Search Results (682)

Cross-ecosystem transmission of plant pathogens from crops to natural forests is increasingly recognized as a key factor in disease emergence and biodiversity loss. Agricultural systems serve as major sources of inoculum, with landscape interfaces—such as crop–forest edges, riparian zones, abandoned orchards, and nursery–wildland transitions—acting as active epidemiological gateways. Biological vectors, abiotic dispersal, and human activities collectively enable pathogen movement across these boundaries. Host-range expansion, recombination, and hybridization allow pathogens to infect both cultivated and wild hosts, leading to generalist and recombinant lineages that survive across diverse habitats. In natural ecosystems, such introductions can alter community composition, decrease resilience, and intensify the impacts of climate-driven stress. Advances in molecular diagnostics, genomic surveillance, environmental DNA, and remote sensing–GIS (Geographic Information System) approaches now enable high-resolution detection of pathogen flow across landscapes. Incorporating these tools into interface-focused monitoring frameworks offers a pathway to earlier detection, better risk assessment, and more effective mitigation. A One Health, landscape-based approach that treats agro–wild interfaces as key control points is essential for reducing spillover risk and safeguarding both agricultural productivity and the health of natural forest ecosystems. Full article

Extremotolerant fungi inhabit environments with multiple overlapping stressors, yet most studies examine stresses individually. We tested whether preconditioning with salt, cold, or both improves survival after desiccation and freezing, and whether combined salinity and temperature effects on growth are additive or synergistic. We studied Aureobasidium pullulans, Aureobasidium subglaciale, Aureobasidium melanogenum, and Hortaea werneckii (haploid and diploid). All preconditioning treatments significantly increased long-term desiccation survival in A. pullulans, reflecting its generalist capacity to activate cross-protective responses. H. werneckii displayed smaller improvements, consistent with a specialist strategy. Freezing survival without cryoprotectants remained ~100% in both species, indicating high intrinsic tolerance. Growth analyses revealed synergistic effects of salinity and temperature in Aureobasidium spp. Species differed in salinity sensitivity (A. melanogenum > A. pullulans > A. subglaciale) and thermal preferences. A. melanogenum and A. pullulans grew faster at higher temperatures, while A. subglaciale showed the opposite trend. In H. werneckii, salinity governed growth. Haploids slowed as salinity increased, while the diploid remained unaffected. This is the first confirmation of the long-standing suggestion that hybrid diploid genomes of many H. werneckii are an adaptation to osmotic stress. These findings illustrate two pathways to extremotolerance: inducible flexibility in Aureobasidium versus constitutive halotolerance in H. werneckii. Full article

Unmitigated climate change, coupled with habitat loss, has made the grassland and shrubland bird communities particularly vulnerable to extinction. Climate change-induced drought reduces net primary productivity, food availability, habitat quality, and alters vegetation structure. These factors collectively increase mortality in grassland and shrubland birds. However, limited data on habitat use by tropical birds hampers the development of effective management plans for drought-affected landscapes. We examined the foraging sites of 18 shrubland bird species, including two endemic and four declining species, across three shrubland forest sites in the Eastern Ghats of India during the dry season. We recorded microhabitat features within an 11 m radius of observed foraging points and compared them with random plots. Additionally, we examined the association between bird species and plant species where a bird was observed foraging. Foraging sites differed significantly from random plots, indicating active selection of microhabitats by shrubland birds. Using linear discriminant analysis, we found that the microhabitat features important for the bird species were presence of ground cover, shrub density, vegetational height, and vertical foliage stratification. Our results show that diet guild and foraging strata influence the foraging microhabitat selection of a species. Microhabitat attributes selected by shrubland specialist species differed from those of generalist shrubland users. Thirteen out of 18 focal species showed a significant association with at least one plant species. Birds were often associated with plants that were green during the dry season. Based on habitat selection and plant associations, we identified several habitat attributes that can be actively managed. Despite being classified as wastelands, the heavily degraded shrub forests can be rehabilitated through strategic and selective harvesting of forest products, targeting invasive species, and a spatially and temporally controlled livestock grazing regime. Full article

Background: Heart failure (HF) patients with a ‘reduced’ ejection fraction (HFrEF) have several proven treatment options, but for those with a ‘preserved’ ejection fraction (HFpEF) there are very few. However, recent trials such as the EMPEROR-Preserved and DELIVER have shown that sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors significantly reduce HF hospitalization in HFpEF patients, and these are now supported by both Australian and international guidelines. Methods: We undertook a narrative review using a structured multi-database search (MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Scopus) and key Australian sources (AIHW, ABS, Department of Health and Aged Care) without geographic or publication-year restrictions. Results: In Australia there were approximately 179,000 hospitalizations in 2020–2021 due to HF equating to a rate of 697 per 100,000 population. The age-standardized hospitalization rate for HF in remote and very remote areas was 1.8 times higher than in major cities. Likewise, since 2000 the prevalence of diabetes has nearly tripled, from 460,000 to 1.3 million. In remote areas, there were 47,600 diabetes hospitalizations in 2021–2022, with residents being 2.5 times more likely to be hospitalized for diabetes compared to those in major cities. Conclusions: In rural Australia, reducing preventable hospitalizations and premature mortality from heart failure and type 2 diabetes requires a stronger rural generalist and general practitioner workforce, improved access to essential medicines and telehealth, and equity-focused evaluation. Full article

In this paper, we consider a generalist predator–prey model with nonlinear harvesting, which has at most eight non-negative equilibria. We prove that the double positive equilibrium is a cusp of codimension up to 3; therefore, the system exhibits a cusp-type degenerate Bogdanov–Takens bifurcation of the same codimension. The elementary antisaddle equilibrium can act as a weak focus of the order of no more than two, giving rise to a degenerate Hopf bifurcation of codimension up to two. These high-codimension bifurcations identify organizing centers in parameter space, indicating regions where the ecosystem is highly sensitive and prone to abrupt regime shifts. Our results indicate that the generalist predator can induce a richer bifurcation phenomenon and more complex dynamics and can drive the system to certain desired stable states. Full article

District energy is one of the most efficient heat distribution systems. The interface between the pipe network and buildings is made of thermal and hydraulic separation units named stations. The control of temperature on the secondary side is handled in substations. Several parameters influence control stability, such as differential pressure, mass flow, temperatures, valve inherent characteristics and controller tuning. There are different design approaches for stations in different geographies. However, one option is a generalist control loop setup, which is analysed here. Four sites in Sweden were monitored for performance (during the winter period and with the same hardware setups), and an analysis of the variability of controller tuning parameters was performed. For the purposes of laboratory comparison, the tests were executed with different configurations of generic control loop setups. The results, arranged into distribution histograms, show similarities between the laboratory and field setups. One can see that well-performing setups are close to a normal distribution, while the others are not. One key parameter is the controller setup and algorithm used. Proper tuning of the controller, together with differential pressure control, secures optimal performance of district energy stations. District heating stations with operations closer to the set point positively influence the performance of the whole grid and therefore improve the energy efficiency of the stations. Full article

Elevational variation in avian community composition can be significantly influenced by habitat degradation, fragmentation and secondary forest growth. Few studies have identified the drivers of changes in bird community composition across disturbed montane elevational gradients of smaller tropical islands. We examined patterns of avian diversity using long-term mist-net data (2008–2014) across three different forest elevations along a tropical montane elevational gradient in the Northern Range of Trinidad, West Indies. All three sites (lowland mature secondary forest, mid-elevation highly disturbed secondary forest, and undisturbed high elevation forest) were found to have distinctive bird communities. Turnover rather than nestedness explained most of the total dissimilarity between sites. Whilst some turnover could be attributed to elevation, changes to diversity at the mid-elevation site result more from local habitat heterogeneity related to human activities and secondary growth, with increased species richness attributable to habitat-generalist species indicative of disturbance. Significant anti-nestedness in species occupancy was observed, underpinned by the loss of ground-dwelling and understory insectivores from the mid-elevation site. Differences in bird community composition, in contrast, were driven by the abundance of specialist nectarivores in the highest elevation undisturbed montane forest, and by generalist nectarivores and frugivores at lower elevations. Full article

The diversity, genetic differentiation, and cophylogeny of avian protozoa of the genus Leucocytozoon and their black fly vectors (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Thailand were investigated. Leucocytozoon infections were detected in 46 (11.2%) of 410 black flies representing six species: Simulium asakoae, S. chumpornense, S. khelangense, S. siamense complex, S. yvonneae, and S. gombakense. The latter three species represent the first reports of having Leucocytozoon infections, suggesting their potential role in parasite transmission. A total of 12 Leucocytozoon lineages was identified, including novel lineages with low sequence similarity (92%) to previously known records in the S. siamense complex and S. yvonneae. These findings indicate uncharacterized parasite diversity in wild birds of Thailand. Genetic differentiation among Leucocytozoon populations was minimal across different geographic populations, but highly significant among parasites in different species of black flies, even when collected from the same location. Cophylogeny analyses revealed significant co-phylogenetic relationships between Leucocytozoon lineages and their potential black fly vectors, despite similarities in host-blood sources. These findings emphasize that parasite–vector specificity is shaped not only by host preference, but also by coadaptation mechanisms between black flies and Leucocytozoon species. Further studies on avian hosts, bloodmeal sources, and parasite–vector interactions are necessary for understanding Leucocytozoon transmission dynamics in Southeast Asia. Full article

This work establishes a large language model (LLM) specialized in the domain of thermoelectric generators (TEGs), for deployment on local hardware. Starting with the generalist JanV1-4B model and Qwen3-4B-Thinking-2507 models, an efficient fine-tuning (FT) methodology using quantized low-rank adaptation (QLoRA) was employed, modifying only 3.18% of the total parameters of thee base models. The key to the process is the use of a custom-designed dataset, which merges deep theoretical knowledge with rigorous instruction tuning to refine behavior and mitigate catastrophic forgetting. The dataset employed for FT contains 202 curated questions and answers (QAs), strategically balanced between domain-specific knowledge (48.5%) and instruction-tuning for response behavior (51.5%). Performance of the models was evaluated using two complementary benchmarks: a 16-question multilevel cognitive benchmark (94% accuracy) and a specialized 42-question TEG benchmark (81% accuracy), scoring responses as excellent, correct with difficulties, or incorrect, based on technical accuracy and reasoning quality. The model’s utility is demonstrated through experimental TEG design guidance, providing expert-level reasoning on thermal management strategies. This study validates the specialization of LLMs using QLoRA as an effective and accessible strategy for developing highly competent engineering support tools, eliminating dependence on large-scale computing infrastructures, achieving specialization on a consumer-grade NVIDIA RTX 2070 SUPER GPU (8 GB VRAM) in 263 s. Full article

Habitat fragmentation profoundly alters ecological processes such as seed predation and dispersal. Ants play a central role as seed removers and dispersers, yet the effects of fragmentation on seed-carrying ant assemblages in dry tropical forests remain insufficiently studied. In this work, we examined the influence of forest fragmentation on seed-carrying ants in the Chaco forests of central Argentina. Ants were sampled across nine forest fragments of varying sizes and two continuous forests within an agroecosystem landscape, and species richness, composition, and occurrence were analyzed. Our results revealed that species richness did not vary significantly with fragment size; however, fragmentation caused pronounced shifts in species composition, with clear distinctions between continuous forests and fragments. Large-bodied specialist harvester ants declined in fragments, whereas small- to medium-sized generalist species from genera such as Pheidole and Solenopsis persisted. These compositional changes suggest that although overall seed removal rates may remain stable, the functional quality of seed dispersal likely diminishes. This study highlights the sensitivity of seed-carrying ant assemblages to habitat fragmentation and underscores the need for further research that integrates behavioral and landscape-scale approaches to better assess impacts on seed removal, dispersal, and forest regeneration in fragmented dry forests. Full article

Peganum harmala (L.) Schrad., a perennial medicinal plant thriving in arid Moroccan soils, represents a natural reservoir of unexplored bacterial diversity. To uncover its hidden foliar endosphere microbiota, we isolated and characterized two Acinetobacter strains: a novel endophytic bacterium, AGC35, and another strain, AGC59, newly reported from this host. Both are non-halophilic, aerobic, Gram-negative bacteria exhibiting optimal growth at 30–35 °C, pH5, and with 1% NaCl. An integrative genomic, phylogenetic, functional, and phenotypic characterization classified both strains within the genus Acinetobacter (class Gamma-pseudomonadota). However, Average Nucleotide Identity (<96%) and digital DNA-DNA Hybridization (<70%) values distinguished the AGC35 strain as a novel species, for which the name Acinetobacter endophylla sp. nov. is proposed. A comparative genomic and phenotypic analysis with the co-isolated Acinetobacter pittii strain AGC59 revealed extensive genome rearrangements, reflecting distinct evolutionary lineage and ecological strategies. While both genomes share core metabolic pathways, A. endophylla harbors specialized genes for the degradation of plant-derived aromatic compounds (e.g., catechol) but shows reduced capacities in carbohydrate metabolism and osmotic stress tolerance, traits indicative of a metabolic specialist with plant-growth-promotion potential, including phosphorus, potassium, and silicon solubilization and indole-3-acetic acid production. In contrast, A. pittii exhibits a more generalist genome enriched in stress functions. Analysis using the Antibiotics and Secondary Metabolite Analysis Shell revealed multiple biosynthetic gene clusters in both strains, showing ≤26% similarity to known references, suggesting the potential for novel antimicrobial secondary metabolite biosynthesis, including antifungal lipopeptides and thiopeptide antibiotics. Altogether, functional specialization and ecological coherence of these findings support the recognition of A. endophylla sp. nov. as a genomically and functionally distinct species, highlighting niche partitioning and adaptive metabolism within the P. harmala holobiont. These results underscore the plant’s value as a reservoir of untapped microbial diversity with significant ecological and biotechnological relevance. Finally, future work will focus on elucidating the novel metabolites encoded by the biosynthetic gene clusters in both isolates and exploring their applications in crop-improvement strategies and natural-product discovery. Full article

Fish communities undergo climate-induced shifts; it is crucial to study the trophic interactions of various fish species in order to understand the extent to which fish trophic niches overlap and the degree of competition between them. We investigated the food web structure, feeding habits, and trophic positions of common fish in the subarctic Lake Imandra. Two methods were used: SCA (stomach content analysis) and SIA (stable isotope analysis). Perch (Perca fluviatilis) and whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus, large sparsely rakered morph) had similar trophic positions (TP = 3.69 ± 0.55 and 3.67 ± 0.55, respectively; p > 0.05); both species were generalists. The diet similarity (the index of relative importance of food items in stomach contents) of perch and whitefish was 48%, with aquatic insects (Trichoptera) being common items in both fish. According to carbon isotope values (δ¹³C), vendace (Coregonus albula), smelt (Osmerus eperlanus), and burbot (Lota lota) were more closely related with pelagic food sources (δ¹³C ranged from −27 to −25‰), whereas perch, whitefish, and ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernua) were more fuelled by benthic food web compartments (δ¹³C ranged from −24 to −21‰). The highest average nitrogen values (δ¹⁵N) were found in smelt and ruffe, 15.0 ± 0.7‰ and 14.2 ± 1.9‰, respectively. Perch and whitefish overlap significantly in their isotopic composition (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N), demonstrating 36% overlap in the combined 40% ellipses (according to Stable Isotope Bayesian Ellipses in R) of the isotopic space. This study confirms the existence of distinct food competition between these two species in a subarctic lake. Full article

Habitat fragmentation poses a serious threat to bee communities, which are essential for pollination and biodiversity conservation. This study evaluated how habitat fragmentation in an oak forest in Zapopan, Mexico affected bee diversity, abundance, feeding niches, and bee–plant interaction networks. We compared a protected natural area with a nearby forest fragment that has been isolated from the main forest by urbanization for the past 10 years. Wild bee abundance and species richness in the fragmented area decreased by 74% and 70%, respectively, compared to the natural area, accompanied by a significant reduction in diversity. Community composition shifted mainly due to species loss; furthermore, there was persistence of generalist species such as Apis mellifera, which became more abundant in the forest fragment. Feeding niches in the fragmented area were narrower according to the Levin index, reflecting more restricted diets and increased interspecific competition. Interaction networks were simplified, showing fewer interactions, loss of specialist bees, and decreased equitability, although network specialization remained stable, and an almost-total turnover in interactions indicated a reconfiguration of pollination patterns. These findings suggest that fragmentation negatively affects bee community structures and their interactions with plants, potentially compromising pollination and ecosystem services. Conservation of protected areas and restoration of disturbed sites with native plants are recommended to support the recovery and stability of bee communities and their ecological interactions. Full article

Ocean acidification (OA) is considered a relevant additional threat to marine biodiversity and is linked to the increasing CO₂ concentration in the atmosphere. Here, we provide a synthesis on the loss of both taxonomic and functional biodiversity, in the up to date best studied CO₂ vents in the world, the Castello Aragonese of Ischia (Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy), analyzing a large data set available at this site and reporting qualitative taxonomic data along a gradient of OA from ambient normal conditions outside the vents (pH 8.1) to low pH conditions (pH 7.8–7.9) and extreme low pH conditions (pH < 7.4). A total of 618 taxa were recorded (micro- and macrophytes, benthic invertebrates, and fishes). A relevant loss of biodiversity (46% of the species) was documented from control/normal pH conditions to low pH, and up to 56% species loss from control of extreme low pH conditions. Functional groups analysis on the fauna (calcification, size, motility, feeding habit, and reproduction/development) allowed us to draw an identikit of the species which is able to better thrive under OA conditions. These are motile forms, small- or medium-sized, generalist feeders, at the low level of the food web (herbivores or detritivores), mainly brooders, or with indirect benthic development, and without calcification or weakly calcified. Full article

Understanding long-term changes in mammal communities is essential for evaluating ecosystem dynamics under large-scale environmental transformation. This study analyzed nationwide data from the 3rd (2006–2013), 4th (2014–2018), and 5th (2019–2023) National Ecosystem Surveys to assess temporal shifts in the abundance and dominance structure of medium- and large-sized mammals across the Korean Peninsula. Using standardized survey data, we compared changes in detection frequency, dominance rank, and diversity indices among survey phases. Results revealed a significant restructuring of dominance from the 3rd to 4th survey, followed by stabilization in the 5th phase, indicating a gradual simplification of community structure. The water deer remained the most dominant species throughout all surveys, while the wild boar showed a consistent increase in relative frequency. In contrast, smaller or specialist species such as the Korean hare exhibited notable declines. These patterns correspond to ecological changes driven by forest recovery and the absence of apex predators, which have facilitated the proliferation of adaptable generalist species. The findings suggest that ongoing habitat recovery, though beneficial for biomass and productivity, may simultaneously reduce functional diversity and community balance. This study highlights the value of long-term, standardized monitoring for identifying structural transitions in wildlife communities and understanding their broader implications for biodiversity conservation on the Korean Peninsula. Full article