Search Results (183)

This study extends the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) framework to analyze the growth–emissions nexus in twelve post-socialist European countries by integrating agricultural development, regulatory quality, renewable energy, and transport dynamics. Employing advanced panel econometric techniques—FMOLS, DOLS, and PARDL—and treating regulatory quality (REGURAQUAL) as an exogenous determinant, the analysis identifies the structural and institutional factors shaping carbon intensity (CI). The results indicate that regulatory quality, transport efficiency, and long-run emissions trajectories significantly reduce carbon intensity, while the independent contribution of renewable energy is comparatively weaker. Agricultural productivity exhibits a nonlinear relationship with emissions, validating the EKC hypothesis: emissions increase during early growth but decline beyond a threshold as modernization and climate-smart practices enhance efficiency. The study’s scientific value lies in its integrated approach, combining economic, institutional, and sectoral dimensions to explain long-run decarbonization in transitional economies. By focusing on post-socialist Europe, it advances EKC research beyond income-based models and underscores the importance of governance and structural transformation. Limitations include data coverage and cross-country heterogeneity, suggesting future work should adopt spatial and nonlinear frameworks and include adaptation and resilience metrics. Overall, robust governance and technological innovation can guide post-socialist economies toward sustainable, low-carbon growth. Full article

This study investigates the relationship between economic growth and environmental performance in selected Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries through the lens of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. Due to data availability constraints, our sample includes Algeria, Egypt, Lebanon, Mauritius, Morocco, and Oman, covering the period 1990–2022. Using annual panel data, we apply panel cointegration techniques alongside Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) and Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) estimators, complemented by Granger causality tests, to examine the interaction among GDP per capita, renewable energy consumption, and transport service exports in determining CO₂ emissions per unit of GDP. The empirical findings provide only partial support for the EKC: while the DOLS results confirm an inverted U-shaped income–emissions relationship, the FMOLS estimations contradict it, suggesting a more complex and nonlinear pattern. Beyond testing the EKC, this study contributes two novel dimensions to the literature. First, it shows that renewable energy exerts a statistically significant negative effect on carbon intensity in the long run, despite weak short-run causality, highlighting the delayed but durable environmental benefits of clean energy adoption. Second, it introduces transport service exports as a proxy for structural economic transformation, capturing the role of trade-driven diversification in reducing emissions. By embedding renewable energy deployment and service-based trade dynamics into the EKC framework, the study advances a more policy-relevant and region-specific understanding of the growth–environment nexus in the selected MENA economies. The results underscore the importance of scaling renewable energy, promoting low-carbon service sectors, and aligning trade and environmental policies to ensure that economic growth supports long-term climate objectives. Full article

As the world races toward carbon neutrality, the true test lies not in ambition but in implementation, particularly in regions such as the Middle East, North Africa, and Türkiye (MENAT), where energy demand is accelerating and emissions trajectories remain uncertain. Despite increasing global focus on decarbonization, the MENAT region remains empirically underexplored, with limited and often inconclusive evidence on the environmental impacts of structural factors such as energy intensity, human capital, social globalization, and financial globalization. This study addresses these gaps by integrating the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis with the Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence, and Technology (STIRPAT) framework, employing an empirical strategy using panel data from MENAT countries covering the period from 2000 to 2021. Utilizing a suite of robust panel estimators, our results suggest that there is a U-shaped connection between income and CO₂ emissions, which invalidates the EKC hypothesis. Additionally, energy intensity, human capital, and urbanization are found to increase emissions, whereas technological innovation, social globalization, and financial globalization contribute to CO₂ emissions reduction. The panel heterogeneous causality tests give insights on the inference causality between CO₂ emissions and its drivers. These results highlight the urgent need for MENAT economies to embed renewable energy, low-carbon technologies, and sustainability-focused policies into the core of their development agendas to prevent the intensification of emissions alongside rising income levels. Full article

This study investigates the impact of key economic variables on carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions in Ecuador within the broader context of sustainable development. Annual data from 1990 to 2022 are analyzed using an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model in first logarithmic differences, estimated via Ordinary Least Squares (OLS). The model examines both short- and long-term relationships between CO₂ emissions and three core macroeconomic indicators: gross fixed capital formation (GFCF), GDP per capita, and oil consumption. Descriptive analysis reveals substantial variation in investment and fossil fuel use across the study period. Empirical findings indicate that oil consumption has a positive and statistically significant effect on emissions, while GFCF exhibits a significant negative association in the current period, suggesting the role of cleaner or more efficient investment. Lagged GDP per capita shows a negative effect on emissions, partially supporting the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis. Although renewable energy is discussed in the conceptual framework, it is not included in the current empirical specification—a limitation that will be addressed in future model extensions. The results provide empirical support for directing investments toward low-carbon sectors and accelerating the energy transition, particularly in transport and industry. Full article

Under the “dual carbon” strategy, clarifying the relationship between economic growth and carbon emissions and revealing the differences in green transition pathways among different urban tiers within the metropolitan area is of great significance for promoting regional low-carbon development. Based on panel data of prefecture-level cities in 27 national metropolitan areas in China from 2000 to 2020, this paper employs a two-way fixed effects model and a mediation effect model to test the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis and to evaluate the mediating role of industrial structure advancement. The results show that, at the national level, carbon emissions and economic growth exhibit a significant inverted U-shaped relationship, but the EKC becomes invalid in non-core cities after dividing the sample into core and non-core cities. Industrial structure advancement significantly curbs carbon emissions in core cities, while its effect is insignificant in non-core cities, indicating insufficient structural transformation capacity. The findings suggest that core cities have initially formed a “structure-embedded” emission reduction pathway, whereas non-core cities face a dual challenge of growth and emission reduction. In terms of policy, excessive reliance on the “automatic decoupling of growth” should be avoided, and a differentiated governance system centred on structural transformation capacity should be established, with particular attention to enhancing the green transition capacity of non-core cities so as to promote regionally equitable and coordinated low-carbon development. Full article

The relationship between economic progress and environmental quality remains a central focus in global sustainability discourse. This study examines the link between per capita economic growth and CO₂ emissions across 128 countries from 1996 to 2022, controlling for energy consumption, trade volume, and foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows. It also evaluates the role of governance quality—measured by regulatory quality and its volatility—while considering the globalization index as a confounding factor influencing CO₂ emissions. We test the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis, which suggests that emissions initially rise with income but decline after reaching a certain economic threshold. Our findings confirm the global presence of the EKC. The analysis further shows that trade openness, governance, and globalization significantly influence FDI inflows, with FDI, in turn, reinforcing institutional quality through improved governance and globalization indicators. However, in countries with weaker governance and regulatory frameworks, FDI tends to promote pollution-intensive industrial growth, lending support to aspects of the Pollution Haven Hypothesis (PHH). We find a significant departure in EKC explained by post-COVID governance and globalization compromises, which induced the environment towards the PHH phenomenon. These results highlight the need for context-specific policy measures that align economic development with environmental constraints. Full article

The rapid expansion of plastic waste trade has intensified environmental pressures, accelerating ecosystem degradation and climate change. We examine the long-term impacts of plastic waste imports and domestic waste production on ecological footprints and greenhouse gas emissions across 20 countries representing 70% of global plastic waste trade and 45% of world GDP. Under the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) framework, we explore nonlinear interactions among economic growth, urbanization, and sustainability goals. Using a panel simultaneous equations approach, we apply Pedroni, Kao, and Westerlund cointegration tests and Fully Modified and Dynamic OLS estimators to address endogeneity and heterogeneity. Robustness checks include alternative environmental indicators and the Dumitrescu–Hurlin panel causality test. Results demonstrate a stable long-run equilibrium: plastic waste imports substantially increase ecological footprints and emissions, while progress on sustainable development goals mitigates some damage. The negative GDP squared coefficient supports the EKC hypothesis, indicating that environmental impacts rise initially with growth but decline once income exceeds a threshold. These findings highlight the need for stronger international regulations, enhanced waste management infrastructures, and circular economy strategies. Focused investment in sustainable technologies and global cooperation is essential to lower environmental costs of plastic waste trade. Full article

In this study, the relationship between economic growth and carbon emissions for the period 1968–2022 in Turkey was evaluated within the framework of the EKC (Environmental Kuznets Curve) hypothesis. In addition, the impacts of renewable energy consumption and agricultural value added on carbon emissions were analyzed using the ARDL bounds testing approach. The validity of the results was also tested using the FMOLS and DOLS methods. The findings confirmed the existence of a cointegration relationship between carbon emissions and per capita income, renewable energy consumption, and agricultural value added. Long-term analyses indicate that renewable energy consumption reduces carbon emissions, whereas growth in agricultural value added leads to an increase in emissions. In addition, it has been determined that the EKC hypothesis is valid in both the long and short terms and that increases in per capita income raise emissions up to a certain threshold and have a mitigating effect when this threshold is exceeded. The results of the short-term analysis showed that the effects of renewable energy consumption vary across periods, and that agricultural value added increases emissions in the short term. This study provides empirical evidence for Turkey by incorporating sectoral variables within the EKC framework and offers meaningful insights for policymakers regarding the environmental impacts of agricultural value added and renewable energy use in the context of a developing country. Accordingly, fiscal policy instruments such as green taxation, carbon credit trading mechanisms, and financial and agricultural subsidies should be more effectively utilized in Turkey to support structural transformation in agriculture and promote the use of clean energy, in line with the findings that suggest the need for targeted agricultural and energy policies aligned with Turkey’s SDG commitments. Full article

This study examines the symmetric and asymmetric impacts of international trade on consumption-based carbon emissions (CBEs) in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the United States of America (USA) from 1990 to 2018. The analysis uses autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) and non-linear ARDL (NARDL) methodologies to capture short- and long-run trade emissions dynamics, with economic growth, oil prices, financial development and industry value addition as control variables. The findings reveal that exports reduce CBEs, while imports increase them, across both economies in the long and short run. The asymmetric analysis highlights that a fall in exports increases CBEs in the USA but reduces them in the PRC due to differences in supply chain flexibility. The PRC demonstrates larger coefficients for trade variables, reflecting its reliance on energy-intensive imports and rapid trade growth. The error correction term shows that the PRC takes 2.64 times longer than the USA to return to equilibrium after short-run shocks, reflecting systemic rigidity. These findings challenge the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis, showing that economic growth intensifies CBEs. Robustness checks confirm the results, highlighting the need for tailored policies, including carbon border adjustments, renewable energy integration and CBE-based accounting frameworks. Full article

The readiness of businesses to address global climate change is pivotal for achieving sustainable development. However, the dynamics of business development remain underexplored, thereby limiting the depth and scope of research in this area. To this aim, the study examines the relationship between CO₂ emissions and new business density (NBD) in the top 14 countries with the highest NBD (Hong Kong, Cyprus, New Zealand, Estonia, Malta, United Kingdom, Australia, Botswana, Iceland, Latvia, Mauritius, Norway, Sweden, and Georgia) from 2006 to 2020, within the framework of Schumpeter’s theory and the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis, incorporating control variables such as renewable energy consumption (REC) and population size. To estimate the relationships between variables, we employ the novel Method of Moments Quantile Regression (MMQR) approach. The findings suggest that higher NBD is associated with increased CO₂ emissions. The results support the EKC hypothesis, positing an inverted U-shaped relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation, and highlight the mitigating effects of REC and population growth on CO₂ emissions. These findings emphasize the need for countries to align labor legislation with sustainable development objectives and to promote strategies grounded in environmental principles, green economic practices, and eco-friendly technologies. Full article

This study investigates the environmental effects of agricultural trade, renewable energy use, and economic growth in a panel of 14 selected countries for the period 2000–2021. Per capita CO₂ emissions are modeled as the dependent variable using a second-generation panel data method, the Augmented Mean Group (AMG) estimator, which accounts for cross-sectional dependence and slope heterogeneity. The analysis reveals that the share of renewable energy in total energy consumption significantly reduces carbon emissions, emphasizing the role of green energy policies in environmental improvement. In contrast, economic growth is found to increase emissions, indicating the validity of only the initial phase of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. Additionally, agricultural imports—and in certain cases, exports—exert upward pressure on emissions, likely due to logistics and production-related externalities embedded in the trade process. Group-specific results highlight distinct dynamics across countries: while renewable energy adoption plays a stronger role in emission mitigation in developing economies, trade composition and production technology drive environmental outcomes in developed ones. The findings underscore the need to redesign trade and energy strategies with explicit consideration of environmental externalities to align with long-term sustainability objectives. Full article

This study investigates the impact of income redistribution on carbon emissions across 154 countries from 1995 to 2023, with a particular focus on carbon inequality. Using a dynamic panel approach with two-step System GMM estimations, the analysis considers three dependent variables: average per capita emissions, top 1% per capita emissions, and the ratio of top 1% per capita emissions to national average per capita emissions. Results show that income redistribution (measured in both absolute and relative terms) significantly reduces average per capita emissions in the short term. However, redistribution has no mitigating effect on the carbon emissions of the top 1%; in some models, it is even associated with increases in elite emissions and a widening of carbon inequality. These findings suggest that while redistribution may contribute to national emission reductions, it is insufficient to curb the carbon-intensive lifestyles of the wealthiest. The analysis confirms the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis and underscores the need for complementary policy tools to more effectively address the emissions of high-emitting individuals. Overall, this study contributes to the literature by linking income redistribution with emission disparities across income groups and highlights the importance of considering distributional dynamics in climate policy design. Full article

This study explores the dynamic relationship between economic growth, technological innovation, and $C{O}_2$ emissions in BRICS nations, integrating the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) and Innovation Claudia Curve (ICC) frameworks. Using a panel ARDL approach on data from 1991 to 2023, we investigate the long-run and short-run interactions between GDP, renewable energy consumption (RENC), foreign direct investment (FDI), urbanization (URB), and patent applications (PAs) in shaping environmental outcomes. The findings confirm the EKC hypothesis, revealing an N-shaped relationship between GDP and emissions, indicating that while economic growth initially leads to higher $C{O}_2$ emissions, this trend reverses at a critical threshold before a secondary increase occurs at higher income levels. The ICC framework identifies a cubic relationship between innovation and emissions, where technological advancements initially drive higher emissions before contributing to sustainability at later stages, though an excessive scale of innovation may reintroduce environmental pressures. RENC is found to significantly mitigate emissions, while URB and FDI display dual and context-dependent effects, highlighting the multidimensionality of sustainable transitions in emerging economies. These results underscore the importance of targeted policy interventions, such as scaling renewable energy infrastructure, promoting green innovation, guiding urban expansion, and aligning FDI with environmental objectives. Full article

Reducing global greenhouse gas emissions and implementing sustainable environmental policies require the identification of the economic, political, ecological, and social factors that affect emission levels. To this end, this study examines, for the first time, the impact of wealth inequality, economic growth, and renewable energy consumption on CO₂ emissions in 17 countries with the highest wealth inequality over the 1995–2021 period. This study employs a novel and robust approach, the method of moments quantile regression, to analyze the relationships among these variables. Findings support the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis by displaying that economic growth initially increases CO₂ emissions but has a dampening effect after a turning point. Moreover, renewable energy consumption reduces CO₂ emissions, where certain as increasing wealth inequality contributes to higher CO₂ emissions. These results underscore the need for policymakers to adopt more egalitarian socioeconomic models, accelerate the transition to clean energy, and maintain robust environmental policies to achieve sustainable development goals. Full article

As global water resources face growing pressures from climate change and population growth, understanding the factors driving water stress becomes crucial. The tourism sector, one of the fastest-growing economic sectors worldwide, plays a pivotal role in this dynamic, often exacerbating water scarcity in regions with water stress. This paper explores this critical relationship through a theoretical framework based on the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis, introducing, as a novelty, water stress as the dependent variable through the water exploitation index plus (WEI+). The findings support the EKC hypothesis, revealing a non-linear yet diminishing effect of tourism volume—measured by international tourist overnights—on WEI+. This trend may be attributed to the fixed components of tourism-related water consumption and the adoption of water conservation practices by tourism enterprises. The findings also indicate that countries with intensive tourism tend to exhibit a lower EKC intercept compared to those with lower tourism intensity, likely due to heightened pressure on policymakers and businesses to curtail water consumption. By illustrating the varying impacts of tourism on water use across different income levels and regional contexts, this paper highlights the need for adaptive and region-specific strategies for water resource management. Full article