Search Results (1,138)

This study evaluated the effects of dietary linseed cake on the fatty acid profile of meat and abdominal fat, and on growth performance in broiler chickens. A total of 198 birds were randomly allocated to three groups (66 birds/group). The control group (C) received a standard soybean meal-based feed, while the LIN6 and LIN12 groups were fed diets that were supplemented with 6% and 12% linseed cake, respectively. Linseed cake supplementation reduced saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, increased n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in meat and abdominal fat, and lowered the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio (FDR-adjusted p < 0.05). The 12% inclusion resulted in a more pronounced accumulation of n-3 PUFAs—4.3–5.0 times higher than the control—while 6% inclusion increased n-3 PUFAs by 2.8–3.3 times (FDR-adjusted p < 0.05). However, 12% inclusion negatively affected growth performance, reducing body weight by 9.9% and feed intake by 10.4% at 42 days (p < 0.05), whereas the 6% inclusion had no adverse impact (p < 0.05). These results indicate that 6% linseed cake represents the optimal practical inclusion level, effectively enhancing the n-3 PUFA profile of broiler meat and abdominal fat without compromising growth, while higher inclusion levels may impair production performance. Full article

As global interest in sustainable nutrition grows, algae have emerged as a promising functional food resource. This review analyzes the nutritional value of edible algae, with a particular focus on protein-rich microalgae, and synthesizes current clinical evidence regarding their health benefits. Algae have been demonstrated to provide a broad spectrum of physiologically active nutrients, encompassing a range of vitamins and minerals as well as polyunsaturated fatty acids, antioxidant molecules and various bioactive compounds including dietary fiber. These nutrients have been linked to improved cardiovascular and metabolic health, enhanced immune function, and anti-inflammatory effects. A particular emphasis is placed on algal proteins as a novel alternative to traditional dietary proteins. Genera such as Spirulina and Chlorella offer high-quality, complete proteins with amino acid profiles and digestibility scores comparable to those of animal and soy proteins, thereby supporting muscle maintenance and overall nutritional status. Recent clinical studies have demonstrated that the ingestion of microalgae can stimulate muscle protein synthesis and improve lipid profiles, blood pressure, and inflammation markers, indicating functional benefits beyond basic nutrition. Algal proteins also contain bioactive peptides with antioxidative properties that may contribute to positive outcomes. This review synthesizes current studies, which demonstrate that algae represent a potent, sustainable protein source capable of enhancing dietary quality and promoting health. The integration of algae-based products into plant-forward diets has the potential to contribute to global nutritional security and long-term public health. However, the available clinical evidence remains heterogeneous and is largely based on small, short-term intervention studies, with substantial variability in algae species, processing methods and dosages. Consequently, while the evidence suggests the possibility of functional effects, the strength of the evidence and its generalizability across populations remains limited. Full article

Prunus spinosa L. is a shrub with nutritional potential, yet limited information is available on the composition of its stone fruit and leaves. This study aimed to investigate and compare the macro and micronutrients, fatty acid profile, and lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidant compounds in fruits and leaves, as well as their potential functional properties. The results revealed that leaves contain higher crude protein (10.94%) than fruits (6.46%) but lower crude fiber (13.86% compared to 22.16%). The iron (370.37 mg/kg) and manganese (43.57 mg/kg) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in leaves than in fruits (44.87 versus 7.02 mg/kg). The fruits’ lipid profile was rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (56.8%), whereas the leaves showed higher saturated fatty acids (38.3%) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (43.7%). The leaves also presented significantly higher n-3 content (25.2%) compared with fruits (1.80%). The antioxidant compounds were higher in the leaves, with total vitamin E exceeding 1268 mg/kg, primarily α-tocopherol (1214.98 mg/kg) isoform, lutein (409.38 mg/kg), and astaxanthin (3.74 mg/kg), compared with only 74.75 mg/kg total vitamin E in the fruits. The total hydroxycinnamic polyphenols in leaves were 92.63% higher in leaves than in fruits, with anthocyanins at 63.23% and flavonols at 95.82%. Although the leaves demonstrated superior antioxidant potential and mineral content compared to the fruits, making it a promising candidate for nutraceutical and functional food applications, the fruits maintained a healthier lipid profile suitable for dietary fat intake. This comparative analysis highlights the distinct nutritional and bioactive composition of Prunus spinosa co-products. Full article

Cardiolipin (CL), a unique dimeric phospholipid predominantly enriched in the inner mitochondrial membrane, is a crucial determinant of mitochondrial structure and function. Its content, fatty acyl composition, and oxidation state are associated with mitochondrial bioenergetics, dynamics, and cellular signaling. Disruptions in CL metabolism are increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of various central nervous system (CNS) disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, epilepsy, and traumatic brain injury. This narrative review summarizes recent advances in the analytical techniques employed for CL analysis. The principles and applications of mass spectrometry-based platforms, nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy-infrared spectroscopy, and fluorescent probes were discussed, with an emphasis on their strengths in revealing the structure, composition, dynamics, and spatial distribution of CL. Furthermore, the evidence of CL abnormalities in various CNS disorders was assessed, often showing decreased CL levels, loss of polyunsaturated species, and increased oxidation associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal apoptosis. Furthermore, the nutritional interventions for CL modulation were discussed, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, polyphenols, carotenoids, retinoids, alkaloids, and triterpenoids, which summarize their potential health-beneficial effects in remodeling the CL acyl chain, preventing oxidation, and regulating mitochondrial homeostasis. Overall, this review provided insight into integrating CL analysis and dietary modulation in understanding CL-related pathologies in CNS disorders. Full article

This study aimed to investigate the interactive effects of dietary starch concentration (220 or 420 g/kg DM) and supplementation with calcium salts of palm fatty acids (CSPFAs; 0 or 30 g/kg DM) on carcass characteristics and meat quality in lambs. Thirty-two castrated Dorper × Santa Inês male lambs (initial body weight 25.0 ± 2.85 kg) were randomly assigned to four experimental diets in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement for 44 days. Although carcass yield remained unaffected (average 49.4%; p > 0.05), CSPFA supplementation significantly increased fat deposition, including perirenal fat mass (590 vs. 400 g; p = 0.005), renal fat score (2.90 vs. 2.66; p = 0.035), and subcutaneous fat thickness (3.8 vs. 1.9 mm; p = 0.017). A starch × CSPFA interaction (p = 0.014) was observed for carcass cooling, where high-starch diets reduced the 24 h temperature only in lambs not receiving CSPFA (7.45 vs. 8.48 °C; p = 0.028). CSPFA also altered the muscle fatty acid profile by increasing C16:0 and total saturated fatty acids (SFA) while reducing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). In conclusion, palm-oil–derived CSPFA enhances carcass fatness but compromises the nutritional value of lamb meat by promoting an unfavorable fatty acid profile. Full article

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of different dietary protein levels on the carcass traits, meat quality characteristics, and nutrient composition of slow-growing ducks. At 22 days of age, the ducks were randomly divided into two groups and fed with low- or high-protein diets for 41 days, from 22 to 63 days of age. Each group consisted of six replicates, with each replicate containing 500 ducklings per pen (10 m × 10 m). The results showed that dietary protein had no significant effects on carcass traits, meat quality, amino acid profiles in breast muscle and thigh muscle, and fatty acid contents in breast muscle. However, it increased the contents of C14:0, C16:0, C16:1, C18:1, C20:4, SFA, MUFA, and ω-6 fatty acids (p < 0.05), and reduced the contents of C22:6, ω-3 fatty acids, and ω-3/ω-6 ratio in thigh muscle (p < 0.05). Female ducks fed with a low-protein diet had the contents of aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, glycine, tyrosine, and arginine in the breast muscle, along with a higher pH24 value (p < 0.05). Thigh muscle accumulated more isoleucine and histidine contents, and lower lysine and arginine in female ducks fed with a low-protein diet. Male ducks fed with a low-protein diet had higher contents of alanine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, and lysine in the breast muscle (p < 0.05). Furthermore, male ducks exhibited higher contents of C16:0, C18:1, C18:2, C18:3, saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), ω-3, and ω-6 in breast muscle (p < 0.05). Male ducks fed with low-protein diets had higher C16:0 content in breast muscle, and female ducks fed with a low-protein diet had lower C16:1 and C17:0 contents (p < 0.05). In conclusion, this study suggests that dietary protein modulation can differentially regulate amino acid and fatty acid deposition in slow-growing ducks through gender-specific metabolic pathways and exert distinct effects on fatty acid metabolism. Full article

Chronic diseases, characterized by their high prevalence and protracted course, represent a paramount challenge to global public health, necessitating effective, evidence-based preventive strategies. While functional foods are widely recognized for their potential, a comprehensive synthesis elucidating their multitargeted mechanisms within a “food-medicine homology” framework and a clear trajectory from broad-spectrum health promotion to targeted intervention remains lacking. This review bridges this critical gap by systematically evaluating the scientific evidence and application potential of functional foods, with a specific focus on key bioactive compounds—β-glucan, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), dietary fiber, and catechins. We provide a critical analysis of how these components orchestrate synergistic effects at molecular, cellular, and systemic levels to counteract core pathological processes, including oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, metabolic dysregulation, and gut microbiota imbalance. Our unique contribution lies in integrating the ancient wisdom of food-medicine homology with modern multi-omics and evidence-based research, thereby proposing a refined nutritional intervention paradigm. The review offers critical insights into the convergent actions of these bioactives, their dose-response relationships substantiated by clinical meta-analyses, and the emerging role of gut microbiota-derived metabolites. Furthermore, this review also explores the emerging evidence for synergistic interactions among these key bioactives, proposing that their combined use may yield amplified and more network-based protective effects against chronic diseases through complementary mechanisms, aims to develop integrated prevention strategies targeting both cardiometabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. The integrated prevention strategies systematically connect mechanistic insights into bioactive compounds, evaluates the strength of clinical evidence, and examines the implications for regulatory standards and societal acceptance, thereby bridging the gap between basic science, clinical application, and public health policy. The “mechanism-to-evidence-to-regulation” framework in this review links molecular insights with clinical validation and regulatory implications, offering a holistic perspective rarely addressed in existing literature. Full article

Background/Objectives: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has been linked to dietary fat quality and polyunsaturated fatty-acid metabolism. We evaluated whether dietary n-6 fatty-acid intake, serum dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA), and desaturase-based indices for Δ5-desaturase (D5D) and Δ6-desaturase (D6D) are associated with MASLD. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis within the HOZUGAWA health checkup cohort in Japan (n = 289; 100 MASLD, 189 non-MASLD). Participants underwent hepatic ultrasonography, dietary assessment using the Brief Self-Administered Diet History Questionnaire, and fasting serum metabolomics by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry with solid-phase dehydration derivatization. Enzyme indices were defined as the D5D index = arachidonic acid/DGLA and the D6D proxy index = DGLA/linoleic acid (hereafter referred to as the D6D index) because γ-linolenic acid was not measured. Natural-log-transformed D5D index, D6D index, DGLA, and total dietary n-6 fatty-acid intake were entered into multivariable logistic regression models for MASLD adjusted for age, sex, BMI, alcohol intake, and total energy. Results: Compared with non-MASLD, MASLD showed higher serum DGLA, lower D5D index, and higher D6D index (all p ≤ 0.005), with no between-group differences in total energy intake, linoleic acid, total polyunsaturated fatty acids, or total dietary n-6 fatty-acid intake. Higher ln D5D was independently associated with lower odds of MASLD (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.42–0.86), whereas higher ln D6D index (OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.04–1.95) and ln DGLA (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.13–2.43) were each positively associated. Total dietary n-6 fatty-acid intake was not independently associated with MASLD. Conclusions: In this Japanese health examination cohort, an imbalance in estimated desaturase activities—lower D5D index and higher D6D index—together with higher serum DGLA was independently associated with MASLD, whereas n-6 intake showed no group difference or independent association. These findings suggest that enzyme-linked endogenous n-6 metabolic status may be more closely related to the MASLD phenotype than intake quantity alone. Full article

Background: Mood disturbances, often accompanied by cognitive deficits, represent a major public health challenge. Diet is increasingly recognized as a modifiable factor in mental health, with specific nutrients such as omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) showing therapeutic potential. This study investigated whether dietary omega-3 intake moderates variations in cognitive performance associated with psychological symptoms in non-clinical samples. Method: A total of 313 healthy adults completed a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to assess dietary intake. Psychological symptoms were measured using the depression screening questionnaire (PHQ-9) and the stress assessment instrument (PSS-10), while cognitive performance, including short-term and episodic memory, was evaluated using Sternberg and Old/New recognition tests. A subgroup of 52 older adults completed a detailed in-person FFQ to enable the precise quantification of EPA, DHA, and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) intake. Results: Diets rich in omega 3, particularly nuts, seeds, fish and seafood, were associated with lower depression and stress scores. EPA and DHA, but not ALA, were specifically linked to those mood benefits. However, dietary omega-3 intake was not significantly associated with cognitive performance and did not moderate the relationship between mood and memory. Self-reported omega-3 supplementation was linked to fewer depressive symptoms and better episodic memory. Conclusions: While dietary omega-3 is associated with improved well-being, its role in cognition in healthy adults is not well-established and warrants further investigation. Full article

This study aimed to provide the first characterization of the traditional farming systems and meat quality traits of the Black Alpine pig (BAP), an ecotype under recovery originating in the Italian Central Alps, reared under real, actual conditions. Productive and reproductive data were collected through on-farm visits from six BAP farms located in Northern Italy. Longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle and backfat samples from BAPs were collected in the same farms and analyzed for color, tenderness, proximate composition, and fatty acid profile. For exploratory purposes and to provide a descriptive benchmark of commercial pork (CP) quality, loin samples were purchased from the retail market. PLS-DA served as a discriminant model between BAP and CP meat samples on a multivariate data matrix. BAP farming was characterized as an en plein air system with high outdoor access and reliance on natural vegetation. BAPs showed high rusticity and slow growth. The LD muscle was characterized by a firm texture, an intense dark-red color, and a high proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids, reflecting traditional rustic meat features associated with the interaction between dietary, environmental, and genetic factors. Our preliminary results provided novel insights into BAP farming practices and meat quality, supporting the maintenance of this genetic resource through traditional farming and the preservation of biodiversity in alpine livestock, offering exploratory evidence of the current BAP farming system. Full article

The gestational period is a critical developmental window where maternal nutrition programs offspring growth and long-term health. This study evaluated dietary rumen-protected glutamine (RP-Gln) supplementation during late gestation on lamb growth performance, and its regulatory effects on metabolic, immune, and microbial parameters in ewes and offspring. Compared with controls, moderate RP-Gln significantly improved lamb growth, increasing birth weight, 15-day body weight, and average daily gain (p < 0.01). In ewes, RP-Gln elevated serum GGT activity (p < 0.05), improved lipid metabolism, and reduced offspring muscular stress. Antioxidant capacity was enhanced in both ewes and lambs, with higher antioxidant enzyme activities and lower MDA levels (p < 0.05). RP-Gln also remodeled gut microbiota by promoting beneficial genera like Lactobacillus and Faecalibacterium, and reinforcing dam–offspring microbial transmission. Metabolomics revealed elevated polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamin C, and tyrosine derivatives in ewes, and enhanced aromatic amino acid biosynthesis in lambs. In summary, glutamine supplementation in late-gestation ewes enhances maternal antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity, optimizes gut microbiota, and stimulates n-3 PUFA synthesis. These benefits are transmitted to the fetus, improving offspring antioxidant function, immune regulation, and intestinal health. Glutamine also promotes aromatic amino acid synthesis while inhibiting the tryptophan–kynurenine pathway, collectively supporting lamb growth and health. Full article

The egg industry continues to search for alternative feed ingredients that support production efficiency, enhance egg quality, and add nutritional value. Microalgae are rich in protein, pigments, and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, making them promising candidates for poultry diets. This study evaluated the effects of dietary inclusion (1 and 2%) of four microalgae species, Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina), Hydrodictyon sp., Uronema sp., and Vaucheria sp., on laying hen performance, egg quality, yolk fatty acid composition, and bone strength. Seventy-six Lohmann LSL-Lite hens (92 weeks of age) were randomly assigned to nine treatments (control diet or one of eight microalgae diets). Feed intake, egg production, egg mass, feed conversion ratio, eggshell traits, yolk color, yolk fatty acids, and tibial breaking strength were measured. Inclusion of microalgae did not negatively affect hen performance, egg quality, nor bone strength. Spirulina significantly improved egg production and egg mass (p < 0.05). Increasing levels of Spirulina, Hydrodictyon sp., and Uronema sp. enhanced yolk color (all p < 0.05), while Vaucheria sp. showed no effect (p > 0.05). Yolk fatty acid profiles were only modestly altered, with increased docosahexaenoic acid observed in hens fed Hydrodictyon and Uronema (p < 0.05). In conclusion, low-level dietary inclusion of these microalgae species appears safe for laying hens and may provide added value through improved yolk pigmentation and modest omega-3 enrichment. Full article

Resveratrol (RES), a natural polyphenol, and β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyric acid (HMB), a key metabolite of leucine, are emerging as potent feed additives in animal production. This study investigated the individual and combined effects of dietary RES and HMB on gut microbiota, metabolic profiles, and meat quality in Tibetan sheep. A total of 120 two-month-old male lambs were randomly assigned to four experimental groups: control (C, basal diet, n = 6), RES (basal diet + 1.5 g/d RES, n = 6), HMB (basal diet + 1.25 g/d HMB, n = 6), and RES-HMB (basal diet + 1.5 g/d RES + 1.25 g/d HMB, n = 6), with 16S rDNA sequencing and LC-MS/MS analyses performed on rumen fluid and longissimus lumborum (LL). Meat quality improved significantly in all supplemented groups, the RES-HMB co-administration exhibited the most pronounced effects, suggesting a synergistic interaction. These improvements were linked to the activation of amino acid (AA) and unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis pathways, leading to increased levels of AAs and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Concurrently, dietary RES and HMB supplementation enriched the relative abundance of beneficial gut microbiota, notably Christensenellaceae_R-7_group and Solibacillus, which further promoted the production of short-chain fatty acids, AAs, and PUFAs. The study highlights the role of rumen microbiota in regulating muscle metabolism and meat quality, offering a new scientific basis of strategies for using green feed additives in Tibetan sheep. Full article

The aim of the present study was to characterize the chemical and quality traits of retail chicken meat in Spain. A total of 39 breast (Pectoralis major) samples were collected from large stores across three seasons in 2024 (13 samples per season). All samples were consistently sourced from the same 13 suppliers, that collectively account for more than 70% of Spain’s broiler production. Based on retail label claims, samples were grouped as either ‘non-certified’ (no claims; 7 samples per season) or ‘certified’ (certified claims regarding distinctive dietary and slaughter age practices; 6 samples per season). Proximate composition, quality traits (pH, color, water-holding capacity, texture, oxidative stability), and the profiles of fatty acids (FAs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were analyzed. Meat from the certified group had a higher protein content (22.37% vs. 20.62%; p < 0.01) and lower thawing (3.22% vs. 6.59%; p < 0.001) and cooking losses (14.09% vs. 24.64%; p < 0.01). Certified meat was also darker (lower L*: 48.48 vs. 52.59; p < 0.05) and exhibited a more intense yellow color (higher b*: 18.66 vs. 4.22, hue angle: 87.63 vs. 66.59, and chroma: 18.71 vs. 4.62; all p < 0.001). The intramuscular fat of certified meat contained less monounsaturated FAs (34.72% vs. 40.32%; p < 0.001) and more polyunsaturated FAs (28.82% vs. 23.55%; p < 0.001). Eight of the thirteen nutritional indices derived from the FAs profile were more favorable in the certified group. A total of 171 VOCs were identified, with sulfur compounds being more abundant in certified meat (0.94% vs. 0.67%; p < 0.05). In conclusion, retail chicken meat grouped according to commercial labeling possesses a distinct chemical and quality profile. Full article

Oxylipins are specialized lipid mediators that can have dual functions, either promoting inflammation or supporting resolution. Exposure to air pollution is associated with systemic inflammation that may be modified by oxylipins derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids (FA). In this study, we examined whether short-term air pollution exposure is associated with changes in circulating oxylipins in healthy adults, who were on high- or low-dietary omega-3 fatty acid (n-3 FA) intakes. We measured 56 oxylipin species from participants’ plasma samples and employed mixed-effects models to assess the associations, stratified by n-3 FA groups. Plasma concentrations of oxylipins derived from n-3 FA [e.g., 14-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid (14-HDHA) & 11-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid (11-HDoHE), and 12-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (12-HEPE)] were significantly higher in the high n-3 FA group compared to the low group. Conversely, selected oxylipins derived from n-6 FA [e.g., 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE) and 14,15-Dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (14,15-DiHETrE)] were significantly lower in the high n-3 group. Exposure to PM_2.5, O₃, and NO₂ was associated with reductions in pro-inflammatory oxylipins produced by lipoxygenase in the high n-3 FA group, but not in the low group; for example, 12-HETE. Furthermore, participants in the high n-3 group exposed to PM_2.5, O₃, and NO₂ had elevated levels of n-3 FA-derived pro-resolving oxylipins compared to those in the low n-3 group; for instance, 12-HEPE and 14-HDHA & 11-HDoHE. In conclusion, short-term air pollution exposure was associated with lower pro-inflammatory and higher pro-resolving oxylipin levels in the high n-3 FA group. These findings suggest n-3-derived lipid metabolites may promote inflammation resolution induced by air pollution. Full article