Search Results (2,241)

The increasing production of fruit and vegetable by-products from the food processing industry presents both environmental challenges and opportunities for valorisation as sources of bioactive compounds. These by-products, including peels, seeds, pomace, and leaves, are rich in polyphenols, carotenoids, dietary fibres, glucosinolates, phytosterols, and essential oils, which exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and prebiotic activities. Recent advances in green extraction technologies, including ultrasound-, microwave-, supercritical fluid-, and cold plasma-assisted extraction, allow for an efficient and sustainable recovery of these compounds, while preserving their bioactivity. Incorporation of by-product-derived extracts into functional foods and nutraceuticals offers health-promoting benefits and supports circular bioeconomy strategies. However, challenges remain in standardisation, safety assessment, and regulatory approval, among others. This review summarises current progress and outlines future directions for the sustainable utilisation of fruit and vegetable by-products in health-oriented applications. Full article

Carum carvi, commonly known as caraway, is a medicinal and culinary plant recognized for its anti-inflammatory properties, primarily attributed to its essential oil components. However, the thermogenic potential of caraway—particularly the biological activity of its water-soluble extract—remains largely unexplored. In this study, we investigated the effects and underlying mechanisms of caraway on Ucp-1 mRNA expression in beige adipocytes and on inflammation-mediated suppression of thermogenesis, by treating C3H10T1/2 adipocytes with caraway water extract (CWE) or caraway hexane extract (CHE) during both the induction and maturation phases, followed by isoproterenol stimulation, and measurement of mRNA levels of Ucp-1 and differentiation-related genes. Additionally, RAW264.7 cells were treated with CWE prior to stimulation with lipopolysaccharides followed by evaluation of inflammatory marker expression. CWE increased Ucp-1 mRNA expression directly by enhancing adrenergic sensitivity and promoting beige adipocyte differentiation during the induction phase of differentiation. Further, CWE mediated an indirect effect on Ucp-1 expression by suppressing macrophage inflammation, thus restoring Ucp-1 expression otherwise inhibited under inflammatory conditions. These results suggest that caraway extracts—especially the water-soluble compounds—may serve as therapeutic candidates for obesity-related conditions by enhancing energy expenditure and mitigating chronic inflammation. Full article

The increasing prevalence of pests and diseases in agriculture necessitates innovative strategies for crop protection that mitigate environmental impacts. This review paper investigates the synergistic potential of combining microbial biocontrol agents and phytochemical biopesticides as sustainable alternatives to chemical pesticides. Through a comprehensive review of recent literature, we analyze the mechanisms by which beneficial microbes (e.g., Trichoderma, Bacillus, and Pseudomonas) enhance plant resilience and suppress pathogens, and how plant-derived phytochemicals such as essential oils, alkaloids, and flavonoids contribute to pest deterrence and disease resistance. The integration of these bio-based resources forms an actionable framework for sustainable crop protection—enabling reduced chemical dependence, improved soil health, and enhanced biodiversity. Examples of synergistic success, such as the combined use of Bacillus thuringiensis with neem extract and Trichoderma with lemongrass oil, illustrate their field potential. Future research should prioritize the formulation of stable microbial–phytochemical consortia, field validation of synergistic efficacy, and optimization of delivery systems to support commercial-scale adoption. Ultimately, this study promotes a paradigm shift toward eco-efficient pest management, bridging fundamental research and applied innovation for resilient agroecosystems. Full article

Hydrocolloids are essential additives in the food industry, serving as thickening or gelling agents due to their high-water absorption capacity and viscosity even at low concentrations. This study investigates hydrocolloids extracted from Dioscorea rotundata and evaluates the effects of solubilization conditions—acidic, neutral, and alkaline—on their physicochemical, technological, rheological, and pasting properties. The hydrocolloids present extraction yields of carbohydrates similar to those of commercial ones (higher than 80%), with the presence of carboxyl groups. The retention of water and oil was greater than 100% and 2% of the solubility. All samples present a non-Newtonian flow behavior type of shear thinning adjusted to the Cross model (R² > 0.90). The viscoelastic properties denote an elastic behavior ($G\prime$ > $G″$). Hydrocolloids began to gelatinize at the same temperature (70 °C); the viscosity of the samples increased rapidly. D. rotundata is a source of hydrocolloids for use in the food industry as a thickener or additive. Full article

Essential oils (EOs) from aromatic plants are valuable sources of bioactive compounds with potential applications as natural antimicrobials and antioxidants. This study investigated the chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, and in silico pharmacological properties of EOs extracted from Laurus nobilis, Thymbra capitata, and Mentha piperita, three medicinal species traditionally used in northern Morocco. Hydrodistillation yielded 1.12–1.53% oils, and GC–MS analysis revealed distinct chemotypes: L. nobilis was rich in eucalyptol, linalool, methyleugenol, and α-terpinyl acetate; T. capitata was dominated by carvacrol (80.95%), and M. piperita contained high proportions of linalool (57.37%) and linalyl acetate (28.56%). Antimicrobial assays demonstrated strong activity of all oils against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as Candida species, with T. capitata showing the most potent and broad-spectrum effects (MIC 0.073–9.47 mg/mL), attributed to its high carvacrol content. Antioxidant assays (DPPH and ferric reducing power) identified L. nobilis as the most active radical scavenger (IC₅₀ = 0.037 mg/mL), followed by T. capitata, whereas M. piperita displayed weaker activity. PCA confirmed that phenolic monoterpenes drive both antimicrobial and antioxidant potency, while oxygenated terpenes and sesquiterpenes contribute more selectively. ADMET predictions indicated generally favorable absorption and low toxicity, although o-cymene and carvacrol presented potential safety concerns. Molecular docking revealed α-terpinyl acetate as the most versatile ligand, with strong binding to bacterial, fungal, and oxidative enzymes, whereas other compounds exhibited more selective affinities. Collectively, these findings highlight the potential of Moroccan EOs, particularly T. capitata and L. nobilis, as promising natural alternatives to synthetic antimicrobial and antioxidant agents. Full article

The fatty acid composition of some seed oils from plants of emerging interest was studied. The benefits towards human health were evaluated by taking into account current recommendations regarding dietary intake of essential, polyunsaturated, and monounsaturated fatty acids and by discussing the pathologies for which such fatty acids exert protective action. Species studied were Hemp (Cannabis sativa), Flax (Linum usitatissimum), Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum), Perilla (Perilla frutescens), Borage (Borago officinalis), and Black Cumin (Nigella sativa). Seeds were subjected to cold milling in order to maintain their original nutritional characteristics. Chemical analyses were performed via the dual-detector gas chromatography technique by means of Flame Ionization Detection (FID) and mass spectrometry (MS) and by applying a modified version of the AOAC Official Method 991.39, thanks to which it was possible to obtain the fatty acid composition expressed as mg per gram of oil: such information is not always available in the literature for the species studied here. Comparison with the fatty acid international guidelines about the recommended intakes in g/day was made. This allowed us to evaluate whether such oils are suitable to be used as fatty acid food supplements to rebalance the Western diet, which is shown to be inadequate by numerous studies. Results show that seed oils from Cannabis sativa, Linum usitatissimum, and Perilla frutescens are suitable to be used as food supplements while seed oils from Silybum marianum, Borago officinalis, and Nigella sativa are not. It is important to note that any possible benefits from other parts of the plant (leaves, stems, flowers, and roots) are not studied or questioned by the present research, which focuses solely on fatty acids in the oil extracted from the seeds. Full article

Moss in container seedling nurseries competes with seedlings for water and nutrients while blocking light, thereby inhibiting growth. This study aimed to address this issue by evaluating the moss control efficacy of 11 chemical compounds, including terpinyl acetate (TA), limonene, and Hinoki essential oil (HEO). The plate experiment results led to the selection of 6 substances (TA, limonene, HEO, pine leaf extract, baking soda, pelargonic acid) that stably controlled both Polytrichum commune Hedw. and Marchantia. Polymorpha L. When TA, limonene, and HEO were combined with surfactants, moss control rates increased and showed stable performance. In the container seedling experiment, TA, limonene, and HEO demonstrated high moss control effects while exhibiting low growth inhibition. When these three substances were combined with surfactants, the electrolyte leakage index (ELI) decreased, indicating minimal cell membrane damage. Additionally, TA treatment maintained stable soil physicochemical properties with no significant changes in pH or nutrient levels. Microscopic analysis of moss cells showed cell wall deformation and expansion of intercellular spaces in the three substance treatment groups. Future verification of long-term effectiveness, expansion of application targets, and assessment of economic feasibility could lead to the development of eco-friendly moss removal agents for improving container seedling quality. Full article

The tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus is the most prevalent ectoparasite in dogs, causing discomfort to the animals and acting as a vector for several pathogens, including the bacterium Ehrlichia canis and the protozoa Babesia canis, Babesia gibsoni, and Hepatozoon canis. Control of this parasite is traditionally carried out with synthetic chemical acaricides. However, due to the increasing number of cases of resistance, phytotherapy has been increasingly investigated as a promising alternative. In this study, the larvicidal activity of the crude ethanolic extract and essential oil obtained from the inflorescences of Achyrocline satureioides was evaluated, whose constituents were identified through phytochemical analyses and gas chromatography. The analyses revealed that the extract is rich in flavonoids, tannins, and saponins, while the essential oil is composed mainly of terpenes. In contact tests with impregnated paper, the extract at 100 mg/mL showed a mortality rate of 32.2% in R. sanguineus larvae with LC₅₀ calculated at 249.62 mg/m., while the essential oil, at the same concentration, resulted in 56.55% mortality, and the LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ were 119.73 mg/mL and 185.53 mg/mL, respectively. These results indicate that the essential oil of A. satureioides has significant larvicidal activity and has potential for use as an alternative, alone or in combination with other extracts or synthetic acaricides. Full article

Regulatory changes in the EU for safety purposes require strict control and high safety standards for essential oils obtained by steam distillation, as they are classified as chemical mixtures with potential toxic effects. Subcritical water extracts (SWEs) are considered safer. This study evaluated the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of SWEs from Rosa damascena Mill. and Rosa alba L. in three test systems at different hierarchical levels: higher plants (root meristems of Hordeum vulgare), somatic cells of Mus musculus ICR strain, and human lymphocytes in vitro. The chromatographic fingerprint of the extracts revealed the presence of key components such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, and glycoside derivatives, with species-dependent variations and concentrations. No significant cytotoxicity was detected in the concentration range of 6–20%. SWE from R. alba showed a higher level of safety at high doses. Genotoxicity tests showed a weak, dose-dependent induction of chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei in barley and lymphocytes (greater in R. alba), a lack of genotoxicity in mouse bone marrow, and a slight increase in micronuclei in mouse erythrocytes after exposure to R. alba extract. The results highlight the suitability of SWEs from R. damascena and R. alba for safe application in the medical, food, and cosmetic industries. Full article

The aim of this study was to produce and characterize bioplastics derived from sweet potato peel starch, Aloe vera gel, and eucalyptus essential oil. Starch from sweet potato peels was extracted using a wet method, yielding 3.54%, while eucalyptus oil was obtained via steam distillation, with a yield of 1.4%. In order to assess the influence of Aloe vera and eucalyptus oil concentrations on the properties of bioplastics, a 2^2 factorial design was implemented. Consequently, bioplastic films were produced using the casting technique. As a result, the films appeared brown, translucent, and homogeneous, while also exhibiting a rough surface texture. Mechanical testing revealed that the films possessed a high Young’s modulus of 41.1 ± 11.1 MPa, a maximum tensile strength of 2.1 ± 0.4 MPa, and an elongation at break of 21.6 ± 4.3%. These properties were achieved with a formulation containing 70% w/w Aloe vera, 0.6% w/w eucalyptus oil, and 5% w/w sweet potato peel starch, suggesting a promising eco-friendly alternative to conventional plastics for potential use in packaging applications. Full article

Background/Objectives: Orange peels (OP), a major by-product of the juice industry, are rich in bioactive compounds (phenolic compounds, pectin, carotenoids, and essential oils). Its valorization represents a promising route to reduce food waste and foster a circular bioeconomy. This review aimed to map scientific progress in OP upcycling, focusing on the extraction of bioactive ingredients for human nutrition and integrated biorefinery approaches aligned with zero-waste principles. Methods: A bibliometric analysis and a scoping review were conducted covering studies published between 2003 and 2023. Scopus database and VOSviewer was usedto identify research trends, hotspots, and gaps. Conventional and emerging green extraction methods were critically compared, and integrated biorefinery strategies for maximizing OP valorization were systematically assessed. Results: The analysis revealed an exponential rise in OP research over the past decade, reflecting growing interest in sustainable food waste valorization. Polyphenol- and pectin-rich extracts are currently the focus of research and applications, driven by their high economic and nutritional value. Innovative multi-extraction and zero-waste biorefinery models have emerged, yet most remain at low technological readiness levels. Carotenoids and other bioactive compounds remain underexplored, and challenges persist regarding standardization and scalability. Conclusions: OP valorization is shifting towards integrated green extraction and biorefinery frameworks that address clean-label demands, promote circular economy goals, and align with the Sustainable Development Goals. Future research should prioritize (i) standardized protocols, (ii) scalable green extraction technologies, (iii) the inclusion of underutilized compounds such as carotenoids, and (iv) regulatory pathways to accelerate industrial translation. Full article

This study investigated the impact of harvest season and extraction method on the yield, composition, and bioactivity of essential oils (EOs) from wild Rosmarinus officinalis L. plants collected in Algeria. Oils were obtained by hydro distillation (HD), steam distillation (SD), and microwave-assisted distillation (MD) across four seasons and characterized by GC–MS. Camphor, α-pinene, camphene, and 1,8-cineole were consistently dominant, with spring oils, particularly those extracted by microwave-assisted distillation, showing the highest enrichment in oxygenated monoterpenes (up to 59.6%). Functional assays revealed clear seasonal variation, whereas spring oils exhibited the strongest antioxidant capacity, with a FRAP value of 4.63 µg/mL, approaching that of the synthetic standard BHA (6.89 µg/mL), alongside notable anti-inflammatory effects. Antimicrobial screening indicated selective inhibition of Escherichia coli and Candida albicans, while Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis remained resistant. Acute toxicity evaluation confirmed safety at 2000 mg/kg. These findings demonstrate that ecological timing and extraction strategy critically determine rosemary EO properties and establish quantitative benchmarks for their pharmaceutical and industrial valorization. Full article

Kunzea ericoides (kanuka), a native plant of New Zealand, has a significant role in traditional medicine due to the presence of essential oils. Apart from these oils, this plant also is a source of many bioactive compounds, majority of which are polyphenols. However, there is lack of sufficient data supporting the extraction of polyphenols from kanuka plant leaves and investigating its bioactivity and phytochemical properties. The study aims to extract polyphenols from kanuka plant leaves with a conventional solvent-based method and determine the phytochemical analysis as well as bioactive potential. Extraction was performed with methanol and acetone as solvents. Polyphenolic prolife was analyzed with LC-MS. Bioactive analysis of kanuka leaf extract was carried out to determine total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. We investigated the cytotoxic effect of kanuka leaf extract on two triple-negative breast cancer cells—MDA-MB-231 and BT-549. LC-MS analysis confirmed kanuka leaf extract is a source of many polyphenols, some giving very prominent signals on TIC scan. Ten polyphenolic compounds were confirmed to be present in kanuka leaf extract based on MRM analysis. FRAP-CUPRAC analysis indicated significant antioxidant activity in the kanuka leaf extract. Antiproliferative analysis has confirmed cytotoxicity of the kanuka leaf extract on the triple-negative breast cancer cell lines. This study indicates that Kunzea ericoides leaf extract, rich in polyphenols, shows promising antioxidant and antiproliferative potential, warranting further investigation for therapeutic applications. Full article

Phoenix Dancong tea essential oil possesses unique aroma characteristics and bioactivities, offering broad application potential in the food, pharmaceutical, and daily chemical fields. To achieve efficient extraction and expand its use in functional textiles, supercritical CO₂ (SC-CO₂) extraction was employed to optimize the extraction process of Phoenix Dancong tea essential oil. Based on single-factor experiments, the optimal extraction conditions were determined as follows: pressure of 25 MPa, temperature of 50 °C, CO₂ flow rate of 8 L/h, and extraction time of 3 h, resulting in an essential oil yield of 1.12%. Response surface methodology (RSM) revealed that the experimental data fit the regression model well (R² = 95.49%, R²Adj = 89.69%). Furthermore, the extracted essential oil was blade-coating to cotton, nylon, polyester, and wool fabrics to evaluate its aroma retention performance. Results indicated that cotton fibers exhibited the best absorption and sustained fragrance retention, maintaining a high odor grade even after 8 weeks. This study provides a theoretical basis and practical reference for the green extraction of Phoenix Dancong tea essential oil and its application in smart aromatic textiles. Full article

The residual cake obtained after extracting oil from Moringa oleifera seeds is a promising source of plant-based proteins due to its high content of proteins, dietary fibre and essential minerals. However, its food applications are limited by a strong bitter taste that affects consumer acceptance and antinutritional compounds that reduce mineral bioavailability such as phytates. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of saline and ethanol treatments of moringa cake—reported in the literature as improving its sensory properties—on its nutritional profile. Proximal composition was determined by gravimetry for moisture, muffle incineration for ash, and solvent extraction with the Randall method for lipids. Protein content was analyzed using the Dumas combustion method. Mineral elements (calcium, iron, zinc, sodium) were quantified by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and phytates by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The untreated cake revealed a favourable nutritional profile, mainly due to its protein content, but also contained high phytate levels. Both treatments slightly reduced phytates (5–12%), with saline extraction proving more effective. Nevertheless, mineral loss was observed, while there was a notable increase in sodium in the saline-treated samples. Ethanol treatment, in contrast, led to a statistically marked reduction in residual lipids. Importantly, both treatments diminished the bitter taste, improving sensory acceptability. Although neither method completely eliminated phytates, the overall improvements in protein quality, mineral profile, and sensory properties highlight the potential of moringa residual cake as a valuable ingredient. Thus, it emerges as a sustainable, high-nutritional-value source of plant proteins for the development of innovative food products. Full article