearance. These fillers are predominantly produced through microbial fermentation, followed by a critical cross-linking process that enhances their longevity by resisting enzymatic degradation. This review provides a thorough examination of the manufacturing processes that differentiate HA fillers, with particular attention to the distinctions between biphasic and monophasic variants. Unlike previous studies, this review emphasizes the specific cross-linking techniques and their substantial impact on the fillers’ rheological properties, such as elasticity and cohesiveness, which are crucial to their clinical performance and patient outcomes. Additionally, the review offers a comprehensive comparison of HA fillers with non-HA alternatives, including calcium hydroxylapatite, poly-l-lactic acid, and polymethyl methacrylate, highlighting the unique advantages and potential complications associated with each type. By presenting novel insights into the latest advancements and challenges in filler technology, this review aims to provide clinicians with a deeper understanding of filler properties, thereby guiding them in making informed decisions to optimize patient safety and aesthetic results. Full article

Objective: The aim of this study was to systematically review the safety and effectiveness of the injectable biostimulators dermal fillers calcium hydroxyapatite (CaHA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) in facial esthetic procedures. Materials and Methods: Comprehensive electronic searches were executed across six academic databases. The primary outcome focused on safety by examining studies that reported the incidence of adverse events (AEs). The secondary outcome gauged the satisfaction of the patients and injectors by validated esthetic scales. To evaluate biases, the Joanna Briggs Institute Checklist tools were employed. Results: We included a total of 79 studies. In the quantitative assessment of the CaHA, out of 5032 injected patients, 21.8% manifested early AEs, 0.85% experienced delayed reactions, and 0.27% had severe complications. Within the PCL group, consisting of 1119 patients, 83.3% exhibited early AEs, 5.6% had delayed reactions, and none had serious complications. Regarding esthetic satisfaction outcome, both products presented favorable results, but a limited number of studies assessed these data. In the studies evaluated qualitatively, a broad array of AEs were cataloged. Conclusions: The occurrence of serious AEs associated with CaHA and PCL fillers is relatively low. Both CaHA and PCL fillers exhibit favorable safety profiles, with most AEs being transient in nature. Full article

Background/Objectives: This retrospective observational study sought to determine the efficacy and safety of an innovative combined treatment protocol using guided Superficial Enhanced Fluid Fat Injection (SEFFI) and calcium hydroxylapatite (CaHA) in facial rejuvenation. Methods: A total of 158 patients (149 females and 9 males) underwent the combined treatment of guided SEFFI and diluted/hyperdiluted CaHA. The study evaluated treatment outcomes at 30, 90, and 150 days post-treatment using the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS) and three-dimensional photogrammetric analysis. Results: The combined treatment demonstrated consistent enhancement in skin quality and facial volume across temporal, malar, zygomatic, and jawline regions. At 90 days post-treatment, substantial improvements were observed, with the GAIS scores reflecting significant enhancements in both skin quality and volume, which were sustained or slightly improved by 150 days. Minor complications, predominantly ecchymosis at the injection sites, resolved within a week, confirming the treatments’ safety. Conclusions: The integration of guided SEFFI and CaHA resulted in significant improvements in skin quality and facial volume with minimal complications. Further research is recommended to consolidate these findings and explore long-term outcomes. Full article

In the prehistoric period on the Balkan Peninsula, the technology of white decoration underwent a drastic change. At the beginning of the Neolithic white pigment was applied as paint on a polished surface. At the end of the epoch, white paste was inlaid in incised channels on the surfaces of vessels. This study is focused on the identification of mineral pigments used for white decoration of Neolithic and Chalcolithic pottery from the territory of Bulgaria. The aim of this work is to answer the question of whether the composition of the white pigment varies according to the technique of decoration (paint and inlay). A set of 41 pottery fragments from 11 archaeological sites on the territory of Bulgaria was analyzed utilizing two spectroscopic techniques: laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Additionally, the experimental data from the LIBS were statistically treated with the multivariate technique, principal component analysis (PCA). The results from the spectral analysis indicated that the main constituent in the white decorated sherds is calcite in various combinations with carrier materials like quartz, feldspars, and metal oxides. The statistical analysis revealed that the primal constituent in the inlaid sherds is calcite while in the painted part, the carrier material is dominant. In some particular sherds, gypsum, hydroxylapatite, kaolinite, and aragonite were also detected. Full article

This contribution attempts to provide a state-of-the-art account of the physicochemical and biomedical properties of the plasma-sprayed hydroxylapatite (HAp) coatings that are routinely applied to the surfaces of metallic endoprosthetic and dental root implants designed to replace or restore the lost functions of diseased or damaged tissues of the human body. Even though the residence time of powder particles of HAp in the plasma jet is extremely short, the high temperature applied induces compositional and structural changes in the precursor HAp that severely affect its chemical and physical properties and in turn its biomedical performance. These changes are based on the incongruent melting behavior of HAp and can be traced, among many other analytical techniques, by high resolution synchrotron X-ray diffraction, vibrational (Raman) spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. In vivo reactions of the plasma-sprayed coatings to extracellular fluid (ECF) can be assessed and predicted by in vitro testing using simulated body fluids (SBFs) as proxy agents. Ways to safeguard the appropriate biological performance of HAp coatings in long-term service by controlling their phase content, porosity, surface roughness, residual stress distribution, and adhesion to the implant surface are being discussed. Full article

Short glass fibers are generally used in posterior dental restorations to enhance the mechanical properties and improve the material microstructure. Two resin-based composites (S0 and SF) were formulated and characterized to investigate the influence of zirconium in their characteristics and properties. The organic part of the investigated materials was the same (BisGMA, TEGDMA, and a photochemical polymerization system), and in the inorganic part, besides quart, glassA, and hydroxylapatite with Zn, sample S0 contained strontium glass with zirconium and sample SF contained fiber powder of chopped zirconium. The samples were characterized by the degree of conversion (DC), mechanical properties, water sorption (WS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) before and after the WS test, and antimicrobial properties. The results obtained were subjected to one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s statistical tests. Both samples had a high DC. Regarding the mechanical properties, both samples were very similar, except DTS, which was higher for the composite without fibers. After 14 days, the WS value of the SF sample was lower than that of the S0 sample. Water caused significant changes in the topography of the SF sample, but thanks to its antimicrobial properties and the diffusion phenomenon, SF had a more pronounced antimicrobial effect. This study shows that the addition of appropriate amounts of Sr-Zr-glass powder gives the material in which it is added similar properties to material containing chopped zirconium glass fiber powder. According to the antimicrobial test results, resin composites containing experimental zirconia fillings can be considered in future in vitro clinical studies for posterior reconstructions with significantly improved mechanical properties. Full article

Hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels are commonly used for facial dermal filling and for alternative medical aesthetic purposes. High diversity exists in commercial formulations, notably for the optimization of finished product stability, functionality, and performance. Polyvalent ingredients such as calcium hydroxylapatite (CaHA) or vitamin B3 (niacinamide) are notably used as bio-stimulants to improve skin quality attributes at the administration site. The aim of the present study was to perform multi-parametric characterization of two novel cross-linked dermal filler formulas (HAR-1 “Instant Refine” and HAR-3 “Maxi Lift”) for elucidation of the various functional impacts of vitamin B3 incorporation. Therefore, the HAR products were firstly comparatively characterized in terms of in vitro rheology, cohesivity, injectability, and resistance to chemical or enzymatic degradation (exposition to H₂O₂, AAPH, hyaluronidases, or xanthine oxidase). Then, the HAR products were assessed for cytocompatibility and in vitro bio-stimulation attributes in a primary dermal fibroblast model. The results showed enhanced resilience of the cohesive HAR hydrogels as compared to JUVÉDERM^® VOLBELLA^® and VOLUMA^® reference products in a controlled degradation assay panel. Furthermore, significant induction of total collagen synthesis in primary dermal fibroblast cultures was recorded for HAR-1 and HAR-3, denoting intrinsic bio-stimulatory effects comparable or superior to those of the Radiesse^® and Sculptra^™ reference products. Original results of high translational relevance were generated herein using robust and orthogonal experimental methodologies (hydrogel degradation, functional benchmarking) and study designs. Overall, the reported results confirmed the dual functionalization role of vitamin B3 in cross-linked HA dermal fillers, with a significant enhancement of hydrogel system stability attributes and the deployment of potent bio-stimulatory capacities. Full article