Search Results (1,141)

The adsorption of aromatic hydrocarbons from liquid paraffin is essential because of their harmful nature, long-lasting presence, and detrimental effects on the quality of the product. In this study, we investigated the adsorption of naphthalene from liquid paraffin by using a nanoclay-based adsorbent prepared from boron enrichment process waste. The characterization of the prepared adsorbent was carried out by using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and N₂ adsorption–desorption techniques, which confirmed the development of a layered nanostructure containing boron that possesses a porous and high-surface-area format appropriate for the adsorption. The hydrothermal treatment significantly increased the BET surface area from 35.42 to 112.15 m²/g, indicating the successful formation of a porous nanostructure. The kinetic and isotherm parameters of the adsorption process were calculated from experimental data. The adsorption of naphthalene followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and the isotherm fit well to the Langmuir model. Adsorption experiments revealed that the optimum adsorption performance was achieved at pH 4.0, and equilibrium was reached within 90 min. The adsorption kinetics were best described by the pseudo-second-order model (R² > 0.99), while the equilibrium data showed excellent agreement with the Langmuir isotherm model (R² = 0.995), suggesting monolayer adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacity of BNC was determined as 365.20 mg/g, which was more than twice that of the raw BEW (247.59 mg/g). Thermodynamic analysis indicated that the adsorption process was spontaneous at lower temperatures and exothermic, with a ΔH° value of −15.42 kJ/mol for BNC. The results suggest that the adsorption occurs through a multi-step process, beginning with external film diffusion, followed by pore diffusion and surface interaction. Based on the kinetic, isotherm, and spectroscopic data, a supramolecular adsorption mechanism is suggested, which encompasses π-π interactions, van der Waals forces, and surface complexation between naphthalene and the nanoclay structure. These results indicate that boron enrichment process waste-derived nanoclay is a sustainable, economical, and efficient adsorbent for removing naphthalene from liquid paraffin. Full article

The wet recovery of spent lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries is severely hindered by the low efficiency of copper removal. Here, a new process has been developed using a copper-removing chelating resin with pyridine nitrogen, carboxyl, and hydroxyl groups for the selective separation of copper ions. This copper chelating resin achieved a copper removal efficiency of 96.99% and reduced the residual copper content to below 10 milligrams per liter, significantly outperforming the traditional iron powder method. The adsorption process is highly sensitive to pH, with the highest efficiency at pH 1.75. A concentration of 2.0 moles per liter of H₂SO₄ can achieve a desorption rate of approximately 95%. The adsorption process follows the Langmuir isothermal equation and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, corresponding to single-layer chelated chemical adsorption. Mechanism studies have confirmed that the synergistic coordination effect of the multifunctional groups helps in the efficient capture of copper ions. This copper chelating resin exhibits excellent stability, reversibility, and reusability, providing a promising method for efficient copper removal and recovery in the wet metallurgical recycling of LFP. Full article

Mechanical Wear particle recognition is an important approach for equipment health monitoring and fault early warning. However, flow-field disturbances and high-speed particle motion in high-speed fluid environments can lead to image degradation, non-stationary electrostatic signals, and insufficient reliability of single-source recognition methods. Therefore, this study proposes a wear particle recognition method based on multi-source information fusion for high-speed fluid environments. The method establishes a multi-scale electrostatic sensing model to characterize the coupling relationship among particle material properties, motion states, and electrostatic response characteristics. Empirical mode decomposition and independent component analysis are combined for adaptive electrostatic signal denoising, and a Transformer network is used to extract multi-domain features. Meanwhile, an ECA-CNN model with an efficient channel attention mechanism is introduced to enhance the feature representation of degraded particle images. On this basis, a meta-learning-based sample-adaptive decision fusion framework is developed to achieve dynamic and complementary fusion of electrostatic and visual information. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method exhibits excellent recognition accuracy and robustness in the tested high-speed fluid environment of 10 m/s, achieving a fusion recognition accuracy of 96.0%, which is significantly superior to single-source recognition methods. Ablation experiments further show that removing the global scaling factor, guidance loss, interpolation loss, and category-specific weight generator decreases the average recognition accuracy by 0.7%, 1.2%, 0.4%, and 1.8%, respectively, confirming the contribution of each key module to fusion recognition performance. These findings provide a new technical approach for the online intelligent recognition of wear particles under high-speed fluid conditions and offer theoretical support and methodological guidance for condition monitoring, health assessment, and intelligent operation and maintenance of large-scale equipment. Full article

Periodontitis treatment remains challenging due to incomplete removal of plaque biofilms, increasing antibiotic resistance, and dysregulated host inflammatory responses. In this study, an MPB@ZnPc nanomaterial was constructed to achieve efficient antibacterial activity through the synergistic effects of photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT), while also exerting immunomodulatory functions under dark conditions. MPB@ZnPc (mesoporous Prussian blue @ zinc phthalocyanine) was synthesized using a polymer-templating method and systematically characterized. The results demonstrated that the nanomaterial exhibited excellent photothermal conversion efficiency and stability under near-infrared (NIR) irradiation. It also showed strong photocatalytic degradation performance toward methylene blue and rhodamine B, accompanied by substantial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. In vitro antibacterial assays revealed that MPB@ZnPc achieved significantly enhanced antibacterial efficacy compared with individual components, with bactericidal rates of 99.61 ± 0.52% against Porphyromonas gingivalis and 99.77 ± 0.32% against Fusobacterium nucleatum. The corresponding biofilm removal rates reached 93.60 ± 3.30% and 93.25 ± 3.30%, respectively. Under dark conditions, the nanomaterial exhibited good biocompatibility toward L929 cells and effectively inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced M1 polarization of macrophages, leading to reduced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Mechanistically, MPB@ZnPc suppressed the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Overall, MPB@ZnPc provides a promising strategy for precise periodontitis treatment by integrating synergistic antibacterial activity with immunomodulatory effects. Full article

To achieve efficient removal and defluorination of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a visualized micro-scale fused quartz tube reactor (FQTR) was constructed to systematically investigate sub/supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) processes. Under operating conditions of 200–400 °C and 8–27.3 MPa, PFOA underwent rapid degradation with near-complete conversion. The incorporation of γ-MnO₂ markedly enhanced the PFOA degradation at low temperature and achieved faster fluorine removal. At the conditions of 300 °C, 40 min, O/C ratio (oxygen-to-carbon molar ratio) = 1.5, and pH = 7, the degradation and defluorination efficiencies increased by 12.56% and 15.21%, respectively, compared with the non-catalytic system. This enhancement is primarily attributed to the efficient activation of H₂O₂ by γ-MnO₂, which promotes the breaking of C–F bond and accelerates the converting of PFOA into CO₂ and fluoride ions. The SEM, Raman and leaching experiment results demonstrated that γ-MnO₂ exhibits excellent structural stability and reusability. Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to identify potential reactive sites and elucidate degradation pathways at the molecular level, providing mechanistic support for the experimental observations. Overall, the γ-MnO₂-catalyzed SCWO exhibits excellent degradation and defluorination performance for PFOA removal, providing useful insight into the treatment of fluorinated wastewater. Full article

Nitrogen and phosphorus are the primary pollutants responsible for eutrophication in water bodies, and their effective removal is crucial for water environmental protection. Biochar, owing to its porous structure and surface functional groups, exhibits excellent adsorption performance for nitrogen and phosphorus, which can be significantly enhanced through metal modification. In this study, magnetic biochar (MBC) was prepared from spent mushroom substrate via FeCl₃ impregnation and microwave pyrolysis, and its adsorption performance for NH₄⁺ and PO₄³⁻ was systematically evaluated. The physicochemical properties of MBC were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, specific surface area and pore structure analysis, vibrating sample magnetometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that the saturated magnetization of MBC was 7.86 emu/g, the specific surface area was 37 m²/g, and the material exhibited a mesoporous structure with high thermal stability. The adsorption process followed pseudo-second-order kinetics, and the mechanisms involved electrostatic interactions, surface complexation, and pore filling. Isotherm studies indicated that the maximum adsorption capacities of MBC for NH₄⁺ and PO₄³⁻ were 16.25 mg/g and 14.99 mg/g, respectively. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that the adsorption of NH₄⁺ was exothermic, whereas that of PO₄³⁻ was endothermic. Furthermore, MBC maintained an adsorption efficiency of up to 93% after ten adsorption–desorption cycles, demonstrating excellent reusability. Full article

To achieve efficient separation of Sr²⁺ under complex ionic-strength conditions, porous geopolymer particles (PGs) were used as a support to construct a K₂SbPO₆-loaded porous geopolymer composite, denoted as K₂SbPO₆@PGs, via in situ loading of one-dimensional K₂SbPO₆ by a high-temperature solid-state route. Its adsorption performance and mechanism were systematically compared with those of pristine PGs. Structural characterization (SEM/EDS, XRD, FTIR, XPS, and BET) confirmed that the K₂SbPO₆ crystalline phase was uniformly anchored onto the PGs framework while preserving interconnected mesoporous channels. K₂SbPO₆@PGs exhibited excellent Sr²⁺ removal over a wide pH range (3–12), with a removal efficiency of approximately 92% at pH 3, which was significantly higher than that of PGs (approximately 5%). The isotherm data were better fitted by the Sips model (R² = 0.982), and the maximum adsorption capacity reached 189.35 mg·g⁻¹ (theoretical qm = 201.14 mg·g⁻¹). Kinetic fitting showed that PGs followed the pseudo-first-order model, whereas K₂SbPO₆@PGs were better described by the pseudo-second-order model, indicating that chemical adsorption dominated the process through K⁺/Sr²⁺ exchange and surface complexation. Coexisting-ion experiments demonstrated strong resistance to monovalent ions, whereas Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ caused more pronounced competitive effects. The results indicate that PGs mainly provide interconnected mass-transfer pathways and granular structural support, whereas K₂SbPO₆ provides selective exchange sites with high affinity for Sr²⁺. The synergy between these two components endows the composite with good pH adaptability and enhanced adsorption performance and suggests its potential for subsequent continuous-flow separation studies. Full article

Lithium niobate (LiNbO₃, LN) single crystal is widely used in optoelectronic fields due to its excellent performance. However, its low hardness, high brittleness, and strong anisotropy lead to low processing efficiency and poor surface quality. Hydrophilic fixed abrasive lapping technology was adopted for the thinning of LN wafers in this research. The effects of lapping pressure on the thinning process were investigated comprehensively in terms of the material removal rate (MRR), surface quality, and subsurface damage (SSD). The results show that lapping pressure exerted a significant influence on the machining performance. High pressure contributed to improving the MRR but aggravated surface roughness (Ra) and SSD. With low pressure, material removal was dominated by ductile removal machining, with fine scratches as the main damage form, which was favorable for obtaining low Ra and low SSD. The root mean square (RMS) of the acoustic emission (AE) signal rose with the increase in pressure, increasing slowly in the ductile removal regime and rising abnormally in the brittle removal regime. It was positively correlated with the MRR and SSD and can be used as an in situ monitoring indicator. After a comprehensive comparison of five groups of experiments, 7 kPa was determined to be the optimal lapping pressure, with the following corresponding parameters: wafer speed: 100 rpm; lapping table speed: 80 rpm; slurry flow rate: 100 mL/min; eccentricity: 60 mm; soft lapping pad; abrasive mass fraction: 50%; and lapping time: 5 min. Under these conditions, the Ra value was approximately 30 nm, the MRR exceeded 1 μm/min, and SSD was as low as 3.3 μm, realizing the synergistic optimization of high-efficiency and low-damage machining. It provides a favorable foundation for the subsequent processing of LN substrates, such as ultra-precision polishing, thin-film transfer, and bonding. Full article

Development of efficient and robust endotoxin removal approaches is vital for safeguarding the safety and functional performance of bacteriophage formulations and recombinant protein bioproducts. Here, a stacked gel-casting strategy combined with carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) reinforcement was employed to construct a mechanically robust PMB-functionalized cryogel. The synergistic effects of the stacked architecture and CMCS reinforcement significantly enhanced pore-wall stability and functional site accessibility, resulting in a high endotoxin adsorption capacity (1.88 × 10⁶ EU/g) and excellent reusability (>90.30% removal efficiency after six cycles). The cryogel also demonstrated effective endotoxin removal in complex biological samples, achieving >99.00% removal in bacteriophage preparations with improved phage recovery and >99.99% clearance in recombinant protein solutions. These results highlight a promising strategy for endotoxin control in phage-based applications and biopharmaceutical purification. Full article

The Peruvian anchoveta fishmeal industry generates wastewater (pumping water) during the transport of fish from boats to production plants. This study represents the first evaluation in Peru of Moringa oleifera (MOD) and chitosan as bio-coagulants specifically applied to the coagulation–flocculation treatment of pumping water, providing a direct comparative analysis against traditional ferric sulfate under identical experimental conditions. The effluent is characterized by an extreme turbidity of 5,683 NTU, total suspended solids (TSS) at 3359.3 mg/L, and oils and fats at 451.3 mg/L, and it was treated using optimized doses: 4.0 g/L for MOD and 0.2 g/L for chitosan. The results demonstrate that natural alternatives achieve turbidity removal exceeding 97.5%, matching the efficiency of inorganic salts. Notably, chitosan achieved 88.59% TSS removal with no significant statistical difference (p > 0.05 according to the Kruskal–Wallis test) from ferric sulfate, while MOD excelled in oil reduction (37.84%) compared with chitosan. Beyond treatment efficiency, this research fills a gap in circular economy data by identifying that the resulting sludge, containing >4% non-toxic nitrogen, is suitable for composting. These findings establish a new renewable benchmark for the Peruvian fishing industry’s transition toward sustainable, zero-waste water management. Full article

Carbon materials are regarded as cost-effective adsorbents due to their ability to remove heavy metals and organic pollutants from contaminated water. In this study, a novel phenol–formaldehyde resin-derived carbon microsphere (HCM_2.5) was designed and synthesized via a hard-template method combined with KOH activation. The prepared HCM_2.5 exhibits high selectivity and removal efficiency toward heavy metal ions and delivers an ultrahigh specific surface area of 2165 m²/g. A Cr(VI) removal efficiency exceeding 99.6% could be achieved in 50 ppm acidic solution, with excellent performance at pH 2–5. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) nitrogen adsorption–desorption analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to confirm its porous structure with a high specific surface area. The results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) reveal that the efficient heavy metal removal performance of HCM_2.5 is mainly attributed to its high specific surface area, as well as coordination and redox reactions between oxygen-containing functional groups and heavy metal ions. Furthermore, benefiting from its outstanding specific surface area and well-developed pore structure, a physical–chemical synergistic adsorption mechanism was proposed and systematically elucidated. Full article

The excessive use of herbicides in agricultural fields has emerged as a critical environmental concern. This study innovatively synthesized a ZIF-8@TPPa composite through a solvothermal method for the efficient removal of herbicides from aqueous environment. The material exhibited remarkable adsorption capacities for butachlor (232.56 mg/g), anilofos (188.68 mg/g), and pendimethalin (285.71 mg/g), along with excellent acid–base stability (pH 3–9), strong anti-ion interference capability, and good reusability (adsorption efficiency >80% after five cycles). The adsorption processes were well-described by the two isotherm models and the pseudo-second-order model, indicating that the dominant mechanism is a synergistic effect between monolayer chemical adsorption and multilayer physical adsorption, primarily driven by π-π stacking, hydrogen bonding, and coordination. The material maintained outstanding adsorption efficiency (>85%) in real water samples (tap water, seawater, and river water). This study not only provides a sustainable and effective strategy for herbicide remediation from aqueous environment but also expands the practical applications of MOF@COF in aqueous environment. Full article

Acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) is a bio-based, biocompatible, and biodegradable photopolymerizable resin that exhibits shape-memory behavior, making it attractive for a wide range of biomaterial applications. Despite various strategies to fabricate porous AESO scaffolds for tissue regeneration, achieving high pore interconnectivity remains challenging. Herein, we demonstrate the utility and versatility of thermoreversible terpenes as porogens in AESO to enable the formation of highly aligned and interconnected pore architectures. More specifically, a blend of 90 wt% camphene and 10 wt% camphor was employed as the terpene system, since it could be completely melted at 70 °C, uniformly mixed with liquid AESO, and subsequently crystallized at −20 °C. This process generated a bicontinuous network comprising terpene crystals and liquid AESO, thereby enabling efficient UV photopolymerization of AESO. Following terpene removal via freeze-drying, highly aligned pore networks with excellent pore interconnectivity were obtained, which are hardly achievable using conventional liquid or solid porogens. The porosity and mechanical properties of the AESO scaffolds were tuned by adjusting terpene content. Porosity increased from 61.5 to 81.5% as terpene content rose from 60 to 80 vol%. As a result, tensile strength decreased from 0.29 ± 0.045 to 0.17 ± 0.017 MPa, while elongation at break increased from 20.2 ± 4.9 to 35.5 ± 1.34%. Furthermore, this approach is compatible with vat photopolymerization (VP), a 3D printing technique. As a proof of concept, dual-scale porous AESO scaffolds, composed of unidirectional channels surrounded by highly aligned porous frameworks, were successfully fabricated. These results indicate that a variety of dual-scale porous AESO scaffolds, with greatly enhanced mechanical properties at given porosities coupled with outstanding tissue regeneration, can be produced through VP using terpene porogens, in contrast to conventional porous scaffolds comprising uniform porous frameworks. Full article

To achieve both a high material removal rate and excellent surface quality, this paper proposes a solid-phase Fenton chemo-mechanical lapping (SF-CML) method. Using high-purity type 316 stainless-steel as the research object, a solid lapping tool containing Fe₃O₄ microparticles was employed in synergy with an H₂O₂-based slurry. Under locally high-pressure and high-temperature conditions, Fe²⁺ ions are released, which in turn catalyze the generation of highly reactive hydroxyl radicals (·OH). These radicals promote the formation of an oxide layer on the workpiece surface, which is continuously removed through mechanical action. The results show that at pH 2.5 and an H₂O₂ concentration of 0.05 wt%, SF-CML achieves the best processing performance, with an MRR of 16.64 μm/min and a Sa as low as 20.95 nm. XPS, EPR, and other characterization methods collectively provided evidence for the oxidation of the sample surface and the existence of ferrous ions and hydroxyl radicals in the slurry, thereby confirming the effectiveness of the solid-phase Fenton reaction. Compared with conventional homogeneous Fenton CMP and pure mechanical lapping, SF-CML not only significantly improves removal efficiency but also effectively enhances surface quality. This method avoids the problems of easy precipitation and low removal efficiency commonly encountered in traditional homogeneous Fenton systems, providing a new technical pathway for high-efficiency precision processing of metallic materials. Full article

This study investigated the efficiency of macrophyte-based phytoremediation systems using Phragmites karka and Typha latifolia for the treatment of poultry–aquaculture wastewater and its suitability for irrigation reuse. Physicochemical parameters, heavy metals, and water quality indices were analysed using correlation analysis and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Strong positive correlations were observed among turbidity, nutrients, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), and chemical oxygen demand (COD), while dissolved oxygen (DO) showed significant negative relationships, indicating organic pollution-driven oxygen depletion. Heavy metals exhibited strong intercorrelations, suggesting common anthropogenic sources and similar removal pathways. PCA results revealed that the first three principal components (PCs) explained over 95% of the total variance, with positive values recorded from the first PC highlighting organic load, nutrient enrichment, and metal interactions as dominant factors controlling wastewater quality. The negative values of factor loadings obtained in the second and third PCs confirmed the roles of sedimentation, adsorption, microbial activity, and plant uptake in pollutant removal. Water Quality Index (WQI) values decreased drastically from highly polluted levels (>3000) in raw wastewater to <1.0 after 21 days of treatment, indicating excellent water quality. Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) also declined significantly, confirming a low sodicity risk. Both macrophytes demonstrated high treatment efficiency, with Typha latifolia showing slightly improved sodium reduction. Overall, the study highlights macrophyte-based systems as sustainable, cost-effective solutions for wastewater treatment and safe agricultural reuse. Full article