Search Results (436)

Hyperspectral image (HSI) classification is an important task in the field of remote sensing, with far-reaching practical significance. Most Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) only focus on local spatial features and ignore global spectral dependencies, making it difficult to completely extract spectral information in HSI. In contrast, Vision Transformers (ViTs) are widely used in HSI due to their superior feature extraction capabilities. However, existing Transformer models have challenges in achieving spectral–spatial feature fusion and maintaining local structural consistency, making it difficult to strike a balance between global modeling capabilities and local representation. To this end, we propose a Prompt-Gated Transformer with a Spatial–Spectral Enhancement (PGTSEFormer) network, which includes a Channel Hybrid Positional Attention Module (CHPA) and Prompt Cross-Former (PCFormer). The CHPA module adopts a dual-branch architecture to concurrently capture spectral and spatial positional attention, thereby enhancing the model’s discriminative capacity for complex feature categories through adaptive weight fusion. PCFormer introduces a Prompt-Gated mechanism and grouping strategy to effectively model cross-regional contextual information, while maintaining local consistency, which significantly enhances the ability for long-distance dependent modeling. Experiments were conducted on five HSI datasets and the results showed that overall accuracies of 97.91%, 98.74%, 99.48%, 99.18%, and 92.57% were obtained on the Indian pines, Salians, Botswana, WHU-Hi-LongKou, and WHU-Hi-HongHu datasets. The experimental results show the effectiveness of our proposed approach. Full article

Accurate and efficient cloud detection is critical for maintaining the usability of optical remote sensing imagery, particularly in large-scale Earth observation systems. In this study, we propose FEMNet, a lightweight dual-branch network that combines state space modeling with convolutional encoding for multi-class cloud segmentation. The Mamba-based encoder captures long-range semantic dependencies with linear complexity, while a parallel CNN path preserves spatial detail. To address the semantic inconsistency across feature hierarchies and limited context perception in decoding, we introduce the following two targeted modules: a cross-stage semantic enhancement (CSSE) block that adaptively aligns low- and high-level features, and a multi-scale context aggregation (MSCA) block that integrates contextual cues at multiple resolutions. Extensive experiments on five benchmark datasets demonstrate that FEMNet achieves state-of-the-art performance across both binary and multi-class settings, while requiring only 4.4M parameters and 1.3G multiply–accumulate operations. These results highlight FEMNet’s suitability for resource-efficient deployment in real-world remote sensing applications. Full article

Background: Emotional safety is increasingly recognized as crucial for high-quality patient care, encompassing a patient’s sense of security, courteous treatment, being heard, and a peaceful environment. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions of patients and providers (doctors and nurses) regarding emotional harm and safety in relation to hospitalized patients. Methods: We conducted a qualitative study in public-sector teaching hospitals in Peshawar, Pakistan. Data were collected after we obtained informed consent using individual interviews with 15 providers, namely, doctors (n = 7) and nurses (n = 8), and five focus group discussions (FGDs) with 25 hospitalized patients. Data from both the interviews and FGDs were analyzed using Braun and Clarke’s six-phase approach to thematic analysis. Results: The key themes revealed by the providers’ perspectives were factors contributing to emotional harm, staff-related factors, coping mechanisms and solutions, and the impact of prior experiences and involvement. The main themes that emerged from the patients’ perspectives were anxiety upon admission, the impact of communication, emotional stress due to treatment delays, systemic/bureaucratic challenges, financial burden, a lack of emotional support, and post-hospitalization concerns. The consistent perspectives shared by both patients and providers included the impact of systemic factors, communication issues, the role of staff attitude/behavior, financial concerns, and the influence of prior experiences. Conclusions: This study highlights the complex interplay of systemic, staff-related, and patient-specific factors. It suggests a need to improve communication, staff support, administrative processes, financial counseling, emotional support integration, and discharge planning to minimize harm and create a patient-centered environment. Full article

Nowadays, society is becoming increasingly committed to traveling by plane for work, tourism, and leisure in general. However, either due to internal, specific factors or to external determinants, like terrorism and climate changes, a growing number of travelers have experienced the so-called fear of flying, a persistent, irrational fear of flight-related situations for which a clear, efficacious therapy does not yet exist. Based on the usual interaction with the surrounding environment, conducted by means of the five human senses, and particularly on the neurophysiological pathway followed by the chemical senses, in this study, we revise the findings in the related literature on the topic, proposing an alternative way to alleviate the anxiety related to the fear of flight. This is based on chemosensory stimulation being applied directly during a flight and is possibly concerned with the consumption of meals, an usual activity performed onboard. After an introductory section aimed at understanding the problem, we present some studies related to chemosensory perception during the flight, highlighting the specificities of the scenarios, followed by a description of findings related to the meals proposed by flight companies in this context, and finally wrapping up the possible alternative approaches that could be conducted by such providers to alleviate the fear of flying condition through chemosensory stimulation vehiculated by meals, and enhance the quality of flight experience related to food consumption onboard. Full article

Urban parks are an important component of public urban spaces, which directly impact the living experiences of residents and the urban image. High-quality urban parks are crucial for enhancing the well-being of residents. This study selected Fukuoka, Japan, as the study site. Five urban parks were chosen to evaluate landscape visual quality by using the Scenic Beauty Estimation (SBE) method. The Semantic Differential (SD) method was used to get sample subjective landscape features. Meanwhile, sample objective landscape features were obtained by using semantic segmentation techniques in deep learning and combined with spatial analysis to understand their distribution. A regression model was established, which used the SBE values as the dependent variable and subjective landscape features as the independent variables to analyze the relationship between urban park landscape visual quality and subjective landscape features. The regression analysis revealed that sense of layering, harmony, interestingness, sense of order, and vitality were the core factors influencing visual quality. All five features had a significant positive impact on landscape visual quality. The sense of order was the most influential factor, which would be the key to enhancing the landscape perception experience. Moreover, the XGBoost model and SHAP value from machine learning were used to reveal the nonlinear relationships and significant threshold effects between urban park visual quality and five objective landscape features: openness, greenness, enclosure, vegetation diversity, and Shannon–Wiener diversity index. This study showed that when openness exceeded 0.27, the positive effect was significant. The optimal threshold for the greenness was 0.38. Vegetation diversity and enclosure had to be below 0.82 and 0.58, respectively, to have a positive impact. Meanwhile, the positive influence of the Shannon–Wiener diversity index reached its maximum at a value of 1.37. This study not only establishes a systematic method for diagnosing landscape problems and evaluating landscape visual quality but also provides both theoretical support and practical guidance for urban park landscape optimization. Full article

Background: Dyspeptic symptoms are very common in the general population, with an estimated prevalence of 14% to 41%, and the majority of patients experience symptoms without an organic cause for them (so-called functional dyspepsia). While the pathophysiology of functional dyspepsia remains elusive, the impact of functional dyspepsia on quality of life is detrimental. The treatment involves a change in lifestyle—a healthy diet and physical activity—in combination with pharmacological treatments. However, currently, there is no standard therapy for this condition, although a nutritional approach appears to be feasible and well accepted by patients. In this context, the intake of some mineral water types might be able to play an important role. Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the regular intake of bicarbonate natural mineral water (Aqua Carpatica from source “F2 Păltiniș”) is able to positively influence the symptomatic process of dyspepsia, promoting digestion and improving the quality of life of patients. Methods: The patients enrolled in this open-label study had diagnosis of functional dyspepsia formulated in accordance with the Rome III criteria. During the 4-week study, patients had to ingest tap water at 1.5 L/day (wash-out period: 2 weeks), and in the 2-week subsequent period, they had to ingest alkaline natural mineral water at 1.5 L/day. The primary efficacy endpoint of this study includes a statistically significant improvement (p < 0.05) in the “heartburn”, “regurgitation”, and “dyspepsia” subscales and the total Reflux Disease Questionnaire’s (RDQ) score with respect to the effects of alkaline natural mineral water. As secondary endpoints, we considered statistically significant improvements (p < 0.05) in quality-of-life scores (Psychological General Well-Being Index—Short form; PGWB-S), the patient’s self-assessment of the state of efficiency of their digestion, and their sense of post-prandial fullness, as well as the use of antacids. Results: Forty-five patients were enrolled: all were Caucasian and mostly women (25, 55.6% vs. 20 men, 44.4%), and they were aged between 25 and 75 years (50.6 ± 13.5 years; mean ± SD). The results of this preliminary study show a significant improvement in functional dyspepsia symptoms—as assessed via the RDQ—and an improvement in quality of life—as assessed using the PGWB-S score—after the intake of alkaline natural mineral water. Conclusions: This preliminary study provides clinical evidence for a recommendation of alkaline natural mineral water as a symptomatic treatment of dyspepsia. Full article

Ninety-five-year-old Doris Held, a great niece of Sigmund Freud, has been convening the Shakespeare Reading Group in Northampton, Massachusetts, my hometown, since she moved here in 2016. In the following essay, which is a personal response to my experience of this group of Shakespearean readers, to Doris Held, and to the work of Shakespeare in general, I attempt to chart the full impact of the Bard’s work on my life and on the world around me. I am neither a scholar nor a historian. In a true sense, I am a bystander Shakespearean, who has received deep reward and benefit from the experience, but it is Doris Held and her group who opened my eyes to the precise nature of this unexamined reward. Doris brought the spirit of the group from Cambridge, Massachusetts, where she had been a dues-paying member for decades of something called the Old Cambridge Shakespeare Association, which itself dates to 1880. My wife Debra and I attended the first meeting in Northampton more than a decade ago, and we have been receiving emails from Doris four times a year ever since. While these communications often induce guilt, they invariably lead to pleasures that I would never want to relinquish. That is a complicated dynamic in my routine, and I try to grapple with its ebb and flow in the pages that follow. Each time I get one, I have a version of the same conversation in my head. Is Doris still doing this? Haven’t they done all the plays by now? All things considered, wouldn’t they—and I—rather be home watching a true crime documentary about Gaby Petito on Netflix? What the hell is William Shakespeare to me anyway? At this point, if I’m honest, Shakespeare is Doris. The experience with this group led me in two directions. One took me back to my now long-ago history with Shakespeare’s work as an actor in college. The other took me via historical research into the prehistory of Doris Held’s previous Shakespeare group in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The two paths gave me a deeper grasp of the influence of his work across the world and on my own life. Full article

Fire regime (FR) is a key element in the study of ecosystem dynamics, supporting natural resource management planning by identifying gaps in fire patterns in time and space and planning to assess ecological conditions. Due to the insufficient consideration of integrated characterization factors, especially the insufficient research on fire season types (FST), the current understanding of the spatial heterogeneity of fire patterns in China is still limited, and it is necessary to use FST as a key dimension to classify FR zones more accurately. This study extracted 13 fire characteristic variables based on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) burned area data (MCD64A1), active fire data (MODIS Collection 6), and land cover data (MCD12Q1) from 2001 to 2023. The study systematically analyzed the frequency, intensity, spatial distribution and seasonal characteristics of fires across China. By using data normalization and the k-means clustering algorithm, the study area was divided into five types of FR zones (FR 1–5) with significant differences. The burned areas of the five FR zones account for 67.76%, 13.88%, 4.87%, 12.94%, and 0.55% of the total burned area across the country over the 23-year study period, respectively. Among them, fires in the Northeast China Plain and North China Plain cropland areas (FR 1) exhibit a bimodal distribution, with the peak period concentrated in April and June, respectively; the southern forest and savanna region (FR 2) is dominated by high-frequency, small-scale, unimodal fires, peaking in February; the central grassland region (FR 3) experiences high-intensity, low-frequency fires, with a peak in April; the east central forest region (FR 4) is characterized by low-frequency, high-intensity fires; and the western grassland region (FR 5) experiences low-frequency fires with significant inter-annual fluctuations. Among the five zones, FST consistently ranks within the top five contributors, with contribution rates of 0.39, 0.31, 0.44, 0.27, and 0.55, respectively, confirming that the inclusion of FST is a reasonable and necessary choice when constructing FR zones. By integrating multi-source remote sensing data, this study has established a novel FR classification system that encompasses fire frequency, intensity, and particularly FST. This approach transcends the traditional single-factor classification, demonstrating that seasonal characteristics are indispensable for accurately delineating fire conditions. The resultant zoning system effectively overcomes the limitations of traditional methods, providing a scientific basis for localized fire risk warning and differentiated prevention and control strategies. Full article

Citizen science now relies heavily on digital platforms to engage the public in environmental data collection. Yet, many projects face declining participation over time. This study examines the effect of three elements of gamification—points, daily streaks, and real-time leaderboards—on student engagement, achievement, and immersion during a five-day campus-wide intervention utilising the GAME and a spatial crowdsourcing app. Employing a convergent mixed-methods design, we combined behavioural log analysis, validated psychometric scales (GAMEFULQUEST), and post-experiment interviews to triangulate both quantitative and qualitative dimensions of engagement. Results reveal that gamified elements enhanced students’ sense of accomplishment and early-stage motivation, which is reflected in significantly higher average scores for goal-directed engagement and recurring qualitative themes related to competence and recognition. However, deeper immersion and sustained “flow” were less robust with repetitive task design. While the intervention achieved only moderate long-term participation rates, it demonstrates that thoughtfully implemented game mechanics can meaningfully enhance engagement without undermining data quality. These findings provide actionable guidance for designing more adaptive, motivating, and inclusive citizen science solutions, underscoring the importance of mixed-methods evaluation in understanding complex engagement processes. While the sample size limits the statistical generalizability, this study serves as an exploratory field trial offering valuable design insights and methodological guidance for future large-scale, controlled citizen science interventions. Full article

Urban green spaces play a critical role in promoting health, well-being and social inclusion. However, many such spaces remain underutilized by women due to perceived safety risks and inadequate infrastructure. The aim of this study is to understand the level of accessibility of these areas for women of different ages, considering their diverse needs related to physical activity and the sense of safety in public space. This research investigates the behavioural experiences of women in Zielona Góra, Poland, focusing on municipal parks and forests. A mixed-methods approach was applied, including on-site observations, in-depth interviews, online surveys and scenario modelling using Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (FCMs), involving 204 women aged 15–85. The results show that 48% of respondents avoid green areas due to barriers such as poor lighting, fear of wild animals or unpredictable individuals and insufficient infrastructure. Women preferred afternoon visits and valued the presence of others for increased safety. The five most frequented parks were identified based on accessibility and infrastructure quality. Scenario simulations confirmed that even single targeted interventions could improve perceived safety and increase usage. This study highlights the need for inclusive urban design that addresses the specific experiences and requirements of women in public green spaces. Full article

In an era of increasing digital transformation in education, fostering students’ intrinsic motivation and self-directed learning (SDL) is essential, particularly in dynamic fields such as Computer Science Education (CSE). This study explores whether the co-creation of Open Educational Resources (OERs) as renewable assessments can enhance intrinsic motivation and support SDL among postgraduate students. Grounded in Self-Determination Theory, social constructivism, and established SDL models, this research adopted a qualitative, phenomenological design. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with BEd Honours students who completed an OER co-creation project as part of their final assessment. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis revealed five core themes: ownership and confidence, personal growth and SDL development, collaboration and connection, motivation and engagement, and challenges and problem solving. The findings suggest that, when students are given autonomy, purpose, and the opportunity to contribute meaningfully, they experience deeper engagement, stronger SDL skills, and a greater sense of academic agency. Informal peer interaction and scaffolded support further enhanced their learning. This study contributes to the growing evidence that open pedagogical practices, particularly renewable assessments, can transform academic culture by positioning students as active participants in knowledge creation and by promoting sustainable, student-centred learning. Full article

Potatoes, as the world’s fourth-largest staple crop, are vital for global food security. Efficient methods for assessing yield and quality are essential for policy-making and optimizing production. Traditional yield assessment techniques remain destructive, labor-intensive, and unsuitable for large-scale monitoring. While remote sensing has offered a promising alternative, current approaches largely depend on empirical correlations rather than physiological mechanisms. This limitation arises because potato tubers grow underground, rendering their traits invisible to aboveground sensors. This study investigated the mechanisms underlying hyperspectral remote sensing for assessing belowground yield traits in potatoes. Field experiments with four cultivars and five nitrogen treatments were conducted to collect foliar biochemistries (chlorophyll, nitrogen, and water and dry matter content), yield traits (tuber yield, fresh/dry weight, starch, protein, and water content), and leaf spectra. Two approaches were developed for predicting belowground yield traits: (1) a direct method linking leaf spectra to yield via statistical models and (2) an indirect method using structural equation modeling (SEM) to link foliar biochemistry to yield. The SEM analysis revealed that foliar nitrogen exhibited negative effects on tuber fresh weight (path coefficient b = −0.57), yield (−0.37), and starch content (−0.30). Similarly, leaf water content negatively influenced tuber water content (0.52), protein (−0.27), and dry weight (−0.42). Conversely, chlorophyll content showed positive associations with both tuber protein (0.59) and dry weight (0.56). Direct models (PLSR, SVR, and RFR) achieved higher accuracy for yield (R² = 0.58–0.84) than indirect approaches (R² = 0.16–0.45), though the latter provided physiological insights. The reduced accuracy in indirect methods primarily stemmed from error propagation within the SEM framework. Future research should scale these leaf-level mechanisms to canopy observations and integrate crop growth models to improve robustness across environments. This work advances precision agriculture by clarifying spectral–yield linkages in potato systems, offering a framework for hyperspectral-based yield prediction. Full article

Real-time monitoring of cotton moisture status and determination of appropriate irrigation thresholds are essential for achieving precision irrigation. Currently employed diagnostic methods based on physiological indicators, remote sensing, or soil moisture measurements typically present limitations including cumbersome procedures, high labor intensity, requirements for specialized technical expertise, and delayed results. To address these challenges, this study investigated the relationship between plant water content and leaf RGB color values (red, green, and blue color values measured using LScolor technology) during the bud, flowering, and boll development stages, with the objective of establishing a predictive model for rapid, real-time moisture status monitoring. Given that leaf position and color values (R, G, and B) of different functional leaves may influence the relationship between leaf color and plant water content, and this relationship varies across different temporal periods, a two-year experiment was conducted. In 2023, leaf color data from the top five functional leaves were measured at five time points daily throughout the irrigation cycle. In 2024, the following four irrigation treatments were established: one conventional irrigation control treatment (CK) and three irrigation treatments at 72% (T1), 70% (T2), and 68% (T3) plant water content thresholds. Results demonstrated that the following: (1) plant water content initially declined during the day and subsequently showed slight recovery, indicating cotton’s particular susceptibility to water stress between 2:30 p.m. and 7:00 p.m.; (2) plant water content continuously decreased across five measurement periods following irrigation during the bud, flowering, and boll development stages, with R and G color values of the five functional leaves showing declining trends between 2:30 p.m. and 7:00 p.m., while B color values exhibited no consistent pattern; (3) correlation analysis revealed significant positive correlations between plant water content and R and G color values of the five functional leaves during the 2:30 p.m. to 5:00 p.m. period, with highly significant correlations observed for the third and fourth leaves from the apex; (4) univariate and bivariate linear regression models were successfully established between cotton water content and R and G color values of the third and fourth leaves from the top; and (5) under 72% plant water content conditions, cotton achieved the highest yield and Irrigation Water Use Efficiency, indicating that 72% represents the optimal irrigation threshold. In conclusion, integrating leaf color–plant water content relationships with the 72% irrigation threshold enables rapid, non-destructive, large-scale diagnosis of cotton moisture status, providing a robust foundation for implementing effective precision irrigation strategies. Full article

Background/Objectives: In 4-octylphenol (4-OP), a toxic environmental pollutant with endocrine disruptive effect, the use of 4-OP causes pollution in the freshwater environment and poses risks to aquatic organisms. Common carps (Cyprinus carpio L.) live in freshwater and are experimental animals for studying the toxic effects of environmental pollutants on fish. Its heart is susceptible to toxicants. However, whether 4-OP has a toxic effect on common carp heart remains unknown. Methods: Here, we conducted a common carp 4-OP exposure experiment (carp treated with 17 μg/L 4-OP for 45 days), aiming to investigate whether 4-OP has a toxic effect on common carp hearts. We observed the microstructure and ultrastructure of carp heart and detected autophagy genes, mitochondrial fission genes, mitochondrial fusion genes, glycolytic enzymes, AMPK, ATPase, and oxidative stress factors, to investigate the molecular mechanism of 4-OP induced damage in common carp hearts. Results: Our results showed that 4-OP exposure caused mitochondrial damage, autophagy, and damage in common carp hearts. 4-OP exposure increased the levels of miR-144, and eight autophagy factors (Beclin1, RB1CC1, ULK1, LC3-I, LC3-II, ATG5, ATG12, and ATG13), and decreased the levels of four autophagy factors (PI3K, AKT, mTOR, and SQSTM1). Furthermore, 4-OP exposure induced the imbalance between mitochondrial fission and fusion and mitochondrial dynamics imbalance, as demonstrated by the increase in three mitochondrial fission factors (Mff, Drp1, and Fis1) and the decrease in three mitochondrial fusion factors (Mfn1, Mfn2, and Opa1). Moreover, excess 4-OP treatment caused energy metabolism disorder, as demonstrated by the reduction in four ATPase (Na⁺K⁺-ATPase, Ca²⁺Mg²⁺-ATPase, Ca²⁺-ATPase, and Mg²⁺-ATPase), elevation in four glycolysis genes (HK1, HK2, LDHA, and PGK1), reduction in glycolysis gen (PGAM2), and the elevation in energy-sensing AMPK. Finally, 4-OP treatment induced the imbalance between antioxidant and oxidant and oxidative stress, as demonstrated by the increase in oxidant H₂O₂, and the decreases in five antioxidant factors (CAT, SOD, T-AOC, Nrf2, and HO-1). Conclusions: miR-144 mediated autophagy by targeting PI3K, mTOR, and SQSTM1, and the miR-144/PI3K-AKT-mTOR/ULK1 pathway was involved in 4-OP-induced autophagy. Mff-Drp1 axis took part in 4-OP-caused mitochondrial dynamics imbalance, and mitochondrial dynamics imbalance mediated autophagy via Mfn2-SQSTM1, Mfn2/Beclin1, and Mff-LC3-II axes. Energy metabolism disorder mediated mitochondrial dynamics imbalance through the AMPK-Mff-Drp1 pathway. Oxidative stress mediated energy metabolism disorder via the H₂O₂-AMPK axis. Taken together, oxidative stress triggered energy metabolism disorder, induced mitochondrial dynamics imbalance, and caused autophagy via the H₂O₂-AMPK-Mff-LC3-II pathway. Our study provided references for the toxic effects of endocrine disruptor on common carp hearts, and provided a basis for assessing environmental pollutant-induced damage in common carp heart. We only studied the toxic effects of 4-OP on common carp, and the toxic effects of 4-OP on other fish species need to be further studied. Full article

This article carries out an interdisciplinary analysis of five MOOC courses developed by the University of Valladolid and offered on higher education platforms between 2020 and 2024. This research is based on the study of the lexical categories used by the informants participating in these courses, establishing a correlation with the theoretical and practical debates surrounding the definition of heritage and the frameworks of contemporary heritage education. Through a metalinguistic approach, the semantic limits of the emerging lexical categories are examined, paying attention to their ambiguity, polysemy and contexts of use, both from a formal linguistic perspective and from a hermeneutic approach. The analysis is based on natural language processing tools, complemented by qualitative techniques from applied linguistics and cultural studies. This dual approach, both scientific–statistical and humanistically nuanced, allows us to identify recurrent discursive patterns, as well as significant variations in the conceptualization of heritage according to the socio-cultural and geographical profiles of the participants. The results of the linguistic analysis are contrasted with the thematic lines investigated by our research group, focusing on cultural policy, legacy policies, narratives linked to the culture of depopulation, disputed scientific paradigms, and specific lexical categories in the Latin American context. In this sense, the article takes a critical look at discursive production in massive online learning environments, positioning language as a key indicator of the processes of cultural resignification and the construction of legacy knowledge in the Ibero-American context. The findings of my scientific article underscore the pressing need for a multiform liberation of the traditionally constrained concept of heritage, which has long been framed within rigid institutional, legal, and disciplinary boundaries. This normative framework, often centered on materiality, monumentalism, and expert-driven narratives, limits the full potential of heritage as a relational and socially embedded construct. My research reveals that diverse social agents—ranging from educators and local communities to cultural mediators and digital users—demand a more flexible, inclusive, and participatory understanding of heritage. This shift calls for redefining legacy not as a static legacy to be preserved but as a dynamic bond, deeply rooted in affective, symbolic, and intersubjective dimensions. The concept of “heritage as bond”, as developed in contemporary critical theory, provides a robust framework for this reconceptualization. Furthermore, the article highlights the need for a new vehiculation of access—one that expands heritage experience and appropriation beyond elite circles and institutionalized contexts into broader social ecosystems such as education, digital platforms, civil society, and everyday life. This approach promotes legacy democratization, fostering horizontal engagement and collective meaning-making. Ultimately, the findings advocate for a paradigm shift toward an open, polyphonic, and affective heritage model, capable of responding to contemporary socio-cultural complexities. Full article