Search Results (417)

Background and Objectives: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death globally. The World Health Organization has called for investigations into traditional systems of medicine for CVD prevention. Ayurveda includes a classical herbal formulation called Maharishi Amrit Kalash (MAK) traditionally used for disease prevention, health promotion and healthy aging. The study objective was to evaluate MAK effects on biomarkers of vascular function and structure compared to vitamin C and E supplementation in a high CVD risk population. Materials and Methods: In this double-blind randomized controlled trial, 138 Black men and women (mean age 65 ± 7 years) with established CVD or high CVD risk were assigned to either MAK (n = 46), vitamin C/E (n = 46), or placebo (n = 46) for 12 months. The primary outcomes were change in brachial artery reactivity testing (BART) with flow-mediated dilation (FMD, endothelium-dependent) and nitroglycerin-mediated dilation (NMD, endothelium-independent). Other outcomes included carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), blood pressure, and serum lipids. ANCOVA and pairwise comparisons were performed. Results: After 12 months of intervention, the MAK group demonstrated significant improvement in BART-NMD compared to placebo (mean change + 4.18% vs. +2.95%, p = 0.018) and numerical but non-significant improvement compared to the +3.32% mean change for the Vitamin C/E group (p = NS). There were no significant group differences for BART-FMD, cIMT, blood pressure, and lipids. Intervention compliance ranged from 70–80%. Conclusions: In this randomized controlled trial, 12 months of MAK supplementation improved endothelium-independent vascular smooth muscle function (BART-NMD) in Black adults at high CVD risk. The MAK group achieved a mean BART-NMD of approximately 15.6%, reaching the established threshold for normal vascular smooth muscle function. This selective improvement in smooth muscle responsiveness without changes in endothelial function, vascular structure, or conventional risk factors suggests MAK may influence specific pathways relevant to vascular aging. Larger studies with clinical outcomes are needed to further evaluate this effect on cardiovascular health in aging and high-risk populations. Full article

Forsythia suspensa flowers are a promising raw material for herbal infusions, but the effects of drying on their flavor and chemical composition remain unclear. Four drying methods, freeze-drying (FD), indoor shade drying (ID), sun drying (SD), and hot-air drying (HAD), were evaluated using an electronic nose, an electronic tongue, HS-GC-MS, LC-MS, sensory evaluation, and correlation analyses. Significant differences in aroma, taste, and overall acceptability scores were observed between drying treatments. HAD samples showed stronger sweetness, bitterness, and umami responses, whereas FD samples showed higher W1W (mainly responsive to terpenes) and W2W (mainly responsive to aromatic compounds) sensor responses. In total, 72 volatile and 148 non-volatile compounds were identified. Aldehydes were the main volatile class, showing the highest relative abundance in SD, whereas terpenes were highest in HAD. OAV analysis revealed 38 volatile compounds with OAV > 1, with nonanal as the major contributor in all groups. LC–MS screened 62 differential non-volatile compounds across the four drying treatments. Pairwise comparisons with FD showed 46 differential compounds, with HAD showing the most distinct changes. Overall, the flavor differences across drying treatments were closely associated with changes in volatile and non-volatile compounds, and HAD showed better potential for standardized processing. Full article

Ensuring the safety of sustainably managed medicinal plants is closely linked to the quality of plant raw materials, including the presence of heavy metals within safe limits. Sustainable management in the context of herbal raw materials therefore entails responsible management of herbal plant resources, integrating environmental protection with ensuring long-term economic profitability. The aim of this study was to analyze selected biochemical parameters and to determine metal concentrations in soils and leaves of Plantago lanceolata L. collected from natural habitats at increasing distances from traffic routes. The content of Zn, Cu, Ni, and Pb was determined in the soils and leaves of Plantago lanceolata L. Assessing the content of these elements in plant raw materials allows for: the prevention of harmful substances in final products, adaptation of raw materials to applicable safety standards (avoiding toxicity), and protection of consumer health. This promotes sustainable development by building a safe supply chain. The leaves of Plantago lanceolata L. were also tested for biochemical enzymatic (catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)) and non-enzymatic (chlorophyll a and b (Chl a and b), carotenoids (Car), ascorbic acid (AAC)), and mechanisms regulating the activity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined in the leaves of Plantago lanceolata L. Based on the results of leaf pH, relative water content (RWC), ascorbic acid content, and total chlorophyll content, the air pollution tolerance index (APTI) was calculated. The distance from the road has a significant impact on the concentration of the heavy metals analyzed. The soils were found to be free of Zn, Cu, Pb, and Ni contamination. However, analysis of Plantago lanceolata L. leaves revealed exceedances of acceptable lead limits for herbal plants. The content of pigments, the ratio of Chl a/b, and Chl (a + b)/Car in the leaves of Plantago lanceolata L. was significantly dependent on the distance from the road. The activity of CAT and SOD in the leaves of Plantago lanceolata L. growing closest to the road was significantly higher compared to the others. APTI values suggest that Plantago lanceolata L. exhibits sensitivity to pollution, independent of its distance from the emission source. Full article

The essential oil (EO) of Sideritis L. has attracted great interest due to its pharmacological activities. At the same time, there is significant variability within the type, related, among other things, to the origin of the raw material. The aim of this work was to study the EO chemical composition of Sideritis scardica Griseb. from Bulgaria and Türkiye. The plant material (air-dried above-ground parts) was purchased from herbal and medical stores in Lublin, Poland. The crushed raw material was used for distillation of the EO. Distillation was performed in a Clevenger apparatus. The EO content was expressed in ml per 100 g of air-dried herb. Analysis of the qualitative and quantitative composition of the obtained EO was performed using gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer (450-GC + 240-MS). The antimicrobial activity of the S. scardica EO was evaluated using the broth microdilution method in accordance with the guidelines of the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) guidelines. We have demonstrated that the chemical composition and biological activity of sideritis EO depend on the origin of the raw material. Our results indicate that S. scardica EO can be considered a promising antimicrobial agent. Full article

Ethnopharmacological studies are growing in number in Europe; however, research on medicinal plants in Lithuania focusing on dermatological and cosmetic applications is still scarce. This study aimed to evaluate ethnobotanical heritage related to the treatment of skin diseases and cosmetic use in Northern Lithuania and to assess the compliance of traditional medicinal plant use indications with European Union herbal monographs. This study involved 36 participants aged 40 to 89. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews. This study documented 76 plant species belonging to 41 botanical families for the treatment of skin diseases and cosmetic purposes. This knowledge was primarily transmitted through family traditions, with 59.2% of respondents reporting that they acquired this knowledge from parents or grandparents. The medicinal plants most frequently mentioned for the treatment of skin diseases and cosmetic purposes were Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. and Plantago major L. The most popular preparation method was topical application (32.4%) for treating skin diseases and decoction (38.5%) for cosmetic purposes. Plant-based raw materials were most often used to treat skin wounds (24.5%), as well as skin inflammation (16.3%) and burns (12.1%). For cosmetic purposes, the most frequently mentioned indication was dry skin (23.6% of plants). Of the 76 recorded plant species, 41 (53.9%) were not included in herbal monographs, and only 15 species (42.86%) were used in accordance with approved medical indications for skin diseases. Many plant species are used without European Medicines Agency-approved medical indications, relying solely on traditional and folk knowledge. Full article

Background: Xinshubao tablet (XSB), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula composed of five medicinal herbs, is used clinically to alleviate cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to investigate the coronary vasodilatory effects of XSB and its individual herbs, exploring its active constituents and the underlying mechanisms. Methods: The vasorelaxant effects of XSB and its individual herbal intestinal absorption solutions (IASs) were evaluated by ex vivo coronary artery ring assays. The chemical constituents of the best active herbal IAS were qualitatively identified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC–Q-TOF-MS). Molecular docking and ex vivo assays were used to predict and validate the bioactive constituents and mechanisms responsible for coronary vasorelaxation. Results: Vasodilation experiments revealed that XSB-IAS and its individual herb IAS exhibited varying degrees of vasodilatory effects, in the range of 0.8–18 g raw materials/mL. At 6, 12, and 18 mg of raw materials/mL, Crataegus pinnatifida Bge (Shanzha) exhibited vasodilation rates of 26.45% ± 1.8%, 36.57% ± 3.5%, and 45.16% ± 6.3%, which were obviously higher than those of the other individual herbs. Fifty constituents in Shanzha IAS were identified by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. Vasodilation-related protein–protein interaction (PPI) network revealed NOS3 as a core regulatory target. Molecular docking demonstrated that among the identified constituents, isochlorogenic acid B, betulin, etc., displayed binding affinity to NOS3. Isochlorogenic acid B was further validated to exhibit vasodilatory effects in the ranges of 0.05–2.5 mM. Mechanistic results showed that isochlorogenic acid B improved vasodilation by inhibiting Ca²⁺ influx through both voltage-dependent and receptor-operated Ca²⁺ channels, activating K⁺ channels, and exhibiting endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation. Conclusions: This study provides insights into the material basis and mechanisms underlying the vasorelaxant effects of XSB. Isochlorogenic acid B was firstly found to exert the coronary vasodilatory effect. This study can also contribute to the identification of efficacy-related quality markers in TCM. Full article

Background and Objectives: Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is increasingly associated with the use of herbal medicines. Ephedra sinica (ES) occasionally induces hepatocellular injury, yet therapeutic strategies for herb-induced liver injury are limited. This study investigated the potential mechanisms of a multicomponent pharmacopuncture formulation (VP) in ES-associated hepatotoxicity. Materials and Methods: Bioactive constituents of VP were collected from pharmacological databases and literature. The physicochemical properties were evaluated using SwissADME. Compound–target interactions were identified using the STITCH database and integrated with DILI–related genes retrieved from GeneCards (relevance score ≥ 5.0). Protein–protein interaction network analysis, Gene Ontology enrichment, and KEGG pathway analyses were performed. Results: A total of 22 overlapping targets were identified. A nine-gene module—comprising TNF, IL6, STAT3, CASP3, PINK1, PRKN, NFE2L2, HMOX1, and ABCB11—was associated with key biological processes, including inflammatory signaling, mitochondrial quality control, oxidative stress regulation, and hepatobiliary transport. Conclusions: These findings suggest that VP may modulate multiple biological processes relevant to hepatotoxic stress, including inflammatory signaling, mitochondrial quality control, and bile acid transport. These results provide a plausible mechanistic framework for further investigation, pending experimental validation. Full article

Objectives: The primary objective of vital pulp therapy (VPT) is to induce the formation of tertiary dentin bridge through the application of bioactive materials to maintain pulp vitality. This study aimed to evaluate the odontogenic potential of Moringa oleifera ethanolic and aqueous extracts as sustainable herbal pulp capping materials in comparison to mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and a bioceramic putty. The evaluation was conducted in vitro on human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and in vivo using a rat model of direct pulp capping. Methods: Moringa leaf extracts were prepared and the cytotoxicity assessed using MTT assay to measure the IC50, and their odontogenic potential was further evaluated in vitro by measuring alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and performing Alizarin Red staining for mineralization in comparison to MTA. For the in vivo study, the exposed rat pulps were capped with the extracts, MTA, the bioceramic putty, or a plain collagen sponge (control). Histological analysis was performed to evaluate inflammation and tertiary dentin bridge formation. Results: The ethanolic, aqueous extracts and MTA showed low cytotoxicity, though the ethanolic extract had significantly enhanced ALP expression (p < 0.05) and mineralized nodule formation (p < 0.05) compared to the other groups. In the in vivo study, the plain collagen sponges failed, resulting in necrosis. Conversely, MTA and the ethanolic extract exhibited the best outcomes, inducing the lowest inflammatory response (mainly score 1 and 2) and the successful formation of an irregular dentin bridge by odontoblast-like cells, whereas the aqueous extract and bioceramic putty showed intermediate results, with higher inflammation levels. Conclusions: Ethanolic Moringa oleifera extract is a highly biocompatible material with potent odontogenic induction capabilities, primarily driven by its flavonoid content. It is a promising, novel, and cost-effective material for use in the VPT as an effective alternative to MTA. Full article

Background: Despite mechanical hygiene, plaque-related illnesses like gingivitis and periodontitis affect over 3.5 billion people globally. Natural mouthwashes are becoming increasingly popular as consumers shift toward plant-based alternatives to chlorhexidine, which may have drawbacks that limit long-term acceptability. This study aimed to evaluate the short-term clinical potential of three herbal mouthwashes—Matricaria chamomilla (chamomile), Salvia officinalis (sage), and Zingiber officinale (ginger)—in reducing dental plaque and clinical signs of gingival inflammation in young adults. (2) Materials and Methods. A randomised controlled clinical trial was conducted on 175 systemically healthy participants, allocated equally into five groups (three herbal groups, placebo, and chlorhexidine). Each herbal group used a 2% aqueous infusion three times daily for twelve weeks. The 2% aqueous infusion concentration was selected based on commonly reported concentrations in previous phytotherapeutic and clinical studies evaluating herbal mouthwashes, balancing potential efficacy with safety and tolerability. The plant materials were sourced from certified suppliers, and standardized dried plant parts were used under controlled preparation conditions. Clinical assessments were performed at baseline (T0), week 1 (T1), week 5 (T2), and week 9 (T3), corresponding to the beginning of each evaluation interval within the 12-week study, using the Silness–Löe Plaque Index and the modified Löe–Silness Gingival Index. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc correction. (3) Results. Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed a significant main effect of time for both plaque accumulation and gingival index scores. For the Silness–Löe Plaque Index, a marked time-dependent reduction was observed across the active treatment groups (p < 0.001; η²_p = 0.56), with a significant time × group interaction (p < 0.001; η²_p = 0.49). Similarly, the modified Löe–Silness Gingival Index showed a significant reduction over time (p < 0.001; η²_p = 0.22), with a significant interaction effect between time and mouthwash type (p < 0.001; η²_p = 0.17). No statistically significant differences were found among the three herbal mouthwashes in post hoc Bonferroni comparisons (all p > 0.05), whereas all active treatments showed significantly better outcomes compared with the placebo. (4) Discussion. All three rinses showed similar clinical effects on plaque and gingival scores. However, without mechanistic assays, no claims can be made about comparable antibacterial or anti-inflammatory activity. Compared with conventional antiseptics such as chlorhexidine, herbal rinses offer important advantages in terms of biocompatibility, safety, and tolerability, with no staining, taste alteration, or mucosal irritation reported. At T3, the correlation between plaque and gingival indices was weak (Spearman’s ρ = 0.18, p = 0.09), suggesting limited linear association; this finding should be interpreted cautiously, as the low end-range values and limited variability of both indices at this time point may have masked a true association. This exploratory observation raises, but does not confirm, the possibility that factors other than plaque reduction may contribute to gingival improvement. (5) Conclusions. Significant reductions in dental plaque and clinical signs of gingival inflammation were observed following regular use of chamomile, sage, and ginger mouthwashes for twelve weeks. All herbal formulations exhibit similar clinical results. Longer-term controlled trials incorporating microbiological and phytochemical analyses are recommended to validate these findings further. Full article

Background and Objectives: Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are found to have a higher risk of dental diseases. Although herbal medicines (HMs) have long been used to treat various conditions, few studies focus on its impact on dental diseases. In this longitudinal cohort study, we assessed the correlation between HM use and risk of dental diseases in RA groups. Materials and Methods: A total of 2359 persons with RA aged 20–80 who were free of dental diseases between 2001 and 2010 were retrospectively enrolled from nationwide register-based data. They were then classified into HMs and non-HMs groups based on whether they ever used combined HMs after RA onset. Incidence rate and hazard ratios (HRs) of dental diseases were estimated for both groups by the end of 2013 via fitting Cox proportional hazards model. Results: Incidence rate of dental disease was reported to be lower in the HMs group than in the non-HMs group (90.21 per 1000 person-years versus 106.94 per 1000 person-years, respectively). RA individuals treated with HMs showed a significantly lower risk of dental diseases, especially dental caries, pulpitis, periodontitis, and stomatitis. Among commonly prescribed formulas, eleven herbal products significantly associated with a lower risk of dental diseases, such as Hai-Piao-Xiao, Yan-Hu-Suo, Chuan-Niu-Xi, Mo-Yao, Olibanum, Bei-Mu, Mu-Gua, Gui-Zhi-Shao-Yao-Zhi-Mu-Tang, Shao-Yao-Gan-Cao-Tang, Xue-Fu-Zhu-Yu-Tang, and Ping-Wei-San. Conclusions: The addition of HMs treatment may have advantages to proactively prevent sequent risk of dental disorders for persons with rheumatic diseases. A deeper exploration focusing on pharmacological action is needed to provide more reliable evidence for the improvement of susceptible individuals’ oral hygiene. Full article

Acute kidney injury (AKI) presents a critical clinical challenge due to its rapid progression and lack of effective targeted therapies. The herbal combination of rhubarb and Salvia miltiorrhiza, a cornerstone of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for renal protection, shows promise, yet its bioactive components and mode of action remain incompletely understood. This study identifies and characterizes inherent nanoscale entities from this herbal pair as a novel nanotherapeutic platform. Self-assembled nanoparticles (designated RSNPs) were isolated from the ethanol extract via differential centrifugation. Comprehensive characterization revealed that RSNPs form stable nanostructures through spontaneous self-assembly, primarily driven by supramolecular interactions (e.g., π-π stacking and hydrogen bonding). UPLC-MS/MS quantification confirmed the co-assembly of multiple bioactive constituents within RSNPs. Network pharmacology and molecular docking initially predicted their synergistic action on AKI-related pathways. In a cisplatin-induced murine AKI model, RSNP administration markedly attenuated renal dysfunction and histopathological damage, mechanistically linked to the mitigation of oxidative stress (e.g., decreased MDA and increased SOD) and inflammation (e.g., downregulated TNF-α and IL-6). In vitro, RSNPs demonstrated enhanced cellular internalization and superior cytoprotection against cisplatin toxicity in renal tubular epithelial cells, significantly reducing apoptosis. These findings unveil that the therapeutic efficacy of the Rheum palmatum L.–Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge pair is intrinsically embedded within its nanoscale architecture. RSNPs represent a new class of TCM-derived nanotherapeutics with a well-defined material basis and multimodal mechanisms, offering a promising strategy for AKI treatment. Full article

Meadow arnica is a valuable medicinal plant, used in both the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on the development, yield, and quality of flower heads (raw material) of meadow arnica grown in an organic farming system. The inoculation of plants with AMF improved the mass of above- and underground organs, including the mass of raw material, as well as the content of chlorophylls and general sugar in the leaves, followed by enhanced starch storage in the roots. The content of phenolics in the raw material was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The following flavonoids were assessed here: cynaroside, rutin, hyperoside, cosmosiin, astragalin, and diosmetin, as well as the phenolic acids: neochlorogenic, chlorogenic, caffeic, ferulic, rosmarinic, cichoric, 3,4-di-O-caffeoylquinic, and 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acids. The contents of these substances were higher in non-inoculated plants than in inoculated ones, which contradicts most studies conducted to date on medicinal and aromatic plants. Nevertheless, the results are interesting primarily because of the beneficial developmental changes in inoculated plants, as evidenced by a significantly higher mass of arnica flower heads, more efficient uptake of mineral nutrients from the soil, and lower nitrogen levels in aboveground organs. Full article

Healing skin wounds is still difficult in many clinical situations, especially when the wounds are chronic or infected. These wounds often stay inflamed for long periods, and the risk of bacterial invasion is high. Oxidative stress tends to increase as well, while the formation of new blood vessels is often inadequate. Because of these factors, wound repair depends on the proper coordination of several biological events. These include basic antimicrobial activities, the control and resolution of inflammation, protection against oxidative damage, the rebuilding of collagen structures, and the development of new vascular networks. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) provides many active compounds. These compounds work on many targets and through different pathways. They show good potential in wound treatment. But many TCM compounds have poor solubility in water. They are also unstable, have low bioavailability, and do not pass through the skin easily. These problems limit their use in clinical settings. Nanotechnology offers new ways to solve these problems. Nanodelivery systems can improve the solubility and stability of active compounds. They can also help the compounds enter the skin and stay in the wound area. Many types of nanocarriers have been developed, such as liposomes, polymer nanoparticles, nanogels, and inorganic nanomaterials. These systems can also provide controlled release or release that responds to the wound environment. This can make the treatment more accurate. In this review, we summarize how major TCM-derived compounds support wound repair and describe the biological mechanisms behind their effects. We also discuss recent nanodelivery approaches that aim to strengthen these therapeutic actions. These combinations can improve antibacterial performance, shape the immune response, reduce reactive oxygen species, and help the skin close more quickly. We also point out several challenges, such as concerns about material safety, the need for more consistent herbal extraction methods, gaps in mechanistic understanding, and the difficulty of producing these formulations on a large scale. Taken together, these points suggest that nanodelivery approaches using TCM-derived compounds still need more careful study and steady improvement before they can be used more widely in wound care. Full article

Chronic wound healing is a complex pathological process driven by multiple factors, presenting a significant global healthcare challenge. It not only severely compromises patients’ quality of life but also imposes a substantial socioeconomic burden. In recent years, with deepening insights into the wound microenvironment, composite therapeutic strategies combining natural herbal medicines and their active components with modern biomaterials have offered novel approaches to overcoming refractory wounds caused by diabetic ulcers, vascular lesions, burns, and infections. This paper first outlines the biological foundations of normal wound healing, emphasizing the core mechanisms underlying chronic wound persistence—including persistent inflammatory responses, impaired tissue repair, and cellular dysfunction. Building upon this foundation, the article systematically reviews the existing therapeutic approaches (such as conventional debridement) before focusing on the classification and application of novel biomaterials. It further analyzes the synergistic therapeutic advantages of using materials as delivery systems for natural bioactive compounds. This combined approach enables targeted regulation of the chronic wound microenvironment, synergistically promoting cell proliferation and migration to accelerate healing. Deepening our understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying chronic wounds, coupled with advanced biomaterial technologies, will propel clinical treatment toward more precise and efficient outcomes. Full article

Chimonanthus salicifolius and Chimonanthus nitens are widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Traditionally, their stems and leaves have been consumed as herbal tea substitutes in folk practices, possessing both medicinal and edible values. They represent typical dual-purpose plants for both medicinal and tea applications and are distinctive ethnic She medicinal resources. This study used the flowers, stems, and leaves of C. salicifolius and C. nitens as materials to analyze the chemical components of six essential oils and evaluate their antioxidant and antibacterial activities. We extracted their essential oils through steam distillation, followed by an analysis of their volatile chemical components using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Hydroxyl radical (•OH), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) were used to evaluate the antioxidant activities of the different essential oils. The results showed that the extraction rates of both Chimonanthus species followed the order of leaf > flower > stem. Among them, the essential oil extraction rate from the leaves of C. salicifolius was the highest (2.22%), followed by that from the leaves of C. nitens (0.84%). A total of 83 volatile components were identified from the six extracted essential oils, demonstrating significant compositional differences (p < 0.05). Eucalyptol is the main component and has the highest relative content in the essential oils of both plant leaves, with (54.65 ± 1.03%) in C. salicifolius and (52.28 ± 1.03%) in C. nitens. Antioxidant experiments revealed that the leaf essential oil exhibited the strongest •OH scavenging activity (IC50 = 39.47 ± 5.57 μL·mL⁻¹), while the stem of C. salicifolius showed the highest DPPH scavenging activity (IC50 = 20.78 ± 3.86), and the flower part demonstrated the best FRAP power. Additionally, a preliminary evaluation of the antibacterial activity of these two Chimonanthus leaf essential oils indicated that their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus pumilus, and Bacillus subtilis was consistently 50 µL·mL⁻¹. This study systematically analyzed the chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and antibacterial activity of essential oils from different parts of C. salicifolius and C. nitens, revealing differences in yield, component composition, and biological activity between the two species. The findings provide scientific evidence for the development and application of essential oils from Chimonanthus plants. Full article