Search Results (900)

(1) Forest fragmentation and associated edge effects can strongly modify the diversity and distribution of soil invertebrates, yet their responses in temperate floodplain forests remain poorly understood. We investigated myriapod (centipede and millipede) assemblages in a fragmented forest mosaic in the protected landscape area Litovelské Pomoraví (Czech Republic), focusing on the role of stand age, ecotones and key microhabitat variables. (2) Myriapods were sampled continuously during two years using pitfall traps arranged along transects crossing four neighboring patches (clear-cut with seedlings, 10-year-old stand, 87-year-old and 127-year-old Querco–Ulmetum forests). Species diversity was quantified using the Shannon–Wiener index, and patterns were analyzed by t-tests, canonical correspondence analysis and generalized additive models. (3) We collected over six thousand individuals (10 centipede and 10 millipede species). Diversity peaked in old-growth stands and adjacent ecotones, and two of the three ecotones supported particularly high species abundances. Litter cover and thickness, stand age, and the structure of the herb and shrub layers were the most important predictors of species distributions. Dominant species (e.g., Glomeris tetrasticha Brandt, 1833, Lithobius mutabilis L. Koch, 1862, L. forficatus (Linnaeus, 1758)) showed contrasting habitat preferences, reflecting niche differentiation along microhabitat and stand-age gradients. (4) Our findings indicate that conserving a fine-grained mosaic of stand ages, together with structurally complex forest interiors and ecotones, is essential for maintaining myriapod diversity and the ecosystem functions they provide in Central European forests. Full article

The Northwestern Indian Ocean (NWIO) serves as a primary fishing ground for tuna longline fisheries, with bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) and yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) constituting the main target species. Investigating their spatiotemporal distribution and relationship with environmental factors is of significant importance for fishery management and fishing. This study analyzed and compared the distribution patterns and environmental preferences of these two species across different depth layers, based on fisheries scientific survey data collected during the 2023/2024 and 2024/2025 fishing seasons. Key findings include: The hook rate in 2023/2024 was higher than in 2024/2025, and the hook rate for T. obesus exceeded that of T. albacares. T. obesus were predominantly concentrated within 63° E–69° E and 7° N–9° N, while T. albacares exhibited a broader yet more dispersed distribution range. T. obesus primarily occupied depth layers of 130–140 m (12.20%), 180–190 m (9.76%), and 270–280 m (9.76%). T. albacares were mainly found at 110–120 m (15%), 140–150 m (15%), and 200–210 m (15%). Both species exhibit distinct spatial clustering patterns, and their hotspot distribution areas are, respectively, 63° E–69° E, 5° N–10° N and 64° E–68° E, 0° N–4° N. Correlation analysis revealed significant relationships between T. obesus distribution and latitude, zooplankton abundance, water temperature at various depths, and chlorophyll a concentration. Our research provides reference for understanding the distribution of T. obesus and T. albacares across different water layers and their habitat preferences, laying a scientific foundation for achieving sustainable utilization of both species. Full article

Anthropogenic stressors increasingly threaten freshwater biodiversity, with fish communities particularly sensitive to habitat modification. This study evaluates how river morphological alterations influence fish assemblage structure in 114 mountain rivers of the Southern Carpathians, assessing whether such changes cause species loss or drive shifts toward disturbance-tolerant communities. Using a multi-scale analytical framework integrating non-metric multidimensional scaling, redundancy analysis, and variance partitioning, we quantified the contributions of spatial, catchment, and local habitat variables to community patterns. Spatial- and catchment-scale factors explained the largest variance in fish assemblages (12% in adults and 17% in small-bodied fish). However, morphological pressures proved significant in shaping community structure with clear ecological consequences. Weirs and embankments reduced abundances of rheophilic species (flow-dependent) by 27–38%, potamodromous by 23–42%, invertivorous by 26–49%, benthic by 40–46% and lithophilic taxa by 27–41%, indicating the loss of habitat specialists. In contrast, limnophilic taxa (preferring slow or still water) increased 25 times, phytophilic spawners by 17–41%, and tolerant species by 10%, reflecting biotic homogenization. By integrating a trait-based approach, this study highlights functional shifts that may be overlooked in species-level assessments. It underscores the need to couple local habitat restoration with catchment-scale management to conserve fish biodiversity and maintain natural ecological gradients in mountain river systems. Full article

Understanding the mechanisms underlying seasonal community dynamics is important for predicting biodiversity responses to environmental fluctuations, enhancing ecological forecasting, and informing conservation strategies. In this study, we use standard transect and mist netting methods investigated seasonal altitudinal migration patterns of montane bird species in the Gyirong Valley, Central Himalayas. Our results showed four distinct altitudinal migration patterns among montane bird species: no shift, downslope shift, upslope shift, and contraction to mid-elevation zones. Species with smaller body weight and higher ratios of wing length, tail length, and tarsus length to body weight tended to migrate to lower elevations. Insectivorous birds exhibited a collective downslope shift, while omnivorous birds showed a wider range of migratory responses to seasonal variation. Migratory behavior was found to dynamically modulate the association between phenotypic traits and habitat preferences. During the breeding season, species (70.44%) and functional turnover (80.02%) dominated, while in the non-breeding season, nestedness significantly contributed to species (49.37%) and functional diversity (38.09%). In addition, migration can disrupt the direct influence of environmental variables on biodiversity patterns, providing important insights for montane biodiversity conservation under climate change. Our results highlight the critical need to safeguard low-elevation winter habitats and create dynamic protected areas to aid bird conservation amidst climate change. Full article

Prescribed fire is a common habitat management tool for white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Zimm.) that can influence browse quantity and quality. We tested effects of time since burn and number of burns within a decade on browse forage productivity in forested stands in the Pineywoods ecoregion of Texas. We utilized 46 plots on sites managed by the United States Forest Service National Forests and Grasslands in Texas, The Nature Conservancy, and a private landowner. Preferred browse forage species were sampled and analyzed for nutrient content, and years since last prescribed burn and the number of burns within the last 10 years were compared. Deer had strong preferences for plants with greater crude protein, magnesium, and potassium. Crude protein and net energy for maintenance were generally greater with a more frequent burn regime. Different nutrients peaked at different burn intervals. Frequent fires resulted in higher crude protein ($\overline{\mathrm{x}}$ = 14.0%) than infrequently burned sites. At four burns per decade, net maintenance energy was highest ($\overline{\mathrm{x}}$ = 0.6 Mcal Kg⁻¹). Linear regression models only explained between 28% and 41% of utilization, although some preferences for some nutrients, such as crude protein and magnesium, were detected. To improve the nutritional carrying capacity for white-tailed deer, long-term management regimes should incorporate site-specific burn plans that include fire frequency. Timing and burn frequency are critical to achieving optimum results that improve browse forage availability, quality, and utilization. Full article

In Central Poland, bryophytes growing on trees have not previously been the subject of detailed analysis. Furthermore, the collected data have never been examined using mathematical methods. Several years of observation of the bryoflora in Central Poland, conducted across 465 hectares of forest and involving 21 tree species, revealed that these trees are colonized by 67 bryophyte taxa, primarily mosses. In this part of Poland most of the trees were overgrown by common, multi-substrate forest species such as Hypnum cupressiforme, Brachythecium rutabulum, or Lophocolea heterophylla. On the other hand, species occurring more rarely, and typically limited to single tree species, included, e.g., Dicranum viride and representatives of the genus Orthotrichum sensu lato (e.g., O. affine, O. pumilum, O. speciosum). The conducted research indicated that not only deciduous trees (e.g., Quercus robur, Carpinus betulus, Betula pendula) were readily colonized by bryophytes—Abies alba, as well as other coniferous trees, also proved to be a highly favorable substrate for these organisms. Moreover, analysis of the bryophytes of individual trees revealed that the trees formed three distinct groups, and the grouping is influenced not only by the species composition of the growing bryophytes. Nonetheless, deciduous and coniferous taxa within each group were colonized by similar mosses and liverworts species. Additionally, different zones of the tree trunk were found to be inhabited by distinct bryophyte assemblages. Thus, the study highlights the specificity of mosses and liverworts flora growing on trees in Central Poland. Full article

Seabed mining has gained widespread attention under the blue economy concept, offering economic opportunities while posing significant environmental risks. In Sri Lanka, where mining of seabed resources is growing, understanding public perceptions and preferences for seabed conservation remain crucial to ensure sustainable resource management. This study, therefore, represents the first empirical assessment of public preference and Willingness to Pay (WTP) for seabed conservation in Sri Lanka. A Discrete Choice Experiment (DCE)-based approach was employed to assess public preferences for seabed conservation. Data were collected from 630 respondents across Sri Lanka using a pre-tested self-administered structured survey. The analysis employed Conditional Logit (CL) and Random Parameter Logit (RPL) models to estimate preference heterogeneity and attribute trade-offs. The findings of the study reported strong public support, with a WTP of Sri Lankan Rupees (LKR) 3532 per household per year for seabed conservation. Younger, well-educated individuals demonstrated a significantly higher preference for seabed conservation. Biodiversity loss (66.9%), physical damage to seabed (40.7%) and exploitation of natural resources (17.8%) were recognized as major consequences of sea bed mining, highlighting the need for stringent regulatory frameworks (34%) and public engagement (44%) in sustainable seabed conservation. The RPL model revealed significant preference heterogeneity for key attributes. A significant positive preference for a 30% reduction in mineral extraction (coefficient = 0.894, p < 0.05) reinforces public preference for stricter extraction limits. A 25% reduction for biodiversity and habitat destruction (coefficient = 0.010, p < 0.05) reflects public concern for seabed conservation in the context of ongoing marine resource related economic development activities. These results underscore the importance of integrating economic valuation into seabed conservation policies, ensuring that seabed mining activities align with sustainability goals. The study suggests targeted awareness campaigns, financial incentives, and inclusive policymaking to bridge socio-economic disparities and foster long-term public support for seabed conservation. These insights provide a critical foundation for policymakers to develop balanced approaches that promote economic benefits, while safeguarding marine ecosystems within Sri Lanka’s blue economy framework. Full article

In this study, we compare two contrasting years within the 2020–2025 period—one characterized by extreme heat and drought, and another by unusually high precipitation. We used five years of climatic data provided by the Hungarian Meteorological Service (OMSZ), along with vegetation activity indices (NDVI—Normalized Difference Vegetation Index; NDWI—Normalized Difference Water Index) derived from Sentinel-2A satellite imagery. In parallel, during three years of the study period (2020, 2022, and 2025), we collected five phytosociological relevés in each of the five vegetation types subjected to different management regimes. For data analysis, we applied Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA), and the Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) model. Vegetation index patterns were compared with the relative water requirements of the constituent plant species. In the ungrazed dry sandy site, climatic fluctuations did not significantly affect vegetation composition and the habitat remained a stable open sandy grassland. Among the four grazed sites, grazing intensity remained unchanged during the study in three cases (N1, N2, and SZ). Thus, vegetation changes observed in these areas can be attributed to climatic factors. Vegetation composition shifted in N1 and N2, whereas no significant change was detected in the drier SZ site. This indicates higher resistance to grazing in SZ, which can therefore be sustainably used as pasture, while the N1–N2 sites responded sensitively to precipitation variability under identical grazing pressure and are better suited for use as meadows. The most pronounced changes occurred at the P site, which had previously functioned as an animal resting area and began regenerating after abandonment in 2022. Vegetation composition shifted markedly within two years, demonstrating that land-use practices exert a stronger influence on sandy grassland vegetation than climatic fluctuations. Overall, the drier habitats were more resilient to both grazing pressure and climatic variability and are suitable for grazing, whereas the moister vegetation types were more sensitive and should preferably be managed as hay meadows. Full article

Invasive insects pose significant ecological challenges due to their interactions with other species, which can have a considerable impact on pre-existent ecosystems. In the present study, we analysed the foraging behaviour of the invasive Polistes dominula, which was first detected in NW Patagonia in 2003, and the native wasp Hypodynerus labiatus. We evaluated their foraging behaviour in two types of environments: closed habitats with dense vegetation and open habitats without surrounding bushes and trees. Additionally, we recorded the wasps’ feeding choices at three different heights within each context. Our results showed that these sympatric wasps prefer to forage in different environments and in distinct microsite strata within each environment. Polistes dominula collected food from the ground level in both open and closed habitats, while H. labiatus was more frequently observed in closed areas, gathering resources from higher strata. The observed differences suggest that the collecting sites showed minimal overlap, which may facilitate their coexistence. These findings shed new light on the behavioural processes and interspecific interactions between a highly invasive wasp and a poorly studied native species that inhabit urban and semi urban environments in Patagonia. Full article

Extensive goat farming is the dominant livestock system in the Mediterranean region, where woody rangelands represent essential forage resources for goats. Understanding how goats move and select vegetation within these heterogeneous landscapes–and how these patterns are shaped by herding decisions-is critical for improving grazing management. This study investigated the spatio-temporal movement behavior of a goat flock in a complex woody rangeland using GPS tracking combined with GIS-based vegetation and land morphology mapping. The influence of seasonal changes in forage availability and the shepherd’s management on movement trajectories and vegetation selection was specifically examined over two consecutive years. Goat movement paths, activity ranges, and speed differed among seasons and years, reflecting changes in resource distribution, physiological stage, and herding decisions. Dense oak woodland and moderate shrubland were consistently the most selected vegetation types, confirming goats’ preference for woody species. The shepherd’s management—particularly decisions on grazing duration, route planning, and provision or withdrawal of supplementary feed—strongly affected movement characteristics and habitat use. Flexibility in adjusting grazing strategies under shifting economic conditions played a crucial role in shaping spatial behavior. The combined use of GPS devices, GIS software, vegetation maps, and direct observation proved to be an effective approach for assessing movement behavior, forage selection and grazing pressure. Such integration of technological and classical methods provides valuable insights into diet composition and resource use and offers strong potential for future applications in precision livestock management. Real-time monitoring and decision support tools based on this approach could help farmers optimize grazing strategies, improve forage utilization, and support sustainable rangeland management. Full article

High-quality, interoperable biodiversity information is a prerequisite for effective conservation policy, compliance with European Union (EU) reporting obligations, and efficient environmental decision-making. Greece’s LIFE EL-BIOS (LIFE20 GIE/GR/001317) developed the first National Biodiversity Information System, aiming to aggregate, standardise, and disseminate spatial and non-spatial data for species, habitats, pressures, and trends. This paper provides an economic valuation of this information system as a public, non-market good. We designed a two-stage stated-preference study: (i) a short pre-survey to calibrate initial bids and (ii) the main survey employing double-bounded dichotomous choice (DBDC) contingent valuation with a spike-logit specification. The payment vehicle was a hypothetical monthly subscription in a post-LIFE scenario. The instrument measured time savings (hours), perceived reliability (Likert 1–5), and key demographics/roles. A total of 167 valid responses were collected in September 2025. Participants reported an average of 5.2 h saved per use (median 4; max 14). Among those expressing willingness to pay (WTP), 77% rated EL-BIOS reliability as “High/Very high”. Econometric results indicate time savings as the strongest positive determinant of WTP; perceived reliability is positive and marginally significant; years of experience are negatively associated with acceptance; and cost has a strong negative effect. Mean WTP is estimated at €6.7 per month (median €3.5). Notably, 64% of those unwilling to pay declared protest motives (data should remain public and free). Accordingly, non-payment is decomposed into true zero WTP versus protest-based refusal, i.e., refusal to pay despite acknowledging value. This high protest share reflects principled opposition to paying for public biodiversity data rather than low perceived value of the system. The EL-BIOS database generates measurable productivity gains and social value both through positive WTP and principled protest responses supporting open public data. These findings inform policy on sustainable financing, governance, and long-term operation of national biodiversity information systems. Full article

Herein, we present a systematic investigation of plant fossils from the Yingzuilazi Formation in Baishan City, Jilin Province, China. The Baishan flora comprises 27 genera and 46 species. They are predominantly autochthonous or parautochthonous, based on their floral composition and taphonomic attributes. An analysis of paleoecological characteristics of the fossil plant assemblages, combined with the habitat preferences of analogous modern communities, allowed us to reconstruct the Early Cretaceous plant communities in the Baishan Basin: a riparian–wetland community, lowland community, montane slope community, and montane highland community. The floral composition, a statistical analysis of foliar physiognomy, and the palynofloral characteristics indicated a warm and humid temperate climate during the deposition of the Yingzuilazi Formation. A genus-level comparison with the Yixian Formation flora of western Liaoning revealed high compositional similarity, which confirms the Baishan flora as the easternmost distribution of the Jehol Biota in China. This study provides new fossil evidence for understanding Early Cretaceous floristic provincialism and paleoenvironmental reconstruction in East Asia. It offers geological references that can predict vegetation responses to a greenhouse climate. Additionally, Sphenopsida and Filicopsida may serve as potential indicators that may identify favorable terrestrial shale oil and gas reservoirs from the Early Cretaceous. Full article

Invasive insects increasingly threaten ecosystems worldwide, with wetlands especially vulnerable to unpredictable climate. Phragmites australis is a dominant plant species in Louisiana’s Mississippi River Delta and a critically important component of the wetland ecosystem. However, the invasive scale insect, Nipponaclerda biwakoensis, has contributed to large-scale dieback of this foundation species, jeopardizing erosion control, water filtration, and wildlife habitat. Despite rapid regional spread, the fine-scale dispersal of N. biwakoensis within host plants remains poorly understood. We examined whether the crawler-stage of N. biwakoensis scales preferentially settled on the bottom or top sections of P. australis stems, and whether plant nutritional and/or defensive traits shaped this preference. In field surveys, scale densities varied along the length of P. australis stems, with gravid females occurring 3.5× more frequently at the stem base than at the top; parasitism rates were similarly elevated, reaching 12× higher at the base. To evaluate potential drivers of this pattern, we quantified carbon, nitrogen, water, and phenolic content in lower and upper stem tissues and conducted complementary laboratory assays to test crawler settlement preferences. Under controlled conditions, crawlers settled most densely on middle stem sections, with lower densities at the base and the fewest near the top. The basal sections also contained 50% less nitrogen and 47% lower phenolic concentrations compared to the upper stem. The divergence in crawler settlement patterns between field and controlled conditions likely reflects the influence of additional environmental factors present in the field—such as habitat structure, microclimate, and natural enemies—that are absent or minimized in laboratory conditions. By applying a trait-based approach to insect dispersal, we link plant functional traits to N. biwakoensis crawler settlement patterns, strengthening our understanding of of insect distribution and guiding predictions of long-term dispersal in N. biwakoensis. Full article

Tephritid flies employ visual and chemical cues to locate and assess suitable habitats, food sources, mating sites, and ovipositional resources. Bactrocera dorsalis and Zeugodacus tau are economically significant pests that infest a wide range of fruits and fleshy vegetables. Understanding their visual sensitivity is crucial for developing effective and ecologically friendly management strategies. Thus, in this study, we compare the responses of these two species to various visual stimuli across laboratory, greenhouse, and closed-orchard environments. Our experiments reveal that, across the tested physiological states, both species exhibit a preference for certain wavelengths in the laboratory, particularly 520 nm and 560 nm. In the greenhouse, green and yellow models captured significantly more females of both species. Z. tau females showed greater sensitivity to the yellow model than B. dorsalis females. Additionally, Z. tau showed a higher affinity for both spherical and cylindrical shapes, while B. dorsalis flies were only attracted to the spherical model. In a closed orchard area, traps modified according to the best-performing combination used in the laboratory and greenhouse (shape and light) increased the capture counts of both species over time, with Z. tau exhibiting greater visual attraction sensitivity than B. dorsalis. These findings provide a theoretical and scientific foundation for improving trapping techniques targeting these two species. Full article

The Gold-spotted pond frog (Pelophylax chosenicus (Okada, 1931)), classified as an endangered species in South Korea, has experienced significant population declines due to habitat loss, primarily driven by agricultural expansion and urbanization. This study aimed to assess the hibernation ecology of P. chosenicus using PIT tagging technology, focusing on its hibernation behavior, environmental conditions, and implications for conservation and restoration. Over a three-year period (2021–2024), PIT tags were implanted in 408 frogs, enabling continuous monitoring of hibernation sites and individual characteristics. The results revealed that hibernation depths ranged from 1 to 23 cm, with deeper burrowing observed during colder months, indicating a temperature-dependent survival strategy. The soil temperature at hibernation sites remained consistently higher than ambient air temperature, suggesting an adaptive mechanism to avoid freezing conditions. Additionally, frogs exhibited a strong preference for hibernation sites near water bodies, where soil moisture levels were high, highlighting the importance of preserving suitable microhabitats for successful overwintering. These findings provide valuable insights into the hibernation ecology of P. chosenicus and are critical for guiding effective habitat restoration initiatives. Future research should investigate physiological adaptations to varying hibernation environments and the potential impacts of climate change may impact the survival of this endangered species. Full article