Search Results (1,897)

Inclusion bodies (IBs) in Escherichia coli are increasingly recognised as nanostructured materials with tunable morphology and functional potential. The N-terminal auxiliary activity family 10 (AA10) lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) domain from Caldibacillus cellulovorans (Ccel_p40) consistently forms IBs and, when fused to diverse proteins, generates functional IBs. Here, we examined whether this strong aggregation propensity is unique to Ccel_p40 or a broader feature of AA10 LPMOs. Four homologous domains from phylogenetically distinct microorganisms, Kallotenue papyrolyticum (Kpap_p40), Kibdelosporangium aridum (Kari_p40), Archangium lipolyticum (Alip_p40), and Phytohabitans suffuscus (Psuf_p40), were heterologously expressed in E. coli under identical cytosolic conditions. All homologues accumulated predominantly in the insoluble fraction, forming morphologically uniform IBs with sub-micron diameters (550–860 nm) and moderate polydispersity indices (0.45–0.54). SDS-PAGE densitometry indicated that most of each expressed protein partitioned into the insoluble fraction. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy revealed compact spherical aggregates, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed β-sheet-enriched secondary structures characteristic of ordered IBs. These results indicate that the pronounced aggregation tendency previously observed for Ccel_p40 is conserved across the AA10 homologues examined. The findings support the view that the AA10 domain represents a promising scaffold for generating stable, recyclable protein nanoparticles and provides a comparative basis for future IB-based biotechnological designs. Full article

Greenly synthesised Ni-doped Ag nanoparticles utilising Caralluma umbellata root extracts, and an investigation into their optical properties, biological properties, and characterisation, is the focus of the study. Characterisation was performed using FTIR analysis, UV-Vis, X-ray diffraction, and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The synthesis of Ni-doped Ag nanoparticles was confirmed through UV-Vis spectroscopy, revealing a peak at 396 nm and a band gap energy of 3.24 eV. XRD analysis revealed a face-centred cubic structure with a crystallite size of 55.22 nm (as-prepared) and 18.56 nm (annealed at 200 °C). Reduction and capping were demonstrated by FTIR, as evidenced by the presence of phytochemicals. The Ag NPs demonstrated potent antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with a minimal inhibitory concentration of 1.25 μg/mL observed against Streptococcus mutans. Their vigorous anti-oxidant activity, as well as in vitro anti-diabetic potential through alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibition, also proves suitable for biomedical applications. Full article

Background/Objectives: The use of zirconia implants is gaining traction as a potential alternative to titanium. Although having excellent properties, the zirconia surface has limited osteogenic potential. The purpose of this study was to produce, for the first time, mechanically stable, thick micron-scale hydroxyapatite coatings on zirconia implant material using radiofrequency (RF) magnetron sputtering. Methods: Zirconia samples were coated with HA using an RF magnetron sputtering device at a temperature of 125 °C for 20 h with 155 W of power. The procedure included rotating the substrate at a speed of 10 rpm while an argon gas flow was maintained continuously. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, atomic force microscopy, and Vickers hardness measurements were used to evaluate the coat’s characteristics. Results: A smooth hydroxyapatite coating layer that was consistent and free of cracks was observed in all FESEM pictures. The EDX study revealed that the substrate surface contains HA particles, and the ratio of calcium (Ca) to phosphorus (P) was 16.58 to 11.31, which is very close to the ratio in original HA. FESEM cross-section pictures showed good adhesion between the coating and substrate without any gaps, and the coating thickness was 5 µm on average. A statistically significant difference was found in the roughness analysis between the samples of uncoated Zr and HA-coated Zr (p-value < 0.05). Conclusions: Zirconia implant material can be coated with a uniform layer of HA, displaying good adhesion and a thickness of a few micrometers when using magnetron sputtering for an extended period of time. Full article

Dissolvable microneedles (DMNs) represent an innovative approach to patient-friendly drug delivery, eliminating the need for conventional hypodermic injections. This study reports on the fabrication, Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM)-based optical visualization of drug distribution, and mechanical characterization of maltose-based DMNs impregnated with lignocaine, a local anesthetic. Microneedles were fabricated using a micro-molding technique and dried for nine hours. Structural integrity was evaluated using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM); drug distribution was examined via CLSM; and mechanical strength was assessed using nanoindentation. The FESEM results showed uniform microneedle formation with sharp tips and smooth surfaces, averaging 435 µm in height and 116 µm in width, with no significant dimensional variability (p > 0.5). CLSM analysis indicated even distribution of lignocaine throughout the matrix. Mechanical testing showed that each microneedle withstood 0.6 N, surpassing the 0.1 N threshold required for skin insertion. These results support the viability of maltose-based DMNs for local anesthetic delivery, with implications for outpatient, pediatric, and self-administered care settings. Future investigations will include Franz diffusion and in vitro dissolution studies to examine release kinetics. Full article

This study investigated the use of Marine Recyclable Aggregate (MRA), synthesized from Recycled Particles from Paste (RPPs) obtained from construction waste, seawater, and alkali activator (Na₂O∙3.3SiO₂, NS), for reinforcing marine soft clay. RPP is a laboratory-prepared material used to simulate construction waste. The physicochemical properties of MRA were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results revealed that the key hydration products in MRA are Friedel’s salt (3CaO·Al₂O₃·CaCl₂·10H₂O, FS), xCaO·SiO₂·nH₂O (C-S-H), and CaO·Al₂O₃·2SiO₂·4H₂O (C-A-S-H). The formation of these hydration products enables MRA to maintain stability in marine environments. The deformation characteristics of MRA-reinforced soft clay under various conditions were investigated by integrating X-ray computed tomography with triaxial compression tests, allowing for the three-dimensional visualization and reconstruction of the failure process. The application of MRA for soft clay reinforcement in seawater environments enhances the bearing capacity of the clay and provided significant environmental benefits. Full article

The agro-industrial valorization of citrus waste represents a promising avenue to employ underutilized bioresources. This research investigated the potential of the peels of BARI malta 1 (sweet orange), a widely grown variety in Bangladesh, as a viable and new source for pectin extraction. Pectin is a polysaccharide, having extensive applications in the pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food business as a thickening, texturizer, emulsifier, gelling agent, and stabilizer. This study investigated the optimum extraction conditions for maximum yield, characterization, and physicochemical properties of the obtained pectin and compared the results with the pectin obtained from other sources. Comprehensive characterization through Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) confirmed the structural identity, crystallinity, thermal stability, and morphological features of the extracted pectin. Physicochemical properties, including moisture content, ash content, equivalent weight, methoxyl content, and degree of esterification, indicate the suitability and superiority of the extracted pectin for industrial applications. This research approach not only supports eco-friendly processing of citrus waste but also opens avenue for circular economy initiatives in Bangladesh. Full article

In order to determine the causes of crack defects in Mn18Cr2 high-manganese wear-resistant steel plates, this paper conducted a systematic analysis of the steel plates’ microstructure, chemical composition, and hardness via metallographic microscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and Vickers hardness tester. The results indicated that there were folded cracks on the surface of the steel plate. The interior of the cracks was oxidized, and inclusions were observed in the crack gaps. A significant difference in the contents of Mn and Cr elements was detected at the defect locations, indicating that very obvious long-range diffusion of Mn and Cr elements had occurred during long-term high-temperature oxidation. The crack defects on the surface of the steel plate were related to the inheritance of the original cracks on the surface of the cast billet before rolling. There were cracks on the surface of the cast billet; the oxide scale and inclusions inside the cracks had not been completely removed. Multiple passes of rolling led to the cracks and oxide scale being pressed into the steel surface, thereby forming folding defects. The fine grain strengthening and deformation twinning generated by rolling deformation formed the hardened layer on the surface, resulting in higher surface hardness than core hardness. The austenite grain size inside the steel plate was in the range of 23–30 μm, and the hardness was around 275 HV. The grain size near the surface of the steel plate was around 10 μm. The surface hardness was 351 HV, which was higher than the core hardness of the steel plate. Full article

Long-term settlement of dredger fill presents substantial challenges to infrastructure stability, particularly in coastal areas such as Tianjin Nangang, where liquefied natural gas (LNG) pipelines are vulnerable to deformation caused by differential settlements. This study investigates the geological properties and long-term settlement characteristics of dredger fill in the Tianjin Nangang coastal zone and develops a simplified predictive model for long-term settlement. Comprehensive laboratory analyses, including field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), revealed a porous, flaky microstructure dominated by quartz and calcite, with mesopores (0.03–0.8 µm) constituting over 80% of total pore volume. A centrifuge modelling test conducted at 70 g acceleration simulated accelerated settlement behavior, demonstrating that approximately 70% of settlements occured within the initial year. The study proposes an enhanced hyperbolic model for long-term settlement prediction, which shows excellent correlation with experimental results. The findings underscore the high compressibility and low shear strength of dredger fill, highlighting the necessity for specific mitigation measures to ensure infrastructure integrity. This research establishes a simplified yet reliable methodology for settlement estimation, providing valuable practical guidance for coastal land reclamation projects. Full article

Fine and ultra-fine sugarcane bagasse (SCB) fractions (≤200 μm) that are naturally generated during industrial grinding have been systematically overlooked in lignocellulosic pretreatment research. Previous studies have largely relied on commercially processed pulps or coarse particles (>200 μm), typically without systematic size fractionation. Here, we demonstrate that these fine fractions—including ultra-fines (≤45 μm), which are often excluded from analytical workflows due to concern about excessive degradation—are viable feedstocks for producing lignin-containing cellulose nanofibers (LCNF) via a sequential thermal hydrolysis treatment (THT)–deep eutectic solvent (DES) pretreatment specifically designed to retain lignin. Size-fractionated SCB (≤45, 45–100, and 100–200 μm) was subjected to THT (190 °C, 15 min), followed by DES treatment using choline chloride/urea (1:2 molar ratio, 130 °C, 2 h). Multi-technique characterization using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicated substantial hemicellulose removal (>70%), effective lignin retention (7.6–9.1%), cellulose enrichment (74.0–77.5%), and preservation of cellulose I structure allomorph. The crystallinity index increased from 46.5–52.7% after THT to 56.7–57.2% after DES treatment, and notably, uniform compositional and structural features were obtained across all particle size classes after DES treatment. Subsequent high-pressure microfluidization (700 bar, five passes) yielded LCNF with consistent morphology across all fractions: uniform fibril diameters (24.6–26.2 nm), a discernible lignin coating, and excellent colloidal stability (zeta potential: −86.3 to −95.0 mV). Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed well-dispersed nanofibrous networks. Collectively, these findings show that the full range of fine SCB fractions can be effectively valorized into high-performance LCNF through sequential THT–DES pretreatment, enabling comprehensive utilization of industrial grinding outputs and advancing circular bioeconomy objectives. Full article

Coal slag is a common byproduct during the operation of fossil-fired power plants. It often becomes a type of solid waste if no suitable utilization is performed. This study experimentally investigated the dynamic characteristics of mixtures of Q2 Lishi loess incorporating coal slag, with the aim of developing a sustainable method for loess improvement and waste disposal associated with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The loess samples underwent unconfined compressive strength (UCS) testing and dynamic triaxial assessments to obtain the mechanical performance at coal slag proportions of 0%, 1%, 3%, and 5%. Microstructural characteristics were examined using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The results indicate that the inclusion of coal slag significantly enhances both UCS and dynamic modulus, with strength improvements reaching up to 73.6% at a 5% slag content. A minimum slag content of 3% effectively reduced pore connectivity and facilitated improved load transfer within the soil matrix, whereas further increases in slag content produced marginal gains in mechanical properties. This approach directly addresses the challenge of solid waste disposal by repurposing industrial by-products, thereby reducing environmental footprint. Environmental assessments identified limited leaching risks, underscoring the need for appropriate mitigation measures to ensure environmental compatibility. The findings suggest that incorporating 3–5% coal slag optimally stabilizes loess soils, which contribute to SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) and SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production) by offering a sustainable and resource-efficient alternative to conventional stabilization techniques. Full article

This study explored an eco-friendly coating system combining seagrass-derived cellulose fiber (SCF) from Cymodocea rotundata with marine type I collagen (MC) for tomato preservation. The SCF/MC composite was prepared through enzymatic and natural crosslinking processes and subsequently characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results demonstrated that SCF/MC possessed a compact morphology, strong hydrogen bonding interactions, high crystallinity, and excellent thermal stability. When applied as a coating, SCF/MC composite significantly reduced weight loss in tomatoes, preserved firmness (>39 Units), regulated acidity, maintained moisture levels (~90%), and delayed increase in pH compared to the uncoated control. Additionally, the SCF/MC coating sustained ascorbic acid and moderated lycopene accumulation, indicating delayed ripening. At 0.5% of SCF/MC composite, spoilage was limited to 22% versus ~80% in control samples, demonstrating a substantial reduction in decay. Antifungal assay showed strong inhibition of Aspergillus flavus, with the highest suppression of mycelial growth observed at 0.5% of SCF/MC. Overall, the SCF/MC coating effectively enhanced fungal safety and maintained the physicochemical quality of tomatoes, thereby extending shelf life while valorizing seagrass biomass as a sustainable postharvest resource. Full article

Lignin is one of the primary biomass resources in nature; however, its highly stable structure makes it difficult to degrade and utilise. As efficient decomposers of lignocellulosic biomass, termites rely on their gut microbiota for digestion. Consequently, termite guts harbour abundant and specialized lignin-degrading microorganisms. In this study, we isolated a bacterium from the termite gut and identified it as Bacillus cereus BC-8. The laccase activity of B. cereus BC-8 reached the maximum of 87.8 U/L at 72 h, and the lignin degradation rate reached 33.66% within 7 days. Furthermore, we analyzed the structural changes in lignin after treatment with this bacterial strain. Field emission scanning electron microscopy observations revealed that the surface structural integrity of lignin was significantly disrupted after treatment. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated that B. cereus BC-8 affected the side chains and aromatic skeleton structures of lignin. Thermogravimetric analysis further revealed that B. cereus BC-8 disrupted the primary inter-unit β-O-4 ether bonds of lignin. Whole-genome sequencing of B. cereus BC-8 revealed a genome length of 5,374,773 bp and a GC content of 35.34%. Functional gene annotation revealed that the B. cereus BC-8 genome contains genes encoding various lignin-degrading enzymes (laccase, cytochrome P450, and vanillin oxidase) and their auxiliary factors, along with the phenylalanine and benzoic acid metabolic pathways, which are associated with lignin degradation. In conclusion, B. cereus BC-8 can break down the side chains, aromatic skeletons, and β-O-4 ether bonds of lignin molecules, demonstrating excellent lignin degradation ability. At the molecular level, this study elucidates the key genes and metabolic pathways related to lignin degradation in the genome of B. cereus BC-8. Full article

Background/Objectives: This in vitro study examined the potential enhancement in resistance to accelerated aging in room-temperature vulcanized (RTV) maxillofacial silicone, intrinsically pigmented in two skin tones, through the use of zirconium oxide (ZrO₂) nanoparticles. Methods: A total of 128 disc-shaped specimens were created in rose silk and soft brown shades, each containing zirconium oxide concentrations of 0%, 1%, 2%, and 3% by weight. Color variation (ΔE*) was assessed initially and following 252, 750, and 1252 h of artificial aging, tested with a colorimeter. Surface roughness characteristics (R_a, R_q, R_t) were evaluated before and after 1252 h using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Structural, vibrational, and morphological characteristics were analyzed through X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Results: Non-parametric tests (Friedman, Kruskal–Wallis, and Bonferroni-adjusted paired testing; p < 0.05) indicated that accelerated aging significantly increased ΔE* in all specimens. The addition of ZrO₂ reduced these changes; however, the optimal concentration differed by pigment: 1% for rose silk and 3% for soft brown. The effect on surface roughness depended on pigment type. Higher nanoparticle concentrations generally improved post-aging smoothness in soft brown samples, whereas rose silk showed a more variable response. XRD and FTIR analyses confirmed successful nanoparticle incorporation without altering the fundamental silicone structure, while FESEM demonstrated improved filler–matrix interaction in modified groups. Conclusions: Adjusting ZrO₂ concentration according to pigment type can improve the future color retention and surface characteristics of maxillofacial silicone. Full article

Agro-industrial chestnut waste derived from chestnut processing is usually discharged without further use. However, these residues are attractive due to their high-value composition, rich in sugars and lignin. Among these residues, chestnut burrs (CB) represent a promising feedstock for biorefinery applications aimed at maximizing the valorization of their main constituents. In this study, we propose an environmentally friendly approach based on deep eutectic solvents (DES) formed by choline chloride and urea (ChCl/U) (1:2, mol/mol) for the selective deconstruction of lignocellulosic architecture, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis to release second-generation (2G) fermentable sugars. Pretreatments were applied to raw CB, washed CB (W-CB), and the obtained solid fraction after prehydrolysis (PreH). Structural and morphological modifications, as well as crystallinity induced by DES pretreatment, were characterized using attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Remarkable results in terms of effectiveness and environmental friendliness on saccharification yields were achieved for PreH subjected to DES treatment for 8 h, reaching approximately 60% glucan and 74% xylan conversion under the lower enzyme loading (23 FPU/g) and liquid-to-solid ratio (LSR) of 20:1 studied. This performance significantly reduces DES pretreatment time from 16 h to 8 h at mild conditions (100 °C), lowers the LSR for enzymatic hydrolysis from 30:1 to 20:1, and decreases enzyme loading from 63.5 FPU/g to 23 FPU/g, therefore improving process efficiency and sustainability. Full article

This study is part of a broader conservation and restoration project of the 17th-century statue “Santissimo Salvatore” attributed to the Bolognese sculptor Gabriele Brunelli (1615–1682). This sculpture was traditionally classified as a marble statue, i.e., primarily composed of calcium carbonate. However, the careful diagnostic analyses conducted during the present work of restoration revealed that, instead, the sculpture is made of gypsum alabaster, a material predominantly composed of calcium sulphate hydrate (CaSO₄·2H₂O). In the present research, a multi-analytical investigation was carried out using X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD), Field Emission Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-ESEM) with Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), and confocal Raman microspectrometry. Here, we report detailed and updated analytical data of the material constituting the “Santissimo Salvatore” statue by Gabriele Brunelli. These data were found extremely useful to plan and accomplish the restoration work in detail: (i) the suitable conservation project of the artwork, (ii) the reassessment of the knowledge on the artist’s sculptural production, and (iii) gaining more information about the material used in the 17th-century Bolognese sculptural context. Full article