Search Results (186)

Foxtail millet is one of the important minor cereal crops and is highly valued for its nutritional quality and drought tolerance. With the continuous expansion of the foxtail millet industry, the harm caused by foxtail millet blast has become increasingly severe. In this study, 53 samples of foxtail millet leaves symptomatic of foxtail millet blast were collected from a foxtail millet base in Dingxiang County, Shanxi Province, from June to October 2023. Isolation, culture and identification of the pathogen were carried out, yielding a total of 16 pure isolates, and preliminary studies on the growth inhibition and control effects of the fungus were conducted by determining the plate inhibition rate, scanning electron microscope observations and indoor potted plant experiments. The results showed that based on the morphological characteristics of the isolated strains and the combined analysis of ITS-RPB1-ACT sequences, all 16 pure isolates obtained were identified as Pyricularia oryzae. The results of the antifungal test showed that Bacillus velezensis YQH had the highest inhibition rate of 57.93% against the pathogen of foxtail millet blast; among chemical fungicides, 9% Pyraclostrobin Suspension Concentrate, 45% Prochloraz Emulsifiable Concentrate and 32.5% Difenoconazole–Azoxystrobin Suspension Concentrate had strong inhibitory effects on the fungus, with EC₅₀ values (95% confidence intervals) of 0.328 (0.262–0.400) μg·mL⁻¹, 0.848 (0.578–1.219) μg·mL⁻¹ and 0.310 (0.197–0.484) μg·mL⁻¹, respectively. The results of the potted plant experiment were in accordance with the in vitro antifungal results, and scanning electron microscopy showed that the mycelia in the treatment groups of these three chemical fungicides showed developmental deformities, breakage or surface shrinkage. In conclusion, B. velezensis YQH and the three chemical fungicides (especially 9% Pyraclostrobin Suspension Concentrate and 32.5% Difenoconazole–Azoxystrobin Suspension Concentrate) are effective candidates for controlling foxtail millet blast. Full article

Background/Objectives: Latent fingerprints are routinely recovered from conventional porous and non-porous substrates; however, biologically active surfaces such as plant leaves are generally regarded as unsuitable for dactyloscopic evidence. Because vegetation is frequently present at crime scenes, this study aimed to systematically evaluate whether plant leaves can retain usable friction ridge detail and to determine the durability and forensic value of such traces under laboratory and outdoor conditions. Methods: Latent fingerprints were deposited on leaves of multiple plant species (maple, ash, dandelion, bird cherry, chestnut, climbing ivy, and five-leaved ivy) under dry and hydrated conditions and at defined time intervals after deposition. Visualization was performed using several powders, with SupraNano Fluorescent Green magnetic powder providing the best performance. Developed impressions were photographed using controlled illumination and evaluated using automated quality assessment (NFIQ 2.0) and comparison software (Innovatrics IDkit 9.1.7.1004). Additional experiments examined living, growing leaves exposed to natural weather conditions for extended periods. Results: Usable ridge detail was successfully visualized on all tested species. Bottom leaf surfaces and hydrated samples generally provided better preservation and contrast. Identifiable traces persisted for up to 20 h on detached leaves and for up to 35 days on living leaves despite growth-related deformation. Under outdoor exposure, fingerprints on ivy remained visible and comparable for up to 60 days. Although overall automated quality scores were reduced by background venation, selected impressions achieved measurable comparison scores and successful matches. Conclusions: Plant leaves can serve as unconventional yet viable carriers of latent fingerprints. Magnetic fluorescent powder development combined with careful documentation enables recovery of forensically useful ridge detail even after prolonged environmental exposure. These findings expand the range of substrates that should be considered during crime scene processing and provide practical guidance for evidence collection on vegetation. Full article

The constitutive analysis model and hot processing map of the ZM6 alloy across various deformation conditions were investigated during hot compression experiments. True stress-strain curves within 300–450 °C and 0.0001–0.1 s⁻¹ were obtained from compression tests on a Gleeble-1500 platform. The results showed that higher strain rates (e.g., 0.1 s⁻¹) induced pronounced work hardening, whereas high temperatures (300–400 °C) combined with low strain rates (10⁻⁴ s⁻¹) promoted conditions conducive to dynamic recrystallization (DRX), leading to a softening tendency of steady-state flow stress. Additionally, a modified strain-compensated constitutive model was built for flow stress prediction. Material constants were plotted as fifth-order polynomial functions of strain (0.025–0.80) for precise stress predictions. The derived activation energy (Q = 182.38 kJ/mol) falls within the typical range for Mg-RE alloys. Leave-one-temperature-out cross-validation showed average AARE values of 7.2–9.8%, demonstrating the model’s interpolation capability and its sensitivity to extrapolation. Cross-validation within the training dataset showed reasonable consistency between experimental and predicted stresses (R > 0.997, AARE < 4.35%). Using the dynamic materials model, hot processing maps identified safe deformation zones and instability zones of the ZM6 alloy. Flow instability was observed at strain rates >0.01 s⁻¹, particularly at low temperatures (300–350 °C). Optimal processing windows appeared in high-energy dissipation (η > 30%) regions, e.g., 400–450 °C/10⁻⁴–10⁻³ s⁻¹. Optical microscopy confirmed that at high temperatures (≥400 °C) and low strain rates (≤0.001 s⁻¹), a uniform, fine-grained, fully recrystallized structure can be obtained, whereas low temperatures (350 °C) and high strain rates (0.1 s⁻¹) produce coarse elongated grains with limited DRX, consistent with the instability regime predicted by the processing maps. Under intermediate conditions (e.g., 400 °C, 0.01 s⁻¹), a bimodal grain distribution indicates incomplete recrystallization. Although EBSD analysis was not performed in this study, the optical microstructures directly validate the predicted safe and unstable windows. Together, all these findings provide preliminary model-based guidance for optimizing hot working parameters to balance microstructural stability and processing efficiency. Full article

Timely detection and monitoring of diseases in sweet potato crops are important for hunger alleviation and food security. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the optimized field spectrometric reflectance thresholds in spatially partitioning sweet potato crops on the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) multispectral imagery based on infection types. A field survey was carried out to sample deformed leaves for laboratory diagnosis of possible identification of sweet potato leaf infection types. Laboratory analysis results revealed nutrient deficiency, SPVC-positive, fungi isolates (i.e., alternaria, bipolaris, fusarium, phoma), and mechanical damage as the causes of leaf deformation. Overlap analysis results revealed reflectance overlaps across all leaf deformation types, making it difficult to spatially partition sweet potato crops based on deformation types. Instead, sweet potato crops were spatially partitioned by considering the minimum and maximum thresholds acquired from the whole dataset. Area covered by deformed sweet potato leaves in blue, green, red, red edge and NIR were found to be 11.91%, 28.71%, 43.66%, 46.41% and 30.6% respectively. Coefficient of determination results revealed poor classification results, with R² value of 0.23, 0.19, 0.28, 0.17 and 0.63 for blue, green, red, red edge and NIR respectively. However, the NIR spectral band yielded R² value closer to the acceptable value of 0.7. Full article

This contribution presents a simulation-based approach for optimizing injection molding processes using digital twins. It combines surrogate modeling via response surface methodology (RSM) with the evolutionary algorithm NSGA-II to efficiently capture complex relationships between process parameters and objectives. A key element is the adaptive enhancement of the training dataset within the decision-relevant region of interest (ADEROI) by a modified greedy max–min algorithm. This strategy closes data gaps, improves model accuracy in the potentially optimal region, and directs additional simulations to informative areas. Leave-one-out (LOO) and hold-out (HO) cross-validations show strong root mean square error (RMSE) and $R^2$ values for deformation, shrinkage, cycle time, and mass. NSGA-II converges after 403 generations and results in 191 Pareto-optimal solutions, which are consolidated into preference-consistent operating points. These points make trade-offs between analyzed objectives’ deformation, shrinkage, and cycle time explicit for process pre-design. Preferred solutions are identified through weighted sums of normalized objectives and inversely mapped process parameters. Their agreement with the physics-based digital twin at the hundredths level supports the plausibility of the selected operating points within the investigated simulation-based workflow. A retrospective benchmark against a scaled single-stage LHS baseline shows that ADEROI achieves ROI-equivalent point density with fewer simulation runs for the investigated case, reducing the estimated runtime by $39.1\%$ and resulting in a $1.64\times$ speed-up. The quantitative validation is limited to one thin-walled PP keyholder component; further geometries, mold layouts, and polymer materials are required to empirically assess generalizability. Full article

Existing machine tool thermal error mitigation relying on passive structural optimization and conventional feedforward PID decoupling poorly addresses strong multi-temperature-field coupling, large time delays, and nonlinear thermal characteristics in large precision horizontal machining centers. These methods lack predictive optimization, fail to suppress the long-term temperature drift of key structural components, and cannot realize active thermal intervention, leaving a clear research gap. This paper develops a three-layer closed-loop active thermal control framework with temperature sensing, numerical decoupling, and executive regulation. S-shaped hollow aluminum temperature control plates are optimally arranged on the bed, column, and beam, and a multi-temperature zone coupling transfer function model is established. A hybrid control strategy integrating feedforward decoupling, MPC prediction, and PID steady-state compensation is proposed; MPC is introduced to handle multivariable coupling, time lag, and actuator constraints beyond the capability of traditional PID. Comparative experiments show that the MPC-based scheme reduces key point temperature variation rates by 31.47%, 14.56%, 16.06% and 44.86%. This study focuses on temperature stabilization (rather than the direct measurement of the spindle drift or geometric deformation). The proposed method provides an effective active temperature balance solution for large precision machine tools. Full article

Biological thin-sheet systems, including leaves, insect wings, and flowering organs, achieve adaptive deformation through distributed compliance, segmentation, curvature, and controlled opening. Kirigami offers a bio-inspired route for translating such deformation logics into programmable thin-sheet surfaces; however, the geometric parameters that most strongly influence elastic displacement remain insufficiently quantified, especially across different loading regimes. This study investigates Bio-Inspired Regime-Dependent Parameter Selection in Parametric Kirigami through twenty-five laser-cut specimens spanning five boundary shapes and three thermoplastic substrates. Specimens were tested under two contrasting regimes: quasi-static tensile loading and gravity-drape loading. Elastic displacement was measured under eight-point boundary fixation and analyzed using regime-separated Pearson correlations, Bonferroni-corrected significance testing (α/18 = 0.0028), and shape-controlled partial correlations. Under tensile loading, the Number of Offsets (r = 0.807), Segments per Offset (r = −0.603), and outer-boundary void perimeter (r = 0.621) showed the strongest Bonferroni-robust associations with displacement. Under gravity-drape loading, effects were weaker and more curvature-sensitive, indicating that parameter relevance is not universal but regime-dependent. Within the tested parametric design space, the study provides an experimentally grounded basis for selecting Kirigami geometric parameters in thin-sheet structures whose adaptive deformation logic is analogous to compliant systems found in nature. Full article

With the rapid expansion of urban underground space in China, anti-floating has become a critical challenge, and uplift piles are a key solution. Previous studies on composite anchor-cable uplift piles have primarily focused on small-diameter single-pipe types (≤600 mm), often simplifying the pile as an integral component, leaving the multi-interface stress transfer mechanisms of large-diameter piles inadequately understood. This study proposes a back-analysis method based on orthogonal experiments, implemented using Abaqus 3D finite element software, to determine interfacial mechanical parameters for three critical contact pairs (strand-grout, grout-steel pipe, steel pipe-concrete) in large-diameter multi-pipe composite anchor-cable uplift piles. These parameters are then implemented in a refined 3D finite element model to simulate the load-deformation behavior of such piles. Quantitative results show that the back-calculated parameters are highly reliable, with maximum simulation errors for pile head displacement limited to 13.0% and 9.6% for fully bonded and semi-bonded piles, respectively. Unlike conventional piles, stress and strain in this new pile type transfer progressively from the inner steel strands outward and from the top downward, resulting in reduced pile-soil displacement mismatch, fuller mobilization of side interfacial strength, and effective mitigation of concrete cracking. This study provides a systematic parameter-calibration framework and numerical platform, offering theoretical and technical support for optimized design and engineering application of large-diameter composite uplift piles. Full article

Background: The superficial plantar-medial release (S-PMR) refers to a group of surgical procedures involving the release of the plantar aponeurosis and adjacent medial plantar soft tissues that are used in selected cases of plantar fasciitis and cavovarus foot deformity. The procedure aims to address pain and contracture of the plantar aponeurosis and intrinsic foot muscles, which may contribute to pathological foot alignment and gait instability. Due to the close proximity of highly variable neurovascular structures in the plantar region, precise anatomical knowledge and a patient-specific, personalized approach are essential to reduce the risk of iatrogenic injury during surgery. This study defined procedure-specific anatomical “low-risk” and “high-risk” zones. Methods: From the initial forty-two included feet, one specimen was excluded due to insufficient tissue quality, leaving forty-one specimens for analysis. The plantar aponeurosis, origins of the abductor hallucis muscle and regional neurovascular structures were analyzed. Distances between key landmarks were measured. Results: Abductor hallucis origins I and IV were present in all specimens, while origins II and III showed variable presence. Subdivision of muscle origin I was observed and was associated with the course of the medial calcaneal nerve. The medial calcaneal nerve demonstrated the closest proximity to origin I (3.2 mm) whereas both the medial and lateral plantar nerves showed close proximity to origin II (3 mm and 5.3 mm). Conclusion: Significant interindividual variability exists in the plantar region, highlighting the need for a personalized, anatomy-based approach for patients considered for surgical intervention. Anatomical “high-risk” zones were identified between origin I and the medial calcaneal nerve and near origin II by the bifurcation of the tibial nerve and posterior tibial artery. Anatomical “low-risk” zones were defined as dorsal regions at the calcaneus between origin I and the tibial neurovascular bundle, as well as medial areas near the malleolus. Full article

Animals frequently traverse a range of deformable substrates, leaving tracks. Track morphology is controlled by anatomy and motions of the foot, and substrate consistency, resulting in complex, three-dimensional structures that record dynamic foot-substrate interactions. Understanding such interactions can provide valuable biological and environmental insights, but visualising them remains challenging. Prior physical experiments explored track formation using various indenters impressed into a range of substrate types and consistencies. However, to visualise the deformation below the surface, destructive methods such as physical sectioning are often used, typically resulting in the sample being destroyed. Here, we present the methodology and challenges involved in experimentally generating tracks and introduce micro-CT scanning as a non-destructive approach to visualising sub-surface sediment movement during track formation. Two separate track volumes were produced using different substrate consistencies (‘soft’ and ‘very soft’) whereby sand and clay were alternately layered and then scanned during indentation by a cadaveric pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) foot. Across the two substrate consistencies, the CT reconstructions revealed differences in sub-surface sediment displacement, and in complex sub-surface features. Although there are challenges attributed to experimentally producing and visualising tracks, micro-CT offers a novel approach to viewing sub-surface sediment movement during experimental track formation in the lab. Full article

The impact of warmer droplets on cold leaves in sprinkler anti-frost is a case of agricultural engineering involving multiphysics. This study models the leaf as an elastic body of finite thickness, incorporates the temperature field, and establishes a fluid–solid–thermal multiphysics coupling model. The effects of droplet velocity, droplet diameter, and initial temperature are analyzed accordingly. The results show that the higher the Weber number (We) of the droplet, the higher the droplet spreading coefficient and the leaf stress. The maximum spreading coefficient and maximum leaf strain at We of 1583.1 are 1.58 and 4.75 times those at We of 1055.4, respectively. There is a gradual decrease in the leaf deformation, a very rapid process, a cycle of about 10% of the spreading time. The temperature at the impact point on the leaf surface increased with the droplet’s initial temperature but could be influenced by an air bubble trapped at the droplet’s bottom. The modeling and analysis of the dynamics of droplet impact on plant leaves enabled a better understanding of the mechanisms of sprinkler frost protection. Full article

Background: Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute childhood vasculitis with well-recognized coronary involvement, but subtle long-term myocardial dysfunction may persist despite preserved conventional systolic indices. Two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography enables sensitive assessment of left ventricular global longitudinal strain (GLS). Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched for studies evaluating post-acute GLS in children or adolescents with prior KD compared with healthy controls. The outcome measure was the mean difference (MD) in GLS (KD minus control). Random-effects models were used for the primary analysis. Results: Four case–control studies involving 192 patients with prior KD and 138 healthy controls were included in the quantitative synthesis. Compared with controls, patients with prior KD had significantly less negative GLS values, indicating worse longitudinal deformation (pooled MD, 0.77%; 95% CI, 0.18 to 1.36; Z = 2.34; p = 0.019). Between-study heterogeneity was low (Q = 3.17, I² = 5.3%, tau² = 0.030). Leave-one-out analysis showed that the overall direction of effect remained positive, although confidence intervals widened when individual studies were omitted. Interpretation of the funnel plot was limited by the small number of studies. Conclusions: Children and adolescents with a history of KD demonstrate a modest but significant reduction in LV GLS during follow-up, consistent with persistent subclinical myocardial dysfunction. Speckle-tracking echocardiography may provide incremental value in the long-term cardiac assessment of selected patients with prior KD. Full article

This study explores the possibility of making cardboard and molded egg carton packaging from corn residues and common reed as alternatives to wood-based pulp. Six formulations were made: corn husks (CHs), corn leaves (CLs), corn leaves (35%) plus corn husks (30%) and a corn blend (15%) of wollastonite (CaSiO₃) (CH + CL + W), a corn blend (CH + CL: husks 60%, leaves 40%), mixed corn waste (MCW) and shredded common reed (SR). Optical microscopy was used to evaluate the fiber morphology, including the calculation of the flexibility coefficient, the cell wall rigidity and the Runkel ratio, for raw materials and fiber after alkaline hydrolysis and casting of egg cartons in silicone molds. The grammage, burst strength and index, folding endurance, thickness and moisture content were measured in the cardboard samples, while warping, compressive deformation, moisture and ink absorption were measured in the egg cartons. The flexibility coefficient of the common reed fibers (64.5%) was better than that of the corn fibers (23.6%), and so was the Runkel ratio (0.86 vs. 1.2). In the case of cardboard formulations, the maximum burst strength (462.4 kPa) and the maximum burst index (3.0 kPa·g/m²) values were obtained with the MCW formulation, and the highest folding endurance (42 and 38 double folds) was obtained with the CH and SR formulations, respectively. The addition of wollastonite improved folding endurance to 28 double folds and reduced moisture content to 4.1%, whereas the moisture content was reduced but burst strength decreased to 250.5 kPa. Egg cartons made from corn were found to satisfy all the requirements tested for good packaging, while the reed-based cartons were found to have inadequate ink absorbency time (20 min), making them less printable. Overall, mixed corn residues seem to be the most promising raw materials for sustainable packaging, and wollastonite can be used to adjust the flexibility–strength balance. Full article

This study investigates how the adhesive curing state before riveting influences material flow during riveting, joint formation, and the mechanical performance of CFRP/aluminum hybrid joints. Hybrid joints were fabricated in a single-lap configuration using electromagnetic self-piercing riveting (E-SPR) at curing times of 0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 min, and the adhesive distribution, joint geometry, load–displacement behavior, energy absorption, and failure mode were examined. As curing time increased, adhesive squeeze-out decreased and adhesive displacement during riveting was progressively restricted, leaving more adhesive near the contact point. Consequently, the head height increased from 0.12 to 0.21 mm, whereas the interlock distance decreased from 0.67 to 0.54 mm. In the bonded region, the peak load increased with curing time, and a peak load of 11.15 kN was observed at 40 min, indicating an increased contribution of the adhesive layer. In contrast, the load in the riveted region decreased at 60 and 80 min because the increased resistance of the adhesive interlayer limited the rivet deformation and mechanical interlocking. A maximum energy absorption of 32.13 J was observed at 40 min, where the joint exhibited relative contributions of the adhesive and the rivet. Failure analysis showed bearing failure at 40 min, whereas rivet pull-out was observed at 60 min, consistent with the curing-dependent changes in joint formation. These results indicate that curing-induced changes in adhesive behavior govern the interaction between adhesive flow and rivet deformation, thereby influencing joint formation and mechanical performance. Full article

Accurate instance segmentation of oranges in complex orchard environments is crucial for obtaining clean regions of interest (ROIs). Coarse region extraction may include non-target pixels from leaves, shadows, background, and adjacent fruits, thereby increasing boundary pixel mixing in subsequent hyperspectral-assisted observation. This study proposes an improved lightweight YOLO11n-Seg method as an RGB-based visual front-end for cleaner single-fruit ROI extraction. Its contribution lies in the task-oriented integration of three complementary components: a Local Deformable Convolution Backbone (LDC-Backbone) for representing irregular and occluded fruit contours, a Boundary-Guided GSConv (BG-GSConv) module for efficiently fusing shallow boundary details with deep semantic features, and an ROI-Purity-Oriented Dice Boundary Loss for constraining mask integrity and boundary adherence. Evaluated on a complex orchard dataset, the improved model achieved a Mask mAP@0.5 of 0.962, a Mask mAP@0.5:0.95 of 0.692, a Box mAP@0.5 of 0.942, and an inference speed of 101 FPS with 3.20 M parameters. Background leakage analysis further showed that the proposed model reduced the inclusion of non-fruit pixels in extracted ROIs, supporting cleaner mask-based single-fruit region extraction. Preliminary ROI-based reflectance observation indicated that the reflectance curves obtained from the improved-model ROIs were closer to those of manually referenced pure ROIs than those obtained from the baseline extraction. These results suggest that the proposed method can serve as a real-time RGB-based front-end for cleaner single-fruit ROI extraction and later hyperspectral-assisted sampling. Complete closed-loop spectral quality modeling with paired RGB–HSI data remains a direction for future work. Full article