Search Results (120)

With the rapid development of artificial intelligence and computer technology, digital interfaces have become central to CNC press operations. However, effectively presenting complex information within limited display space while reducing cognitive load remains a key challenge. Based on visual cognition theory, this study proposes a cognition-oriented interface optimization framework for CNC press HMIs. User needs were identified through field studies, questionnaires, and interviews and prioritized using the KANO model. A cognitive model linking user perception and interface visual elements was established to guide the interface optimization. Two groups of interface layouts were developed and evaluated through eye-tracking experiments to identify the optimal layout scheme. The selected interface was further refined through visual optimization and validated using usability testing. The results indicate that the optimized interface significantly improved the visual search efficiency, information readability, task completion efficiency, and overall user satisfaction. The proposed framework provides a systematic approach for cognition-driven interface optimization in industrial HMI systems. Full article

Background/Objectives: Autostereoscopic three-dimensional (3D) technology represents a promising tool for ophthalmic examinations. However, prior studies have largely focused on stereopsis alone in cooperative adults, leaving comprehensive validation across multiple binocular domains and diverse patient groups unexplored. This study introduces the head-to-head evaluation of a novel integrated, glasses-free autostereoscopic 3D system. The system could simultaneously assess four essential binocular functions (simultaneous perception, fusion, stereoacuity, and stereopsis), with a single automated workflow featuring real-time eye tracking. This study aimed to assess the comparative performance of the novel autostereoscopic 3D display in evaluating binocular visual function, as a preliminary potential screening tool benchmarked against conventional screening tests. Methods: A total of 232 participants (age: 3–60 years; male/female: 125/107) were recruited. All participants sequentially underwent binocular visual function assessments using autostereoscopic 3D technology, anaglyphic 3D technology (red–green glasses), and the Titmus stereopsis test. Pearson correlation analysis, Phi coefficient, Cohen’s Kappa and Bland–Altman plots were conducted to assess the consistency. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was employed to evaluate the screening comparative performance of autostereoscopic 3D technology, using the anaglyphic 3D technology and the Titmus stereopsis test as comparative reference standards. Results: Relative to anaglyphic 3D technology, agreement for simultaneous perception (φ = 0.527, κ = 0.425) and fusion (φ = 0.520, κ = 0.503) was moderate (all p < 0.001). Compared to the Titmus stereopsis test, agreement for stereoacuity levels (r = 0.779, κ = 0.659) and for stereopsis detection (φ = 0.624, κ = 0.619) was substantial (all p < 0.001). The areas under the curve for identifying abnormal binocular visual function using autostereoscopic 3D technology were 0.769 for overall binocular vision function, 0.747 for simultaneous perception, 0.730 for fusion, 0.846 for stereoacuity, and 0.810 for stereopsis (all p < 0.001). Sensitivities and specificities ranged from 52.8 to 81.7% and 77.9–93.1%, respectively. Conclusions: Autostereoscopic 3D technology demonstrated significant correlation and moderate agreement with traditional methods in assessing binocular visual function, particularly for stereopsis assessment. Full article

The driving scenario and information load jointly influence the cognitive efficiency of augmented reality head-up display (AR-HUD) interfaces. However, the moderating role of drivers’ working memory capacity (WMC) remains unclear. To investigate this mechanism, a simulated driving experiment with a mixed design was conducted in a low-immersivity desktop virtual reality (VR) environment. First, 40 volunteers were screened using an automated operation span task, yielding 16 high- and low-WMC participants. They then drove under three scenarios (urban intersection, expressway, construction zone) and six levels of AR-HUD visual information load. Generalized linear models were applied to the reaction time, fixation duration, and pupil diameter. The results revealed a significant three-way interaction among WMC, scenario, and information load. High-WMC drivers maintained faster responses and lower subjective loads up to Levels 4–6, adopting a deep processing strategy; low-WMC drivers already showed cognitive overload at Level 4 and above, requiring an optimal load range of Level 2–3. The construction zone induced the steepest increase in cognitive load, whereas the expressway markedly reduced sensitivity to additional visual information. Therefore, the optimal AR-HUD information load must be adapted to drivers’ WMC: high-WMC drivers can safely handle Levels 4–6 in low- or medium-demand scenarios, whereas low-WMC drivers require a minimalist presentation of Levels 2–3 in high-demand situations. This study provides quantitative, empirically grounded guidelines for designing cognitively adaptive AR-HUD interfaces. Full article

We developed an augmented Sungka board that integrates traditional Filipino gameplay with embedded sensor technology. Each pit is equipped with load cell sensors and HX711 analog-to-digital converters to accurately detect marble distribution and movement in real time. A Raspberry Pi 4 serves as the central controller, handling sensor data acquisition, game state processing, rule enforcement, and output display through a liquid crystal display. The system enables automatic score tracking, move validation, and real-time board updates without altering the physical structure or rules of Sungka. A rule-based decision algorithm using fuzzy logic and heuristic search evaluates possible moves in constant time, allowing seamless real-time interaction. Across 10,000 simulated games, the algorithm achieved win rates of 84.9% against random, 77.7% against greedy, and 56.3% against exact-match strategies, with statistically consistent performance. By combining reliable hardware sensing with intelligent decision support, the proposed system enhances engagement while preserving the cultural authenticity of Sungka. Full article

Electronic picture book free viewing can promote language comprehension ability and social cognitive abilities in children with autism by providing structured visual information. Understanding autism spectrum disorder (ASD) children’s visual attention patterns during electronic picture book free viewing can inform targeted educational research. The attentional preference of children with ASD toward electronic picture books with social scenes remains under-explored. This study aimed to understand the social attention of children with ASD during free viewing of electronic picture books with social scenes. Eye-tracking technology was used to record the visual behavior of 24 children with ASD viewing electronic picture books independently, and 25 typically developing (TD) children were selected as the control group. The results showed that children with ASD allocated less fixation time to social information in electronic picture books than TD children, with a clear difference in the fixation time spent on facial regions. Children with ASD neither displayed the same attention to happy facial expressions in electronic picture books as TD children nor did they show significant differences in attention to different emotions. These findings contribute to our understanding of visual attention patterns in children with ASD during electronic picture book free viewing and provide empirical evidence for future research on optimizing visual viewing guidance for children with ASD. Full article

Dynamic Message Signs (DMSs) play a critical role in conveying real-time traffic information to drivers; however, their effectiveness heavily relies on how messages are structured and displayed, particularly regarding phasing duration and content length. This study examines the influence of these two factors on driver readability, comprehension, and gaze behavior using an advanced virtual reality (VR) driving simulator. Controlled experiments simulated four DMS scenarios, combining two phasing intervals (2.5 and 4 s) with short and long message formats, adhering to Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) guidelines. The experiment integrated eye-tracking technology to measure fixation duration and frequency, while statistical methods, including survival analysis and LASSO regression, were employed to identify significant predictors of message readability. Results revealed that shorter messages with shorter phasing intervals led to the highest comprehension rates and reduced cognitive strain. Furthermore, individual characteristics such as gender, driving speed, and highway driving experience significantly affected how drivers engaged with DMS messages. These findings contribute to the development of more effective DMS deployment strategies and provide practical design recommendations to enhance traffic safety and information delivery on high-speed roadways. Full article

Accurate measurement of soil CO₂ flux is essential for understanding terrestrial carbon dynamics and quantifying greenhouse gas emissions from soil. However, the complexity and high cost of traditional measurement equipment limit its wide adoption in agriculture and other terrestrial ecosystems, including grasslands and managed field environments. In this paper, we developed a low-cost, automated soil CO₂ flux chamber for soil CO₂ flux monitoring. The flux chamber utilizes a commercially available MH-Z19 NDIR CO₂ sensor (Winsen Electronics Technology Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, China), integrated with a Raspberry Pi microcontroller (Raspberry Pi Ltd., Cambridge, UK; manufactured by Sony UK Technology Centre, Pencoed, Wales, UK) for automated data collection and remote monitoring. The collected data are wirelessly transmitted to a computer or mobile device for real-time display. The total material cost of the system is less than $162. Side-by-side field measurements with a commercial LI-COR 8200-01S chamber (LI-COR Biosciences, Lincoln, NE, USA) showed that CO₂ fluxes measured by the low-cost chamber were consistently lower than those measured by the commercial instrument, averaging approximately 0.75–0.80 times the LI-COR values, indicating systematic underestimation in magnitude, while showing strong linear agreement (R² ≈ 0.98–0.99) across repeated field measurements. This indicates that the system reliably tracks relative changes in soil CO₂ flux, although a systematic bias in magnitude is present. This affordable and user-friendly chamber improves accessibility for researchers and field practitioners, enabling practical monitoring of soil CO₂ flux in applications where cost and portability are critical. Full article

Flotation workshop ventilation control virtual monitoring system alarm interfaces need to adapt to high-dynamic and high-interference industrial environments, while traditional interfaces have information overload and chaotic layout, leading to excessive cognitive load of operators and low alarm response efficiency, which makes it urgent to optimize the interface design. This study constructed a scenario characteristics-cognitive requirements-interface design coupling model, and conducted a 3 (alarm position) × 2 (display form) × 2 (target quantity) within-subjects experiment combined with eye-tracking technology and the NASA-TLX scale. The combination of “display beside 3D model + background color filling” performed optimally, with the single-target task achieving a 2.067 s reaction time and 99.5% accuracy, and the multi-target task 2.460 s and 94.6% accuracy, significantly reducing extraneous cognitive load. This study proposed optimization strategies including display optimization and lightweight presentation, enriching the application of Cognitive Load Theory in high-risk industrial interfaces and providing scientific references for similar system design. Full article

To address the critical demand for real-time dynamic tracking of personnel in complex buildings during emergency rescue, a novel system was proposed integrating Back Propagation (BP) neural networks with Double-Sided Two-Way Ranging (DS-TWR) technology to achieve precise indoor localization and motionless detection. Comprising hardware (positioning base stations, tags, POE switches, routers, and a computer) and software (developed on LabVIEW), the system leverages the symmetric signal transmission of DS-TWR and the adaptive learning capability of BP neural networks to effectively mitigate multipath interference, enhancing positioning consistency and accuracy. Thresholds of time period and movement distance were set to determine whether the occupant was trapped. When tested in several common building structures, it demonstrated good stability and high accuracy—the average RMSE of the positioning system was within 0.012–0.018 m (static state) and 0.048–0.065 m (dynamic state). Furthermore, the system could real-time monitor and display the movement trajectory of each person, and automatically alarm when anyone was trapped in a fire scene. Hence, rescue measures can be taken timely according to the alarm information provided by the system, effectively ensuring the safety of personnel and improving the efficiency of fire rescue work. The proposed approach provides a symmetry-driven framework for intelligent building safety. Full article

In the proper management of construction, the use of BIM software allows for tracking of the entire lifecycle of buildings, enabling informed design and better management of the product lifecycle, easier collaboration among professionals, and a more efficient system. The combination of BIM tools and today’s information technologies allows the advantages of the BIM methodology to be amplified and expanded. In particular, creating a 3D model with BIM software and linking it to a data stream from sensors allows us to obtain a key component for a Digital Twin of a construction. By integrating BIM methodologies and Digital Twins, this manuscript describes the development of a Digital Twin prototype of a highway bridge, with a 3D model of the structure reproduced using BIM software serving as the core of the Digital Twin. To complete the Digital Twin architecture, an ADXL345 accelerometer sensor, a DTH22 humidity and temperature sensor, an ESP32 microcontroller, the Postgres database, Python (for communication between the backend and the frontend), and the JavaScript library CesiumJS were employed. This methodology produced a Digital Twin prototype capable of collecting vibration and temperature data from the previously mentioned sensors and displaying values through a graphical interface. It can be observed how this technology represents an expansion of the capabilities of BIM software, also highlighting the maintenance potential throughout the product lifecycle. Moreover, the technologies used make the methodology scalable, allowing additional BIMs to be added or the methodology to be applied in different contexts. Full article

Digital technology has facilitated substantial progress in the development and implementation of virtual museums. Despite these advancements, current virtual museums continue to face challenges in spatial layout and information presentation, including limited exhibit hierarchy, inefficient spatial organization, low information display efficiency, and sub-optimal visual experiences. To address these challenges, spatial intelligence algorithms are utilized to reconstruct three-dimensional models of selected cultural relics for scene creation and to optimize the spatial layout of virtual museum exhibits. The layout optimization approach considers both symmetrical and asymmetrical arrangements, as well as visual hierarchy and information density. This approach aims to establish a more complex exhibit hierarchy, rational spatial organization, and enhanced visual information display. Comparative experiments and analyses of the visual impact from symmetrical layout optimization, along with other spatial layout optimizations, are conducted. User evaluations and eye-tracking experiments indicate that spatial intelligence-optimized algorithms improve both spatial layout and information display in virtual museums, leading to a more positive user visual experience. Full article

This study proposes an integrated agility assessment system that combines Millimeter-Wave (MMW) radar, Ultra-Wideband (UWB) ranging, and Mixed Reality (MR) technologies to quantitatively evaluate athlete performance with high accuracy. The system utilizes the fine motion-tracking capability of MMW radar and the immersive real-time visualization provided by MR to ensure reliable operation under low-light conditions and multi-object occlusion, thereby enabling precise measurement of mobility, reaction time, and movement distance. To address the challenge of player identification during doubles testing, a one-to-one UWB configuration was adopted, in which each base station was paired with a wearable tag to distinguish individual athletes. UWB identification was not required during single-player tests. The experimental protocol included three specialized agility assessments—Table Tennis Agility Test I (TTAT I), Table Tennis Doubles Agility Test II (TTAT II), and the Agility T-Test (ATT)—conducted with more than 80 table tennis players of different technical levels (80% male and 20% female). Each athlete completed two sets of two trials to ensure measurement consistency and data stability. Experimental results demonstrated that the proposed system effectively captured displacement trajectories, movement speed, and reaction time. The MMW radar achieved an average measurement error of less than 10%, and the overall classification model attained an accuracy of 91%, confirming the reliability and robustness of the integrated sensing pipeline. Beyond local storage and MR-based live visualization, the system also supports cloud-based data uploading for graphical analysis and enables MR content to be mirrored on connected computer displays. This feature allows coaches to monitor performance in real time and provide immediate feedback. By integrating the environmental adaptability of MMW radar, the real-time visualization capability of MR, UWB-assisted athlete identification, and cloud-based data management, the proposed system demonstrates strong potential for professional sports training, technical diagnostics, and tactical optimization. It delivers timely and accurate performance metrics and contributes to the advancement of data-driven sports science applications. Full article

The color design of architectural interior display spaces directly affects the effectiveness of cultural information communication and the visual cognitive experience of viewers. However, there is currently a lack of combined subjective and objective evaluation regarding how to scientifically translate and apply traditional color systems in modern contexts. This study takes the virtual display space of traditional Chinese floral arrangements as a case, aiming to construct an evaluation framework integrating the Semantic Differential Method and eye-tracking technology, to empirically examine how color schemes based on the translation of traditional aesthetics affect the subjective perception and objective visual attention behavior of modern viewers. Firstly, colors were extracted and translated from Song Dynasty paintings and literature, constructing five sets of culturally representative color combination samples, which were then applied to standardized virtual exhibition booths. Eye tracking data of 49 participants during free viewing were recorded via an eye-tracker, and their subjective ratings on four dimensions—cultural color atmosphere perception, color matching comfort level, artwork form clarity, and explanatory text clarity—were collected. Data analysis comprehensively employed linear mixed models, non-parametric tests, and Spearman’s rank correlation analysis. The results show that, regarding subjective perception, different color schemes exhibited significant differences in traditional feel, comfort, and text clarity, with Sample 4 and Sample 5 performing better on multiple indicators; a moderate-strength, significant positive correlation was found between traditional cultural atmosphere perception and color matching comfort. Regarding objective eye-tracking behavior, color significantly influenced the overall visual engagement duration and the processing depth of the text area. Among them, the color scheme of Sample 5 better promoted sustained reading of auxiliary textual information, while the total fixation duration obtained for Sample 4 was significantly shorter than that of other schemes. No direct correlation was found between subjective ratings and spontaneous eye-tracking behavior under the experimental conditions of this study; the depth of processing textual information was a key factor driving overall visual engagement. The research provides empirical evidence and design insights for the scientific application of color in spaces such as cultural heritage displays to optimize visual experience. Full article

Major depressive disorder (MDD) represents a prevalent mental health condition characterized by prominent attentional biases, particularly toward negative stimuli. While extensive research has established the significance of negative attentional bias in depression, critical gaps remain in understanding the temporal dynamics and valence-specificity of these biases. This study employed eye-tracking technology to systematically examine the attentional processing of emotional faces (happy, fearful, sad) in MDD patients (n = 61) versus healthy controls (HC, n = 47), assessing both the initial orientation (initial gaze preference) and sustained attention (first dwell time). Key findings revealed the following: (1) while both groups showed an initial vigilance toward threatening faces (fearful/sad), only MDD patients displayed an additional attentional capture by happy faces; (2) a significant emotion main effect (F (2, 216) = 10.19, p < 0.001) indicated a stronger initial orientation to fearful versus happy faces, with Bayesian analyses (BF < 0.3) confirming the absence of group differences; and (3) no group disparities emerged in sustained attentional maintenance (all ps > 0.05). These results challenge conventional negativity-focused models by demonstrating valence-specific early-stage abnormalities in MDD, suggesting that depressive attentional dysfunction may be most pronounced during initial automatic processing rather than later strategic stages. The findings advance the theoretical understanding of attentional bias in depression while highlighting the need for stage-specific intervention approaches. Full article

Purpose: An observational study to investigate differences in gaze behaviors across varying expertise levels using a 3D heads-up display (HUD) integrated with eye-tracking was conducted. Methods: 25 ophthalmologists (PGY2–4, fellows, attendings; number(n) = 5/group) performed cataract surgery on a SimulEYE model using NGENUITY HUD. Results: Surgical proficiency increased with experience, with attendings achieving the highest scores (54.4 ± 0.89). Compared with attendings, PGY2s had longer fixation durations (p = 0.042), longer saccades (p < 0.0001), and fewer fixations on the HUD (p < 0.0001). Capsulorhexis diameter relative to capsule size increased with expertise, with fellows and attendings achieving significantly larger diameters than PGY2s (p < 0.0001). Experts maintained smaller tear angles, initiated tears closer to the main wound, and produced more circular morphologies. They rapidly alternated gaze between instruments and surrounding tissue, whereas novices (PGY2–4) fixated primarily on the instrument tip. Conclusions: Experts employ a feed-forward visual sampling strategy, allowing perception of instruments and surrounding tissue, minimizing inadvertent damage. Furthermore, attending surgeons maintain smaller tear angles and initiate tears proximally to forceps insertion, which may contribute to more controlled tears. Future integration of eye-tracking technology into surgical training could enhance visual-motor strategies in novices. Full article