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Volume 26
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10.3390/ijms262210970
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Caraway Extract Increases Ucp-1 mRNA Expression in C3H10T1/2 Adipocytes Through Direct and Indirect Effects

by
Hisako Takahashi
1,2,
Nanami Tomishima
2,
Toshihiro Suzuki
3,
Hiromu Morimoto
2,†,
Hirofumi Inoue
2,
Kentaro Kaneko
1,
Tsuyoshi Goto
4,
Teruo Kawada
4,
Mariko Uehara
2 and
Nobuyuki Takahashi
2,*
1
Department of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki-shi 214-8571, Kanagawa, Japan
2
Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
3
Department of Fermentation Science, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
4
Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Current address: Department of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki-shi 214-8571, Kanagawa, Japan.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(22), 10970; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262210970 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 15 August 2025 / Revised: 10 November 2025 / Accepted: 12 November 2025 / Published: 12 November 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Food-Derived Compounds on Brown Fat Cell Function)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Carum carvi, commonly known as caraway, is a medicinal and culinary plant recognized for its anti-inflammatory properties, primarily attributed to its essential oil components. However, the thermogenic potential of caraway—particularly the biological activity of its water-soluble extract—remains largely unexplored. In this study, we investigated the effects and underlying mechanisms of caraway on Ucp-1 mRNA expression in beige adipocytes and on inflammation-mediated suppression of thermogenesis, by treating C3H10T1/2 adipocytes with caraway water extract (CWE) or caraway hexane extract (CHE) during both the induction and maturation phases, followed by isoproterenol stimulation, and measurement of mRNA levels of Ucp-1 and differentiation-related genes. Additionally, RAW264.7 cells were treated with CWE prior to stimulation with lipopolysaccharides followed by evaluation of inflammatory marker expression. CWE increased Ucp-1 mRNA expression directly by enhancing adrenergic sensitivity and promoting beige adipocyte differentiation during the induction phase of differentiation. Further, CWE mediated an indirect effect on Ucp-1 expression by suppressing macrophage inflammation, thus restoring Ucp-1 expression otherwise inhibited under inflammatory conditions. These results suggest that caraway extracts—especially the water-soluble compounds—may serve as therapeutic candidates for obesity-related conditions by enhancing energy expenditure and mitigating chronic inflammation.
Keywords: brown adipocytes; beige adipocytes; UCP-1; caraway; adrenergic sensitivity brown adipocytes; beige adipocytes; UCP-1; caraway; adrenergic sensitivity

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MDPI and ACS Style

Takahashi, H.; Tomishima, N.; Suzuki, T.; Morimoto, H.; Inoue, H.; Kaneko, K.; Goto, T.; Kawada, T.; Uehara, M.; Takahashi, N. Caraway Extract Increases Ucp-1 mRNA Expression in C3H10T1/2 Adipocytes Through Direct and Indirect Effects. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26, 10970. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262210970

AMA Style

Takahashi H, Tomishima N, Suzuki T, Morimoto H, Inoue H, Kaneko K, Goto T, Kawada T, Uehara M, Takahashi N. Caraway Extract Increases Ucp-1 mRNA Expression in C3H10T1/2 Adipocytes Through Direct and Indirect Effects. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025; 26(22):10970. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262210970

Chicago/Turabian Style

Takahashi, Hisako, Nanami Tomishima, Toshihiro Suzuki, Hiromu Morimoto, Hirofumi Inoue, Kentaro Kaneko, Tsuyoshi Goto, Teruo Kawada, Mariko Uehara, and Nobuyuki Takahashi. 2025. "Caraway Extract Increases Ucp-1 mRNA Expression in C3H10T1/2 Adipocytes Through Direct and Indirect Effects" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 22: 10970. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262210970

APA Style

Takahashi, H., Tomishima, N., Suzuki, T., Morimoto, H., Inoue, H., Kaneko, K., Goto, T., Kawada, T., Uehara, M., & Takahashi, N. (2025). Caraway Extract Increases Ucp-1 mRNA Expression in C3H10T1/2 Adipocytes Through Direct and Indirect Effects. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(22), 10970. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262210970

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