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Search Results (5,776)

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Keywords = gas chromatography−mass spectrometry

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14 pages, 764 KiB  
Article
Effect of Coridothymus capitatus Essential Oil on Chrysanthemum Aphid Behaviour and Survival: Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Potential
by Paraskevi Yfanti, Andreas Papavlasopoulos, Polyxeni Lazaridou, Dimitra Douma and Marilena E. Lekka
Molecules 2025, 30(16), 3437; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30163437 - 20 Aug 2025
Abstract
There is a growing interest in using essential oils with phytoprotectant properties instead of synthetic pesticides to mitigate the risks of insect pesticide resistance, environmental harm, and adverse effects on non-target organisms and human health. This study focused on the effects of Coridothymus [...] Read more.
There is a growing interest in using essential oils with phytoprotectant properties instead of synthetic pesticides to mitigate the risks of insect pesticide resistance, environmental harm, and adverse effects on non-target organisms and human health. This study focused on the effects of Coridothymus capitatus essential oil on host selection, settling behaviour, and survival of Macrosiphoniella sanborni in dual-choice and no-choice tests. The essential oil and methanol extract of C. capitatus were analyzed using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (LTQ-LC-MS Orbitrap), respectively. The antioxidant activity was also tested through the radical scavenging assay. The settling inhibitory activity in the dual-choice test increased dose-dependently from 60% to 72% for essential oil concentrations of 0.1 to 0.3% (v/v) for up to 120 min exposure, but decreased thereafter. However, under no-choice conditions, the inhibitory effect after 60 min of exposure was inversely proportional to the concentration but became proportional by the end of the experiment (72 h). After 72 h, both assays produced a mortality rate of 15% to 17%. C. capitatus was classified as a Carvacrol chemotype. Fifteen phenolic compounds were identified in the MeOH extract, and both the extract and essential oil exhibited substantial antioxidant activity. In conclusion, our findings indicate that C. capitatus essential oil affects the behaviour and survival of M. sanborni. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Composition and Bioactivities of Essential Oils, 3rd Edition)
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46 pages, 4692 KiB  
Review
Protecting Firefighters from Carcinogenic Exposure: Emerging Tools for PAH Detection and Decontamination
by Morteza Ghafar-Zadeh, Azadeh Amrollahi Biyouki, Negar Heidari, Niloufar Delfan, Parviz Norouzi, Sebastian Magierowski and Ebrahim Ghafar-Zadeh
Biosensors 2025, 15(8), 547; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15080547 - 20 Aug 2025
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are increasingly recognized as a major contributor to the occupational cancer risk among firefighters. In response, the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) and other regulatory bodies have recommended rigorous decontamination protocols to minimize PAH exposure. Despite these efforts, a [...] Read more.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are increasingly recognized as a major contributor to the occupational cancer risk among firefighters. In response, the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) and other regulatory bodies have recommended rigorous decontamination protocols to minimize PAH exposure. Despite these efforts, a critical gap persists: the absence of real-time, field-deployable devices capable of detecting these invisible and toxic compounds during firefighting operations or within fire stations. Additionally, the lack of effective and optimized methods for the removal of these hazardous substances from the immediate environments of firefighters continues to pose a serious occupational health challenge. Although numerous studies have investigated PAH detection in environmental contexts, current technologies are still largely confined to laboratory settings and are unsuitable for field use. This review critically examines recent advances in PAH decontamination strategies for firefighting and explores alternative sensing solutions. We evaluate both conventional analytical methods, such as gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry, and emerging portable PAH detection technologies. By highlighting the limitations of existing systems and presenting novel sensing approaches, this paper aims to catalyze innovation in sensor development. Our ultimate goal is to inspire the creation of robust, field-deployable tools that enhance decontamination practices and significantly improve the health and safety of firefighters by reducing their long-term risks of cancer. Full article
16 pages, 1547 KiB  
Article
Larvicidal Effects and Phytochemical Analysis of Myrrh, Commiphora myrrh Chloroform, Methanol, and Acetone Extracts Against Dengue Vector Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae)
by Abadi M. Mashlawi, Hanan Bosly, Amal Naif Alshammari, Naimah Asid H. Alanazi, Mohammed A. Akeel, Amani Alhejely, Fahdah Ayed Alshammari, Mohammed Abdullah Jeraiby, Naser Ahmed Alkenani and Salama A. Salama
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(16), 8050; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26168050 (registering DOI) - 20 Aug 2025
Abstract
Mosquitoes pose a significant problem worldwide because of the diseases they transmit. Due to its antimicrobial and disinfectant properties, Commiphora myrrha (C. myrrha) has long been a popular choice in traditional medicine. This study aimed to extract C. myrrha using three different [...] Read more.
Mosquitoes pose a significant problem worldwide because of the diseases they transmit. Due to its antimicrobial and disinfectant properties, Commiphora myrrha (C. myrrha) has long been a popular choice in traditional medicine. This study aimed to extract C. myrrha using three different solvents—methanol, acetone, and chloroform—to identify their biochemical components and assess their larvicidal activity. The extracts were analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and their effects were evaluated against Aedes aegypti. We identified 29, 41, and 19 phytoconstituents in the acetone, methanol, and chloroform extracts, respectively, with most belonging to the sesquiterpene and phenol categories. Larval mortality rates were recorded as follows: chloroform (100%), methanol (90%), and acetone (95%) extracts of C. myrrha at a concentration of 1000 ppm, 24 h post-treatment. After 72 h, the C. myrrha extracts showed effectiveness with LC50 values of 118.33, 127.67, and 142.13 ppm for chloroform, acetone, and methanol, respectively. The chloroform extract was the most effective in reducing the average number of eggs laid per day (234 eggs) compared to the untreated control group (1513 eggs) at 1000 ppm. These findings provide scientific evidence of the larvicidal efficacy of C. myrrha extracts and serve as valuable resources for developing plant-based pharmaceuticals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drug Discovery: Natural Products and Compounds)
17 pages, 1466 KiB  
Article
Deterministic and Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Chlorpyrifos Residues via Consumption of Tomato and Cucumber in Armenia
by Meline Beglaryan, Taron Kareyan, Monika Khachatryan, Bagrat Harutyunyan and Davit Pipoyan
Foods 2025, 14(16), 2871; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14162871 - 19 Aug 2025
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a widely used organophosphate insecticide; however, global concerns exist regarding its potential health risks, particularly developmental neurotoxicity. This study aimed to determine CPF residues in locally sourced tomatoes and cucumbers and assess the potential chronic and acute dietary risks associated [...] Read more.
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a widely used organophosphate insecticide; however, global concerns exist regarding its potential health risks, particularly developmental neurotoxicity. This study aimed to determine CPF residues in locally sourced tomatoes and cucumbers and assess the potential chronic and acute dietary risks associated with their consumption by the adult population of Armenia. As part of the national residue monitoring program, samples of the two most commonly consumed vegetables (tomato and cucumber) were collected from various regions of Armenia and analyzed using gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Two databases were used for dietary exposure assessment: one containing CPF residue levels and another containing individual food consumption data from a food frequency questionnaire completed by 1329 Armenian residents. Chronic risk was assessed using the Margin of Exposure (MOE), while acute risk was evaluated using the Hazard Quotient (HQ) and the Hazard Index (HI). CPF residues were detected in 15% of tomato and 28.6% of cucumber samples, with a mean content of 0.003 mg/kg. Deterministic and probabilistic assessments indicated no health concern (i.e., MOE > 300 and >1000, HQ and HI < 1) for the general adult population at current exposure levels. However, higher cumulative risk estimates obtained for high-consumption groups emphasize the significance of these studied vegetables as notable contributors to overall CPF intake. The findings indicate the importance of establishing vegetable-specific maximum residue levels, strengthening monitoring, and considering vulnerable population groups in future research. Broader assessments, including other plant-origin products, are recommended to ensure comprehensive risk assessment and support science-based policy decisions for improved food safety and public health protection in Armenia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Food Quality and Safety)
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17 pages, 2843 KiB  
Article
Fatty Acid Profiling of Breast Milk at Different Gestational Ages
by Giuseppe De Bernardo, Giuseppina Leone, Federica Izzo, Marta Giovengo, Manuela Giovanna Basilicata, Fabio Centanni, Francesca Morlino, Emanuela Salviati, Maurizio Giordano, Serafina Perrone, Giuseppe Buonocore, Matteo Delli Carri, Giacomo Pepe and Pietro Campiglia
Nutrients 2025, 17(16), 2672; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17162672 - 19 Aug 2025
Abstract
Background/objectives: This study aimed to characterize the fatty acid (FA) profile of breast milk (BM) at 7 days (T7) and 1 month postpartum (T30) using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and to evaluate associations between maternal diet during pregnancy and BM FA composition. Methods [...] Read more.
Background/objectives: This study aimed to characterize the fatty acid (FA) profile of breast milk (BM) at 7 days (T7) and 1 month postpartum (T30) using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and to evaluate associations between maternal diet during pregnancy and BM FA composition. Methods: A prospective observational cohort study was conducted from March 2022 to October 2023, involving mothers grouped by gestational age at delivery (32 weeks, 32–36.6 weeks, and >37 weeks). Results: BM lipid profiles were generally similar across gestational groups, with notable differences at T7 in saturated fatty acids (SFAs), myristic acid, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), erucic acid, nervonic acid, and some FA ratios. At T30, differences persisted in SFAs, MUFAs, myristic acid, and MUFA/SFA. At T7, red meat intake was positively correlated with stearic acid; white meat intake was negatively associated with multiple FAs (including ω-3) but positively with linoleic. Cheese correlated positively with caprylic acid; milk negatively with pentadecylic acid; and dried fruit positively with MUFA. At T30, fish consumption was prevalently positively related to DHA, EPA, and Omega-3, while red meat was positively associated with arachidic acid and margaric acid and negatively with di-homo-gamma linolenic acid. White meat showed a predominantly negative correlation with DHA, EPA and MUFA. Milk intake showed both positive (i.e., caproic acid) and multiple negative FA associations. Cheese was positively associated with caprylic acid, while dried fruit intake was positively linked to oleic acid and MUFA. Conclusions: Despite stable total lipid content, gestational age influenced specific FA profiles. These shifts may reflect adaptive responses to neonatal metabolic and neurodevelopmental needs. Understanding such mechanisms could guide tailored nutritional strategies, especially for preterm infants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Requirements of Pregnant and Lactating Women)
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15 pages, 1596 KiB  
Article
Volatile Compound Profiling and Antibacterial Efficacy of Heyang Fragrance: Bridging Cultural Heritage with Modern Scientific Analysis
by Binghui Liang, Qirui Ma, Xianglei Gong, Guohang Hu and Hongwu Chen
Compounds 2025, 5(3), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/compounds5030033 - 18 Aug 2025
Abstract
Heyang Fragrance, a traditional incense dating back to the Eastern Han Dynasty (25–220 AD), was recently inscribed on China’s national list of intangible cultural heritage. This study aimed to systematically analyze three variants of Heyang Fragrance (Aicao, Qinqiang, and Jianjia) through integrated methodologies [...] Read more.
Heyang Fragrance, a traditional incense dating back to the Eastern Han Dynasty (25–220 AD), was recently inscribed on China’s national list of intangible cultural heritage. This study aimed to systematically analyze three variants of Heyang Fragrance (Aicao, Qinqiang, and Jianjia) through integrated methodologies including electronic nose analysis, headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS), and antimicrobial activity assays. We selected Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Candida glabrata for the antimicrobial activity assays. Comparative analysis revealed significant compositional differences between pre- and post-combustion volatile profiles. Upon ignition, sensor response values increased by 50–100% relative to baseline measurements, with sulfides, terpenes, and short-chain alkanes emerging as dominant components. Qinqiang demonstrated the highest odor activity values (OAVs), particularly through carvacrol (OAV = 6676.60) and eugenol (OAV = 2720.84), which collectively contributed to its complex aromatic characteristics. Antimicrobial assessments revealed concentration-dependent efficacy, with Qinqiang exhibiting broad antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli (11.33 mm inhibition zone) and Bacillus subtilis (15.00 mm), while Jianjia showed maximal effectiveness against Bacillus subtilis (17.67 mm). These findings underscore the dual significance of Heyang Fragrance in cultural conservation and its prospective applications in aroma therapeutic and antimicrobial contexts. Full article
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18 pages, 1710 KiB  
Article
Analysis of the Bacterial Community and Fatty Acid Composition in the Bacteriome of the Lac Insect Llaveia axin axin
by Reiner Rincón-Rosales, Miriam Díaz-Hernández, Luis Alberto Manzano-Gómez, Francisco Alexander Rincón-Molina, Víctor Manuel Ruíz-Valdiviezo, Adriana Gen-Jiménez, Juan José Villalobos-Maldonado, Julio César Maldonado-Gómez and Clara Ivette Rincón-Molina
Microorganisms 2025, 13(8), 1930; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13081930 - 18 Aug 2025
Abstract
Microbial symbioses play crucial roles in insect physiology, contributing to nutrition, detoxification, and metabolic adaptations. However, the microbial communities associated with the lac insect Llaveia axin axin, an economically significant species used in traditional lacquer production, remain poorly characterized. In this study, [...] Read more.
Microbial symbioses play crucial roles in insect physiology, contributing to nutrition, detoxification, and metabolic adaptations. However, the microbial communities associated with the lac insect Llaveia axin axin, an economically significant species used in traditional lacquer production, remain poorly characterized. In this study, the bacterial diversity and community structure of L. axin axin were investigated using both culture-dependent and culture-independent (metagenomic) approaches, combined with fatty acid profile analysis. The insects were bred at the laboratory level, in controlled conditions, encompassing stages from eggs to adult females. Bacterial strains were isolated from bacteriomes and identified through 16S rRNA gene amplification and genomic fingerprinting through ARDRA analysis. Metagenomic DNA was sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq platform, and fatty acid profiles were determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 20 bacterial strains were isolated, with Acinetobacter, Moraxella, Pseudomonas, and Staphylococcus detected in first-instar nymphs; Methylobacterium, Microbacterium, and Bacillus in pre-adult females; and Bacillus and Microbacterium in adults. Metagenomic analysis revealed key genera including Sodalis, Blattabacterium, and Candidatus Walczuchella, with Sodalis being predominant in early stages and Blattabacteriaceae in adults. Fatty acid analysis identified palmitic, oleic, linoleic, arachidic, and stearic acids, with stearic acid being the most abundant. These results suggest that dominant bacteria contribute to lipid biosynthesis and metabolic development in L. axin axin. Full article
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27 pages, 2856 KiB  
Article
Harnessing and Degradation Mechanism of Persistent Polyethylene Waste by Newly Isolated Bacteria from Waxworm and Termite Gut Symbionts
by Sameh Samir Ali, Jianzhong Sun, Rania Al-Tohamy, Maha A. Khalil, Tamer Elsamahy, Michael Schagerl, Daochen Zhu and Shimaa El-Sapagh
Microorganisms 2025, 13(8), 1929; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13081929 - 18 Aug 2025
Abstract
Pollution from synthetic polymers, particularly low-density polyethylene (LDPE), poses a significant environmental challenge due to its chemical stability and resistance to degradation. This study investigates an eco-biotechnological approach involving bacterial strains isolated from insect guts—Bacillus cereus LDPE-DB2 (from Achroia grisella) and [...] Read more.
Pollution from synthetic polymers, particularly low-density polyethylene (LDPE), poses a significant environmental challenge due to its chemical stability and resistance to degradation. This study investigates an eco-biotechnological approach involving bacterial strains isolated from insect guts—Bacillus cereus LDPE-DB2 (from Achroia grisella) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa LDPE-DB26 (from Coptotermes formosanus)—which demonstrate the ability to degrade LDPE, potentially through the action of lignin-modifying enzymes. These strains exhibited notable biofilm formation, enzymatic activity, and mechanical destabilization of LDPE. LDPE-DB2 exhibited higher LDPE degradation efficiency than LDPE-DB26, achieving a greater weight loss of 19.8% compared with 11.6% after 45 days. LDPE-DB2 also formed denser biofilms (maximum protein content: 68.3 ± 2.3 µg/cm2) compared with LDPE-DB26 (55.2 ± 3.1 µg/cm2), indicating stronger surface adhesion. Additionally, LDPE-DB2 reduced LDPE tensile strength (TS) by 58.3% (from 15.3 MPa to 6.4 ± 0.4 MPa), whereas LDPE-DB26 induced a 43.1% reduction (to 8.7 ± 0.23 MPa). Molecular weight analysis revealed that LDPE-DB2 caused a 14.8% decrease in weight-averaged molecular weight (Mw) and a 59.1% reduction in number-averaged molecular weight (Mn), compared with 5.8% and 32.7%, respectively, for LDPE-DB26. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analyses revealed substantial polymer chain scission and crystallinity disruption. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) identified environmentally benign degradation products, including alkanes, alcohols, and carboxylic acids. This study demonstrates a sustainable route to polyethylene biotransformation using insect symbionts and provides insights for scalable, green plastic waste management strategies in line with circular economy goals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Microbiology)
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37 pages, 3861 KiB  
Review
Research Progress on Biomarkers and Their Detection Methods for Benzene-Induced Toxicity: A Review
by Runan Qin, Shouzhe Deng and Shuang Li
Chemosensors 2025, 13(8), 312; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13080312 - 16 Aug 2025
Viewed by 285
Abstract
Benzene, a well-established human carcinogen and major industrial pollutant, poses significant health risks through occupational exposure due to its no-threshold effect, leading to multi-system damage involving the hematopoietic, nervous, and immune systems. This makes the investigation of its toxic mechanisms crucial for precise [...] Read more.
Benzene, a well-established human carcinogen and major industrial pollutant, poses significant health risks through occupational exposure due to its no-threshold effect, leading to multi-system damage involving the hematopoietic, nervous, and immune systems. This makes the investigation of its toxic mechanisms crucial for precise prevention and control of its health impacts. Programmed cell death (PCD), an orderly and regulated form of cellular demise controlled by specific intracellular genes in response to various stimuli, has emerged as a key pathway where dysfunction may underlie benzene-induced toxicity. This review systematically integrates evidence linking benzene toxicity to PCD dysregulation, revealing that benzene and its metabolites induce abnormal subtypes of PCD (apoptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis) in hematopoietic cells. This occurs through mechanisms including activation of Caspase pathways, regulation of long non-coding RNAs, and epigenetic modifications, with recent research highlighting the IRP1-DHODH-ALOX12 ferroptosis axis and oxidative stress–epigenetic interactions as pivotal. Additionally, this review describes a comprehensive monitoring system for early toxic effects comprising benzene exposure biomarkers (urinary t,t-muconic acid (t,t-MA), S-phenylmercapturic acid (S-PMA)), PCD-related molecules (Caspase-3, let-7e-5p, ACSL1), oxidative stress indicators (8-OHdG), and genetic damage markers (micronuclei, p14ARF methylation), with correlative analyses between PCD mechanisms and benzene toxicity elaborated to underscore their integrative roles in risk assessment. Furthermore, the review details analytical techniques for these biomarkers, including direct benzene detection methods—direct headspace gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (DHGC-FID), liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and portable headspace sampling (Portable HS)—alongside molecular imprinting and fluorescence probe technologies, as well as methodologies for toxic effect markers such as live-cell imaging, electrochemical techniques, methylation-specific PCR (MSP), and Western blotting, providing technical frameworks for mechanistic studies and translational applications. By synthesizing current evidence and mechanistic insights, this work offers novel perspectives on benzene toxicity through the PCD lens, identifies potential therapeutic targets associated with PCD dysregulation, and ultimately establishes a theoretical foundation for developing interventional strategies against benzene-induced toxicity while emphasizing the translational value of mechanistic research in occupational and environmental health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Electrochemical Sensors for Trace Heavy Metal Detection)
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16 pages, 11333 KiB  
Article
Interferon-Linked Lipid and Bile Acid Imbalance Uncovered in Ankylosing Spondylitis in a Sibling-Controlled Multi-Omics Study
by Ze Wang, Yi Huang, Ziyu Guo, Jianhua Sun and Guoquan Zheng
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(16), 7919; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26167919 - 16 Aug 2025
Viewed by 183
Abstract
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) displays wide inter-patient variability that is not accounted for by HLA-B27 alone, suggesting that additional immune and metabolic modifiers contribute to disease severity. Using a genetically matched design, we profiled peripheral blood mononuclear cells from two brother pairs discordant for [...] Read more.
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) displays wide inter-patient variability that is not accounted for by HLA-B27 alone, suggesting that additional immune and metabolic modifiers contribute to disease severity. Using a genetically matched design, we profiled peripheral blood mononuclear cells from two brother pairs discordant for AS severity and one healthy brother pair. Strand-specific RNA-seq was analyzed with a family-blocked DESeq2 model, while untargeted metabolites were quantified using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Differential features were defined as follows: differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (|log2FC| ≥ 1 and FDR < 0.05) and metabolites (VIP > 1, FC ≥ 1.2, and BH-adjusted p < 0.05). Pathway enrichment was performed with KEGG and Gene Ontology (GO). A total of 325 genes were differentially expressed. Type I interferon and neutrophil granule transcripts (e.g., IFI44L, ISG15, S100A8/A9) were markedly up-regulated, whereas mitochondrial β-oxidation genes (ACADM, CPT1A, ACOT12) were repressed. Metabolomics revealed 110 discriminant features, including 25 MS/MS-annotated metabolites. Primary bile acid intermediates were depleted, whereas oxidized fatty acid derivatives such as 12-Z-octadecadienal and palmitic amide accumulated. Spearman correlation identified two antagonistic modules (i) interferon/neutrophil genes linked to pro-oxidative lipids and (ii) lipid catabolism genes linked to bile acid species that persisted when severe and mild siblings were compared directly. Enrichment mapping associated these modules with viral defense, neutrophil degranulation, fatty acid β-oxidation, and bile acid biosynthesis pathways. This sibling-paired peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) dual-omics study delineates an interferon-driven lipid–bile acid axis that tracks AS severity, supporting composite PBMC-based biomarkers for future prospective validation and highlighting mitochondrial lipid clearance and bile acid homeostasis as potential therapeutic targets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue RNA Biology and Regulation)
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16 pages, 3190 KiB  
Article
GC-MS Non-Target Metabolomics-Based Analysis of the Volatile Aroma in Cerasus humilis After Grafting with Different Rootstocks
by Gaixia Qiao, Jun Xie, Chun’e Zhang, Yujuan Liu, Xiaojing Guo, Qiaoxia Jia, Caixia Zhang and Meilong Xu
Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 972; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080972 - 16 Aug 2025
Viewed by 194
Abstract
C. humilis is a small shrub belonging to the Rosaceae family, and grafting is one of the main ways for propagation. However, the influence of different rootstocks on volatile aroma is still unclear. In this study, an untargeted metabolomics approach based on gas [...] Read more.
C. humilis is a small shrub belonging to the Rosaceae family, and grafting is one of the main ways for propagation. However, the influence of different rootstocks on volatile aroma is still unclear. In this study, an untargeted metabolomics approach based on gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was utilized to analyze the volatile differential metabolites between the rootstock–scion combinations and self-rooted seedlings. Furthermore, metabolic pathway enrichment analysis was performed using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database. In total, 191,162 and 150 volatile differential metabolites were identified in different rootstock–scion combinations. The rootstock–scion combinations of ZG/MYT and ZG/BT could improve the volatile aroma in the fruit of C. humilis and made significant contributions to the rose and fruity flavors. KEGG pathway analysis indicated that the differential metabolites were mainly enriched in the butanoate metabolism and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathways, showing an increasing trend. Prunus tomentosa and Amygdalus communis can serve as preferred rootstocks for enhancing the aroma quality of C. humilis fruits. These results provide new insight into rootstock-based propagation and breeding and also offer some guidance for graft-based fruit production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Breeding and Germplasm Resources of Fruit and Vegetable Crops)
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20 pages, 1547 KiB  
Article
GC-MS-Identified Alkamides and Evaluation of the Anti-Inflammatory, Antibacterial, and Antioxidant Activities of Wild Acmella radicans
by Israel Hurtado-Díaz, Rubicela Teta-Talixtacta, Antonio Bernabé-Antonio, José Antonio Silva-Guzmán, María Crystal Columba-Palomares, Silvia Marquina-Bahena, Mariana Sánchez-Ramos and Francisco Cruz-Sosa
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(16), 7884; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26167884 - 15 Aug 2025
Viewed by 284
Abstract
Acmella radicans, commonly known as the “toothache plant,” is traditionally attributed with medicinal properties, although few studies have validated its biological effects. In the present study, a chemical analysis of the wild plant was performed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In addition, [...] Read more.
Acmella radicans, commonly known as the “toothache plant,” is traditionally attributed with medicinal properties, although few studies have validated its biological effects. In the present study, a chemical analysis of the wild plant was performed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In addition, the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial potential of ethanolic extracts from the roots (RE) and aerial parts (AE), as well as their respective fractions, was evaluated. The dichloromethane fractions of the aerial parts (DFAE) and root extracts (DFRE) at a concentration of 25 μg/mL demonstrated the highest inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production, reducing levels to 22.2 ± 1.9 and 22.2 ± 2.9 μM, respectively. Moreover, these fractions exhibited a notable inhibition of TNF-α production, lowering its concentration to 22.6 ± 3.3 pg/mL (DFAE) and 24.8 ± 5.3 pg/mL (DFRE) at 25 µg/mL. GC-MS chemical profiling revealed the presence of alkamides such as N-isobutyl-2E,6Z,8E-decatrienamide, N-(2-methylbutyl)-2E,6Z,8E-decatrienamide, and N-(2-phenylethyl)-2E,4Z-octadienamide in both root and aerial part extracts. The dichloromethane fractions showed a higher abundance of alkamides compared to the hexane fractions, suggesting that these compounds may be at least partially responsible for the observed anti-inflammatory activity. Additionally, AE showed moderate activity against S. typhimurium and low activity against other bacteria, while RE was especially effective against a resistant strain of S. aureus, indicating an MIC of 31.25 μg/mL, likely due to its high content of alkamides, particularly spilanthol. Several fractions also inhibited bacteria such as P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and E. coli, possibly because of the presence of alkamides and compounds like β-amyrin. Full article
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21 pages, 3794 KiB  
Article
Study on the Effect of Ultrasonic and Cold Plasma Non-Thermal Pretreatment Combined with Hot Air on the Drying Characteristics and Quality of Yams
by Xixuan Wang, Zhiqing Song and Changjiang Ding
Foods 2025, 14(16), 2831; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14162831 - 15 Aug 2025
Viewed by 181
Abstract
In this study, the effects of non-thermal pretreatment such as corona discharge plasma (CDP-21 kV), dielectric barrier discharge plasma (DBDP-32 kV), and ultrasonic waves of different powers (US-180 W, 210 W, 240 W) on hot-air drying of ferruginous yam were compared. The regulatory [...] Read more.
In this study, the effects of non-thermal pretreatment such as corona discharge plasma (CDP-21 kV), dielectric barrier discharge plasma (DBDP-32 kV), and ultrasonic waves of different powers (US-180 W, 210 W, 240 W) on hot-air drying of ferruginous yam were compared. The regulatory effects of ultrasonic and cold plasma pretreatment on the drying characteristics and quality of yam were systematically evaluated by determining the drying kinetic parameters, physicochemical indexes, volatile components, and energy consumption. The results showed that ultrasonic pretreatment significantly improved the drying performance of yam compared with different cold plasma treatments, with the highest drying rate and effective moisture diffusion coefficient in the US-180 W group. In terms of quality, this treatment group exhibited better color retention, higher total phenol content (366 mg/100 g) and antioxidant activity, and optimal rehydration performance. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses showed a more homogeneous water distribution, and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) identified 55 volatile components. This study confirms that the US-180 W ultrasonic pretreatment technology can effectively improve the drying efficiency and product quality of yam and at the same time reduce the energy consumption. The results of this study provide a practical solution for the optimization of a process that can be replicated in the food drying industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Food Engineering and Technology)
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34 pages, 10947 KiB  
Article
Hydrophobic Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents for Extraction of Bioactive Compounds: Multiscale Characterization, Quantum Simulations, and Molecular Interaction Studies with Cry j 1 and Amb a 1 Allergens
by Tochukwu Oluwatosin Maduka, Qingyue Wang, Miho Suzuki, Christian Ebere Enyoh, Weiqian Wang and Md. Sohel Rana
Separations 2025, 12(8), 214; https://doi.org/10.3390/separations12080214 - 15 Aug 2025
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Abstract
This study explores the synthesis, characterization, and extraction efficiency of hydrophobic natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs), along with the allergen-modulating potential of extracted bioactive compounds. Six NADESs were synthesized using binary combinations of camphor, thymol, eugenol, and menthol (1:1 molar ratio) and characterized [...] Read more.
This study explores the synthesis, characterization, and extraction efficiency of hydrophobic natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs), along with the allergen-modulating potential of extracted bioactive compounds. Six NADESs were synthesized using binary combinations of camphor, thymol, eugenol, and menthol (1:1 molar ratio) and characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis (TGA/DTA), density functional theory (DFT), and molecular dynamics simulations (MD simulations). Bioactive compounds were extracted from Thujopsis dolabrata wood biomass via ultrasonic-assisted extraction and analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The total essential oil yield, estimated semiquantitatively by summing the peak areas of key terpenoid compounds, ranged from 1.91% to 7.90% across different NADES systems, indicating their varied extraction capacities. Molecular docking was performed to assess their allergen-modulating interactions with Amb a 1 and Cry j 1. All NADESs exhibited single-stage decomposition (110–125 °C) except camphor–menthol, which recrystallized. FTIR and simulations confirmed strong hydrogen bonding in eugenol-based NADESs, particularly menthol–eugenol. Extraction identified 47 bioactive compounds, with 4,5α-Epoxy-3-methoxy-17-methyl-7α-(4-phenyl-1,3-butadienyl)-6β,7β-(oxymethylene) morphinan as the most abundant (9.31–11.16%). It exhibited the highest binding affinity (Cry j 1: −8.60 kcal/mol, Amb a 1: −7.40 kcal/mol) and lowest inhibition concentration (Cry j 1: 0.49 µM, Amb a 1: 3.74 µM), suggesting strong allergen-modulating potential. Hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding drove protein–ligand binding. These findings highlight NADESs as effective, sustainable solvents for extracting bioactive compounds with allergen-modulating potential. Full article
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22 pages, 3518 KiB  
Article
Insights into the Flavor Profiles and Key Aroma-Active Compounds of Sichuan Xiaoqu Qingxiangxing Baijiu Across Distilling Stages
by Lei Tian, Pei Xu, Ji Qin, Guojun Hou, Qiao Huang, Ying Liu, Yu Li and Tongwei Guan
Foods 2025, 14(16), 2814; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14162814 - 14 Aug 2025
Viewed by 236
Abstract
Distillation, a crucial step in Baijiu production, profoundly influences its flavor. However, the aroma-active compounds of Sichuan Xiaoqu Qingxiangxing (SXQ) Baijiu during distillation remain unclear. Here, we comprehensively analyzed the volatile flavor compound (VFC) composition and alcohol content variations across three [...] Read more.
Distillation, a crucial step in Baijiu production, profoundly influences its flavor. However, the aroma-active compounds of Sichuan Xiaoqu Qingxiangxing (SXQ) Baijiu during distillation remain unclear. Here, we comprehensively analyzed the volatile flavor compound (VFC) composition and alcohol content variations across three key distillation stages (i.e., head, heart, and tail) of SXQ Baijiu using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC×GC-MS), alongside electronic nose (E-nose) and electronic tongue (E-tongue). A total of 111 VFCs, 22 key odorants, and 11 pivotal differential VFCs were identified. Ethyl octanoate were identified as the most critical odor-active compounds, while isoamylol was recognized as a key difference marker. VFC concentrations in raw Baijiu decreased from head > heart > tail, while VFC categories increased from tail > head > heart. The flavor profiles of the head differ significantly from those of the heart and tail in Baijiu distillation. Alcohol content decreased as distillation proceeded. The E-nose and E-tongue effectively distinguished raw Baijiu samples from different distillation stages. This study enhances our understanding of volatile compounds and their aroma contributions during the distillation process of SXQ Baijiu. The findings provides bases for optimizing the distillation and quality-based classification of distillates in SXQ Baijiu production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Drinks and Liquid Nutrition)
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