Search Results (135)

Over the past 30 years, the City of Portland, Oregon, USA, has emerged as a national leader in green stormwater infrastructure (GSI). The initial impetus for implementing sustainable stormwater infrastructure in Portland stemmed from concerns about flooding and water quality in the city’s two major rivers, the Columbia and the Willamette. Heavy rainfall often led to combined sewer overflows, significantly polluting these waterways. A partial solution was the construction of “The Big Pipe” project, a large-scale stormwater containment system designed to filter and regulate overflow. However, Portland has taken a more comprehensive and long-term approach by integrating sustainable stormwater management into urban planning. Over the past three decades, the city has successfully implemented GSI to mitigate these challenges. Low-impact development strategies, such as bioswales, green streets, and permeable surfaces, have been widely adopted in streetscapes, pathways, and parking areas, enhancing both environmental resilience and urban livability. This perspective highlights the history of the implementation of Portland’s GSI programs, current design and performance standards, and challenges and lessons learned throughout Portland’s recent history. Innovative approaches to managing runoff have not only improved stormwater control but also enhanced green spaces and contributed to the city’s overall climate resilience while addressing economic well-being and social equity. Portland’s success is a result of strong policy support, effective integration of green and gray infrastructure, and active community involvement. As climate change intensifies, cities need holistic, adaptive, and community-centered approaches to urban stormwater management. Portland’s experience offers valuable insights for cities seeking to expand their GSI amid growing concerns about climate resilience, equity, and aging infrastructure. Full article

The global rise in urban-related health issues poses significant challenges to public health, particularly in cities facing socio-economic crises. In Lebanon, 70% of the population is experiencing financial hardship, and healthcare costs have surged by 172%, exacerbating the strain on medical services. Given these conditions, improving the quality and accessibility of green spaces offers a promising avenue for alleviating mental health issues in urban areas. This study investigates the psychological impact of nine urban public spaces in Beirut through a comprehensive survey methodology, involving 297 participants (locals and tourists) who rated these spaces using Likert-scale measures. The findings reveal location-specific barriers, with Saanayeh Park rated highest in quality and Martyr’s Square rated lowest. The analysis identifies facility quality as the most significant factor influencing space quality, contributing 73.6% to the overall assessment, while activity factors have a lesser impact. The study further highlights a moderate positive association (Spearman’s rho = 0.30) between public space quality and mental well-being in Beirut. This study employs a hybrid methodology combining Research for Design (RfD) and Research Through Designing (RTD). Empirical data informed spatial strategies, while iterative design served as a tool for generating context-specific knowledge. Design enhancements—such as sensory plantings, shading systems, and social nodes—aim to improve well-being through better public space quality. The proposed interventions support mental health, life satisfaction, climate resilience, and urban inclusivity. The findings offer actionable insights for cities facing public health and spatial equity challenges in crisis contexts. Full article

Urban green spaces (UGS) are essential for residents’ well-being, environmental quality, and social cohesion. However, previous studies have typically employed undifferentiated analytical frameworks, overlooking UGS types and failing to adequately measure the structural disparities of different UGS types within residents’ walking distance. To address this, this study integrates Gaussian Two-Step Floating Catchment Area models, Simpson’s index, and the Gini coefficient to construct an accessibility–diversity–equality assessment framework for UGS. This study conducted an analysis of accessibility, diversity, and equity for various types of UGSs under pedestrian conditions, using the high-density city of Shenzhen, China as a case study. Results reveal high inequality in accessibility to most UGS types within 15 min to 30 min walking range, except residential green spaces, which show moderate-high inequality (Gini coefficient: 0.4–0.6). Encouragingly, UGS diversity performs well, with over 80% of residents able to access three or more UGS types within walking distance. These findings highlight the heterogeneous UGS supply and provide actionable insights for optimizing green space allocation to support healthy urban development. Full article

In high-density and land-scarce urban environments such as Taipei—a typical example of compact development in East Asia—informal green spaces (IGSs)—defined as unmanaged or unplanned vegetated urban areas such as vacant lots, street verges, and railway margins—play a growing role in urban environmental and social dynamics. This study explores residents’ perceptions of IGSs and examines how these spaces contribute to urban sustainability and land governance. Using a mixed-methods approach that combines the literature review, field observations, and a structured public opinion survey in Taipei’s Wenshan District, the study identifies key perceived benefits and drawbacks of IGSs. Findings show that residents highly value IGSs for enhancing urban greenery, offering recreational opportunities, and promoting physical and mental health. However, concerns persist regarding safety, sanitation, and maintenance—particularly fears of waste accumulation, mosquito breeding, and risks to children. The results highlight the dual nature of IGSs as both vital ecological assets and potential sources of urban disorder. These insights underscore the need for inclusive, community-based governance models that can transform IGSs into legitimate components of green infrastructure. The study contributes to emerging discussions on adaptive urban land governance by proposing that informal spaces be strategically integrated into urban planning frameworks to enhance environmental equity, resilience, and citizen well-being. Full article

This study systematically reviews the development and application of remote sensing technology in monitoring and evaluating urban heat island (UHI) effects. The urban heat island effect, characterized by significantly higher temperatures in urban areas compared to surrounding rural regions, has become a widespread environmental issue globally, with impacts spanning public health, energy consumption, ecosystems, and social equity. The paper first analyzes the formation mechanisms and impacts of urban heat islands, then traces the evolution of remote sensing technology from early traditional platforms such as Landsat and NOAA-AVHRR to modern next-generation systems, including the Sentinel series and ECOSTRESS, emphasizing improvements in spatial and temporal resolution and their application value. At the methodological level, the study systematically evaluates core algorithms for land surface temperature extraction and heat island intensity calculation, compares innovative developments in multi-source remote sensing data integration and fusion techniques, and establishes a framework for accuracy assessment and validation. Through analyzing the heat island differences between metropolitan areas and small–medium cities, the relationship between urban morphology and thermal environment, and regional specificity and global universal patterns, this study revealed that the proportion of impervious surfaces is the primary driving factor of heat island intensity while simultaneously finding that vegetation cover exhibits significant cooling effects under suitable conditions, with the intensity varying significantly depending on vegetation types, management levels, and climatic conditions. In terms of applications, the paper elaborates on the practical value of remote sensing technology in identifying thermally vulnerable areas, green space planning, urban material optimization, and decision support for UHI mitigation. Finally, in light of current technological limitations, the study anticipates the application prospects of artificial intelligence and emerging analytical methods, as well as trends in urban heat island monitoring against the backdrop of climate change. The research findings not only enrich the theoretical framework of urban climatology but also provide a scientific basis for urban planners, contributing to the development of more effective UHI mitigation strategies and enhanced urban climate resilience. Full article

Urban park vitality, a key indicator of public space performance, has garnered significant research attention. However, existing studies often neglect the temporal variability in vitality patterns, thus failing to accurately reflect actual park performance and limiting their relevance for strategic urban planning and sustainable resource allocation. This study constructs a “temporal behavior–spatial attributes–park typology” framework using high-precision (50 m) mobile signaling data to capture hourly vitality fluctuations in 59 parks of Hangzhou’s Gongshu District. Using dynamic time-warping-optimized K-means clustering, we identify three vitality types—Morning-Exercise-Dominated, All-Day-Balanced, and Evening-Aggregation-Dominated—revealing distinct weekday/weekend usage rhythms linked to park typology (e.g., community vs. comprehensive parks). Geographical Detector analysis shows that vitality correlates with spatial attributes in time-specific ways; weekend morning vitality is driven by park size and surrounding POI density, while weekday evening vitality depends on interactions between facility density and residential population. These findings highlight how transportation accessibility and commercial amenities shape temporal vitality, informing time-sensitive strategies such as extended evening hours for suburban parks and targeted facility upgrades in residential areas. By bridging vitality patterns with strategic planning demands, the study advances the understanding of how sustainable park management can optimize resource efficiency and enhance public space equity, offering insights for urban green infrastructure planning in other regions. Full article

The inequity in the distribution of green spaces in megacities has a detrimental effect on the physical and mental well-being of their inhabitants, highlighting the necessity for careful and strategic urban planning, along with appropriate regulatory interventions. Nevertheless, scholarly articles addressing the equity of access to urban green spaces primarily concentrate on urban parks, with limited studies examining the influence of alternative types of green spaces. This research initially recognized and categorized informal green spaces (IGS) located within the Third Ring Road of Chengdu, utilizing the UGS-1m dataset and area of interest (AOI) data, in accordance with a well-defined classification framework. Then, the G2SFCA method and Gini coefficient were employed to assess the impact of IGS on the green space accessibility, especially scenario analysis of open and shared use of green space. The findings indicate that (1) IGS in the narrow sense constitute 21.2% of the overall green spaces within the study area, resulting in a reduction of the Gini coefficient by 0.103; (2) IGS in the broad sense, including public affiliated green spaces, shows an even more positive effect on improving the equity of green space supply, with a reduction of the Gini coefficient by 0.28; (3) there exists great spatial disparity in accessibility improvement effect by different types of IGS, so public policies must be customized to reflect local circumstances, taking into account the practicality and associated costs of management and maintenance of various IGS as well as accessibility enhancement; (4) certain older residential areas may not be amenable to effective enhancement through the use of IGS alone, and these should then adopt a multidimensional greening strategy such as green-roof. The findings of this research offer valuable insights for the planning and management of green spaces in densely populated urban environments, thereby aiding in the development of more refined models for the development of “Garden Cities”. Full article

This study addresses the problem of locating urban green spaces. Public health policies encompass a set of activities aimed at protecting individuals’ physical integrity and well-being, where prevention plays a critical role at both individual and collective levels. Having green spaces in urban areas is essential for providing mental relaxation, stimulating social cohesion and supporting physical activity. However, deciding where to place these green spaces is challenging, as various types of information must be considered, and the impact of such decisions needs thorough evaluation and visualization. To tackle this issue, we propose a methodology that combines mathematical programming with Geographic Information Systems (GIS). GIS tools are crucial for capturing and incorporating real-world data, which supports the mathematical model and helps visualize solutions. Our proposed multi-objective model aims to maximize coverage and equity. We demonstrate the application of this methodology with a case study focused on Valencia, Spain, where 20 potential locations were identified, and five were selected. Full article

Engagement in physical activity (PA) in natural environments is known to promote physical and psychological well-being, yet little is known about how such activity fluctuates across seasons and how it relates to individual characteristics and quality of life (QoL). This study aimed to assess the seasonal variability of PA in nature and examine its associations with sociodemographic factors, nature-related experiences, and overall QoL in a sample of Lithuanian adults. A total of 924 participants (680 women and 244 men) with a mean age of 40.0 ± 12.4 years completed an online survey. The study measures included sociodemographic characteristics, nature proximity, exposure, connectedness, perceived restoration in nature and QoL measured by the WHOQOL. Based on self-reported seasonal behaviour, participants were categorized into three groups: irregular or no PA in natural environments, seasonal variability, and regular year-round PA in natural environments. In the present study, we observed the lowest rates of PA in natural environments in winter and the highest in summer. Comparative analyses revealed that individuals with regular PA in natural environments reported significantly greater financial security, nature exposure and connectedness, proximity to green spaces, and overall QoL compared to less regular PA in nature groups. A multiple regression analysis identified financial security, nature proximity, nature exposure, connectedness, and perceived restoration in nature as significant and positive predictors of QoL. These findings point to the problem of inequity and suggest that inequitable access to PA in natural environments manifests as a higher seasonality of PA in nature. The practical implications of the study highlight the importance of addressing equity and promoting consistent PA in nature throughout seasons. During the dark, wet, and cold periods, it is important to implement targeted interventions that improve access to natural environments for individuals with lower financial security. This could help reduce inequity in physical activity. Promoting access to green spaces and fostering nature connectedness may be particularly valuable strategies in public health interventions aimed at enhancing QoL across diverse populations. Full article

Urban parks are critical components of green infrastructure, supporting recreation and public health. This study investigates the association between urban park quality and health outcomes in 85 South Korean cities, utilizing a localized version of the ParkScore Index. The Korean ParkScore evaluates five dimensions: acreage, amenities, investment, accessibility, and equity. The health indicators include municipal-level rates of mental health disorders (anxiety, depression, insomnia, ADHD, and schizophrenia) and obesity. Pearson’s correlation analysis revealed significant negative associations between ParkScore rankings and mental health indicators, particularly depression and anxiety. Higher-quality, more accessible parks correlated with lower levels of psychological distress, emphasizing the public health benefits of urban green spaces. While the cross-sectional design limits causal inference, the results support the role of urban parks as essential infrastructure for mental well-being. The findings underscore the need for equitable and data-driven urban park policies in fostering health-supportive urban environments and highlight the importance of considering specific ParkScore dimensions in urban planning. Full article

Urban green spaces are essential for public health and well-being, emphasizing the importance of their equitable distribution in urban development. Despite efforts to expand green spaces, however, significant disparities persist between their spatial and social allocation. This study classified urban green spaces into community parks, urban parks, and country parks, and examined the relationship of their green coverage and park accessibility to neighborhood property prices in Hangzhou. We then assessed the urban green space equity using Gini coefficients. We found that (1) urban green space inequities occurred in both green coverage and accessibility; (2) high-priced neighborhoods occupied more green resources, especially green coverage and community park accessibility, but exhibited less green equity; and (3) low-priced neighborhoods and urban villages had the lowest green resources but more equity for country parks. This study highlights the relationship between property price (as a proxy for income) and urban green space equity at the neighborhood scale. The results offer guidance for policymakers and planners aiming to promote green equity and sustainable development in cities. Full article

Urban green space (GS) equity is crucial to achieving environmental justice. From the environmental justice perspective, this study focuses on the equity of GS in residential areas of urban disadvantaged groups, quantitatively assessing and comparing the fairness of GS usage between urban villages (UVs) and formal residential quarters (RQs). Using data on green space area, NDVI, and FVC, this study analyzes GS conditions across different buffer distances within the central urban area of Beijing. Statistical methods, including the Theil index, were employed to evaluate the equity of per capita green space, vegetation coverage, and vegetation conditions. Our findings reveal distinct spatial distribution patterns of internal and external GS characteristics between UVs and RQs. Additionally, while the internal GS equity in UVs is generally lower than in RQs, FVC equity demonstrates the opposite trend. Finally, intra-group inequity in both UVs and RQs is the dominant factor contributing to overall GS disparities in residential areas. This study establishes a comprehensive evaluation framework for analyzing GS availability, NDVI, and FVC equity in two types of residential communities. It provides a valuable reference for subsequent GS equity assessments and offers actionable recommendations for policymakers to prioritize improving GS equity in certain residential areas. By addressing gaps in environmental justice theory regarding urban GS, this study proposes a pragmatic and effective approach to enhancing GS equity in large, rapidly developing cities. Full article

Urban parks are essential for enhancing public health and environmental sustainability, as they reduce urban heat, improve air quality, and provide spaces for physical activity. Inequalities in park allocation, however, lead to access discrepancies, disproportionately impacting populations already struggling socially. The spatial disparity between park supply and demand in Busan, South Korea, is examined in this study through a quantitative approach incorporating socio-economic indicators and GIS(Geographic Information System)-based analysis. First, we divided Busan into 100 m × 100 m grid cells and applied a modified Huff model, setting a kind of distance-decay exponent β, to estimate park supply against baseline demand (the planning standard of 6 m² per person), and overlaid a composite need index of six socio-economic indicators to pinpoint underserved areas. Our first stage grid-based arithmetic analysis revealed that 100 of Busan’s 205 communities are undersupplied. Given a composite need index of six socio-economic indicators, sixty-two cells remained imbalanced, and we finally identified the ten communities with the highest need for targeted park provision. The findings indicate that Busan’s park planning policies, aimed at enhancing per capita green space, do not adequately address localized disparities. Accordingly, as opposed to a uniform expansion plan, this study stresses the importance of prioritizing park provision according to community-specific needs. These results suggest that policymakers could enhance public health outcomes and advance social equity by considering socio-economic vulnerabilities when planning cities. Specifically, this research highlights the significance of including environmental justice in urban sustainability frameworks and gives actionable ideas for fair park allocation. Full article

As the climate continues to warm, and municipal leaders look for cost-effective and timely approaches to urban sustainability, one increasingly sought-out approach is the use of tree canopy to cool neighborhoods. Despite widespread efforts to expand tree canopy in cities, an overwhelming body of evidence suggests that urban green space is declining across the U.S., yet little is known about the factors that propel these changes. Understanding the institutional and governance systems can help identify the opportunities for slow consistent declines. Using social network analysis (SNA) metrics, we examined stakeholder roles in power structures and decision-making processes within Portland, Oregon’s urban forest management. Our results reveal a highly decentralized urban forestry network (density = 0.0079), with weak cohesion (5.4%) among 162 stakeholders. Moving forward, while network governance may face obstacles from conflicting interests among community and interagency groups, transforming governance models at all levels will require developing periodic, collaborative urban forestry management plans to address nature-based planning challenges. These planning documents should strongly emphasize not only the prioritization of tree equity-related ordinances but also the optimization of eco-literacy and awareness through virtual reality (VR) technology. As a novel approach, immersive simulations demonstrate practical potential for showcasing urban forestry benefits in network governance outreach and consensus-building. Full article

With the acceleration of urbanization, the accessibility and equity of urban green spaces have become crucial issues in urban planning and public health. In the context of the 15-min living circle, whether residents can conveniently reach parks within a walkable or bikeable time frame directly impacts their quality of life and social well-being. Traditional park accessibility evaluation methods, such as the G2SFCA, effectively measure accessibility but fail to fully account for the diversity of travel modes and the impact of regional disparities on equity. This study employs the TB-G2SFCA method, integrating the concept of the 15-min living circle, to analyze the equity of park accessibility in the Dianchi Lake ring area of Kunming under different travel modes. The findings reveal significant disparities in park accessibility for walking and cycling, particularly in suburban communities distant from the city center, where many areas cannot reach a park within 15 min. Although accessibility improves under driving and public transit modes, resources remain concentrated in well-connected areas, leaving peripheral regions with insufficient access. Compared to the traditional G2SFCA method, the TB-G2SFCA approach more accurately reflects spatial differences and equity issues across travel modes. This study suggests that future urban park planning should optimize resource allocation, improve transportation networks, and enhance park accessibility in peripheral areas—especially for walking and cycling—to achieve a more equitable and sustainable distribution of urban green spaces. Full article