Search Results (922)

Background and Objectives: The Gustave Roussy Immune (GRIm) score, reflecting systemic inflammation and nutritional status, has emerged as a simple and reproducible prognostic biomarker in various malignancies. However, its prognostic interaction with tumor microenvironmental factors remains unclear in gastric cancer. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of the GRIm score in patients with resectable gastric adenocarcinoma, while the secondary aim was to determine whether integrating the GRIm score with tumor microenvironment–related pathological markers could improve prognostic stratification. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study analyzed 188 patients with resectable gastric adenocarcinoma treated at the Trakya University Faculty of Medicine between 2007 and 2018. GRIm scores were calculated from preoperative lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), albumin, and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) values. Pathologic parameters, including programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression (combined positive score [CPS] ≥ 1 vs. <1), tumor–stroma ratio (TSR; stromal component ≥ 50% vs. <50%), and tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) density (CD8+ ≥ 10% vs. <10%), were evaluated on surgical specimens. Survival outcomes were assessed using Kaplan–Meier and multivariate Cox analyses. Results: The study population had a mean age of 61.8 years and was predominantly male (72.3%). Patients with low GRIm scores had significantly longer disease-free survival (DFS; 24 vs. 12 months; p = 0.004) and overall survival (OS; 32 vs. 19 months; p = 0.006). In multivariate analysis, the GRIm score remained an independent predictor for both disease-free survival (p = 0.035) and overall survival (p = 0.044). Among combined models, the GRIm–TSR classification provided the most pronounced stratification (median DFS = 35 vs. 12 months; OS = 45 vs. 19 months; p = 0.014 and 0.001, respectively), retaining independent prognostic significance (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.23; p = 0.005). Integrating GRIm with PD-L1 and TIL density also improved prognostic discrimination. Conclusions: The GRIm score is a robust and cost-effective biomarker that independently predicts disease-free survival and overall survival in resectable gastric adenocarcinoma. Its combination with microenvironmental markers—PD-L1, TIL, and TSR—captures complementary biological dimensions of tumor aggressiveness, offering an integrative and clinically feasible framework for individualized risk assessment and postoperative management. Prospective multicenter validation is warranted. Full article

Background/Objectives: Digoxin is a cardiotonic agent with a narrow therapeutic window and a high risk of toxicity. The current clinical use is based on an empirically FDA-recommended regimen which has wide dosing ranges, introducing the risk of inappropriate dosing and related adverse events. This study aims to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to characterize digoxin pharmacokinetics in adult and pediatric patients with heart failure, and then to evaluate the FDA-recommended regimen. Methods: The PBPK model was initially developed in healthy adults using PK-Sim^®. Then, it was translated to adults with heart failure by incorporating disease factors. Next, it was further translated to pediatrics by scaling age-related parameters. Finally, through two-step translations, the model was used to evaluate current dosing regimens to inform safety and effectiveness based on observing predicted trough concentrations at a steady state. Results: This PBPK model has strong predicting ability, where observed concentrations and key PK metrics (C_max, AUC_0-t) were within 0.5–2.0-fold of predictions in healthy adults, adults with heart failure, neonates, and infants. The model prediction work on the evaluation of recommended dosing regimens from the FDA shows that the current regimen may not achieve the lowest boundary of the therapeutic window (0.5–2 ng/mL) in neonates (0–30 days), whereas infants (1–2 months) and children (<18 years) are generally good within it. Conclusions: This PBPK model explained major physiological and pathological contributors to differences in digoxin pharmacokinetics across populations and showed good performance in pediatric extrapolation. It also pointed out the shortage of empirical dosing regimens for such a drug with a narrow therapeutic window. The model may assist in optimizing the pediatric dosing strategies of digoxin, and suggests that current neonatal dosing regimens need refinement. Full article

Acute lung injury (ALI) is in part precipitated by hyperbaric oxygen or other mechanical insults. It constitutes the fundamental pathological process underlying acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The manifestation of the condition is characterized by an uncontrolled inflammatory response and alveolar edema, consequent to the disruption of the alveolar–capillary barrier. This phenomenon is associated with elevated morbidity and mortality rates. The current therapeutic interventions for ALI are not well researched or articulated. However, recent studies have indicated that stem cells may possess therapeutic potential in the context of ALI. The present study demonstrates that these exosome preparations have the capacity to significantly ameliorate radiographic findings, histological parameters, and vascular permeability in murine models of ALI. Concurrently, they attenuate the inflammatory response to a certain extent. The present review commences with an examination of the pathogenic mechanisms and manifestations of pulmonary injury induced by hyperbaric oxygen or other external factors. The subsequent sections of the text provide detailed accounts of the latest advances in exosome-based therapies for mitigating such injury, including their mechanisms of action and future translational prospects. While exosome-based treatments have demonstrated considerable advancement in preclinical research, numerous challenges must be surmounted before their widespread implementation in clinical settings can be realized, underscoring the necessity for sustained research in this domain. Full article

Background and Objectives: Coronal plane deformities of the knee, particularly genu valgum and varum, represent common indications for guided growth in pediatric orthopedics. This study evaluates the clinical and radiographic outcomes of temporary hemiepiphysiodesis using tension-band plates in skeletally immature patients and identifies factors associated with successful correction. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review was conducted on patients treated with tension-band plate hemiepiphysiodesis for knee valgus or varus deformities between 2012 and 2023. Inclusion required open physes, pre- and postoperative full-length radiographs, and follow-up until implant removal or skeletal maturity. Mechanical axis parameters (mLDFA, mMPTA) were compared pre- and postoperatively, and correction rates were calculated. Idiopathic cases were analyzed separately from those with neurological or osteological disorders. Results: Sixty-six limbs were included (51 valgus, 15 varus). In the idiopathic subgroup, significant correction was achieved, with mLDFA improving by +5.19° and mMPTA by −1.88°, corresponding to annual correction rates of 4.75°/year and −1.74°/year, respectively (p < 0.001). Regression analysis showed no significant predictive value of age or treatment duration for total correction. Patients with pathological physes demonstrated inconsistent outcomes, often requiring additional procedures. No major complications occurred. Conclusions: Temporary hemiepiphysiodesis using tension-band plates is a safe, minimally invasive, and highly effective method for correcting idiopathic valgus deformities in growing children, with correction rates comparable to the existing literature. Outcomes in patients with neurological or osteological comorbidities remain less predictable, underscoring the need for individualized planning and close follow-up. Full article

Background: Left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) is a major determinant of prognosis in patients with ischemic heart disease. Electrocardiography (ECG) is widely available, inexpensive, and may aid in identifying patients at risk. We hypothesized that a composite score derived from multiple established ECG markers could improve the detection of LVSD in patients with stable angina. Methods: In this single-center, cross-sectional study, 177 patients undergoing elective coronary angiography for stable angina were included. Patients were classified as LVSD-negative (n = 123) or LVSD-positive (n = 54) based on echocardiographic ejection fraction. ECG parameters, including fragmented QRS, pathologic Q waves, R-wave peak time, QRS duration, and frontal QRS–T angle, were assessed. Independent predictors of LVSD were identified using multivariate logistic regression. A composite ECG score was constructed by assigning one point to each abnormal parameter. Model robustness was evaluated using bootstrap resampling (1000 iterations) and 10-fold cross-validation. Results: Multivariable analysis identified prior stent implantation, fragmented QRS, pathological Q waves, R-wave peak time, frontal QRS–T angle (log-transformed), and QRS duration as independent predictors of LVSD. ROC analysis demonstrated good discriminatory performance for R-wave peak time (AUC 0.804), QRS duration (AUC 0.649), and frontal QRS–T angle (AUC 0.825) measurements. The composite ECG score showed a stepwise association with LVSD: a score of ≥2 yielded high sensitivity (88%) and negative predictive value (97%), whereas a score of ≥3 provided high specificity (100%) and positive predictive value (100%). Bootstrap resampling and cross-validation confirmed model stability and strong discriminatory performance (mean AUC, 0.964; accuracy, 0.91). Conclusions: A simple composite ECG score integrating multiple established ECG markers is associated with the robust detection of LVSD in patients with stable angina. Although not a substitute for echocardiography, this score may support early risk stratification and help identify patients who warrant further imaging evaluations. External validation in larger and more diverse populations is required before routine clinical implementation of this model. Full article

Diabetic wounds exhibit impaired immune function, delayed neutrophils recruitment, and heightened infection risk which compromises early infection control and delays healing. We have demonstrated that topical CCL3 treatment restores neutrophil influx, reduces bacterial infection by ~99%, and accelerates wound healing in diabetic mice. As per Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Guidelines for Investigational New Drug (IND), we conducted a 14-day acute toxicity study in diabetic mice following a single topical administration of CCL3 at effective low dose (1 µg) and high dose (10 µg) per wound. Mice were monitored for clinical signs, body weight, and food intake throughout the study period. On day 14, serum biochemistry (ALT, AST, BUN, creatinine, metabolic markers) and histopathology of major organs (liver, kidney, heart, lungs, spleen) were assessed. CCL3-treated diabetic mice exhibited no adverse clinical effects. Hematological and biochemical parameters remained within normal limits, and histopathological analyses revealed no additional organ injury in CCL3-treated groups compared to diabetic control mice. Intriguingly, CCL3-treated mice showed improved ALT levels and reduced hepatic pathology, suggesting hepatoprotective effects and reduced serum IgG, indicating reduced systemic inflammation. Overall, our study demonstrates that diabetic mice tolerate topical CCL3 at doses up to 10 times the effective therapeutic concentration without evidence of systemic organ toxicity. These findings provide strong preclinical support for the translational development of CCL3 as a novel therapy for diabetic wound care. Full article

This article reviews recent advances in microwave and radar techniques for non-contact measurement of human vital signs in dynamic conditions. The focus is on solutions that work when the subject is moving or performing everyday activities, rather than lying motionless in clinical settings. This review covers innovative biodegradable and flexible antenna designs for wearable devices operating in multiple frequency bands and supporting efficient 5G/IoT connectivity. Particular attention is paid to ultra-wideband (UWB) radar, Doppler sensors, and microwave reflectometry combined with advanced signal-processing and deep learning algorithms for robust estimation of respiration, heart rate, and other cardiopulmonary parameters in the presence of body motion. Applications in telemedicine, home monitoring, sports, and search and rescue are discussed, including localization of people trapped under rubble by detecting their vital sign signatures at a distance. This paper also highlights key challenges such as inter-subject anatomical variability, motion artifacts, hardware miniaturization, and energy efficiency, which still limit widespread deployment. Finally, related developments in microwave imaging and early detection of pathological tissue changes are briefly outlined, highlighting the shared components and processing methods. In general, microwave techniques show strong potential for unobtrusive, continuous, and environmentally sustainable monitoring of human physiological activity, supporting future healthcare and safety systems. Full article

Background: A quadrivalent HPV vaccine (BPV) has been developed to prevent diseases caused by HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18 for the first time in Iran. The BPV is composed of the papillomavirus major capsid protein L1, which serves as the primary target in the design of the prophylactic HPV vaccines. To enhance immunogenicity, BPV was formulated with an amorphous aluminum hydroxy phosphate sulfate adjuvant. Methods: The immunogenicity and safety of BPV were assessed through analyses of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity, single and repeated doses, and reproductive effects using animal models. Results: Acute toxicity assessments showed no abnormalities in ophthalmic examinations, biochemical profiles, hematological parameters, and gross pathology findings. Additionally, no mortality or abnormal clinical signs were observed during a 90-day repeated-dose toxicity study. While some inflammatory reactions were noted at the injection sites and in the liver tissues of BPV-treated groups, these reactions were resolved by day 90 after the initial BPV administration. Furthermore, no signs of toxicity were detected in F1 offspring, and no adverse effects were identified in maternal reproductive performance, fertility, or hematological or biochemical parameters throughout the study duration. The BPV candidate successfully induced T-cell proliferation and increased the proportions of CD₃⁺ CD₄⁺ and CD₃⁺ CD₈⁺ T cells. It also stimulated the secretion of both interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) cytokines in splenocytes isolated from animal models after the third dose. Moreover, anti-HPV L1 IgG antibody production was confirmed on day 14 after administration of each of the three BPV vaccine doses. Conclusions: The findings suggest that BPV is a vaccine candidate that stimulates both cellular and humoral immunity and demonstrate its safety profile in animal models. Full article

Background and Objectives: Contrast-enhanced mammography (CEM) provides both morphological and functional information and may reflect breast cancer biology similarly to Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Materials and Methods: This single-center retrospective study included 399 women with Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) category 0 screening mammograms who subsequently underwent CEM. A total of 76 malignant lesions (68 invasive cancers, 8 ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)) with complete imaging and pathology data were analyzed. Invasive cancers were classified into luminal A, luminal B, luminal B/Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2)-positive, HER2-enriched, and triple-negative, and grouped as luminal (Group 1) versus HER2-positive/triple-negative (Group 2). Results: Luminal subtypes predominated (47 of 68, 69%), while 21 of 68 (31%) were HER2-positive or triple-negative. Most cancers appeared as masses with spiculated margins and heterogeneous enhancement. Significant differences were observed in mass shape (p = 0.03) and internal enhancement (p = 0.01). Luminal tumors were more often irregular and spiculated with heterogeneous enhancement, whereas the HER2-positive/triple-negative tumors more frequently appeared round with rim or homogeneous enhancement. Deep learning-derived malignancy scores (iCAD ProFound AI^®) demonstrated good diagnostic performance (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.744, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.654–0.821, p < 0.001). The median AI score was significantly higher in malignant compared with benign lesions (70% [interquartile range (IQR) 47–93] vs. 38% [IQR 25–61]; Mann–Whitney U test, p < 0.001). Among malignant lesions, iCAD scores varied across molecular subtypes, with higher median values observed in Group 1 versus Group 2 (87% vs. 55%), although the difference was not statistically significant (Mann–Whitney U test, p = 0.35). Conclusions: CEM features mirrored subtype-specific phenotypes previously described with MRI, supporting its role as a practical tool for enhanced tumor characterization. Although certain imaging and AI-derived parameters differed descriptively across subtypes, no statistically significant differences were observed. As deep-learning models continue to evolve, the integration of AI-enhanced CEM into clinical workflows holds strong potential to improve lesion characterization and risk stratification in personalized breast cancer diagnostics. Full article

Objective: The objectives of this study were to characterize the clinical, hormonal, and extended biomarker profile of infertile men in a Moroccan context, based on a retrospective single-center study, and to assess the relevance of selected markers for initial andrological assessment. Methods: This descriptive, retrospective, single-center study included 1399 men consulting for infertility between January and December 2024 in a specialized center. Collected data encompassed lifestyle habits, medical history, semen parameters (WHO 2021 criteria), sperm DNA fragmentation (TUNEL assay), nuclear decondensation, and hormonal assays (FSH, testosterone, and inhibin B) available in a subset of 156, 56, and 26 patients (for FSH, testosterone, and inhibin B, respectively). Associations with oligozoospermia were explored using univariate logistic regression analysis. Results: The mean age was 39.0 ± 8.0 years; 57% presented with primary infertility, and 82.8% were active smokers. A sperm concentration <16 M/mL was observed in 31.6% of patients. Among the 156 patients analyzed, high FSH levels were observed in 24% of cases. As for inhibin B, among the 26 patients evaluated, a decrease in levels was observed in 38% of cases. Pathological DNA fragmentation was found in 9.6%. In univariate analysis, oligozoospermia was significantly associated with elevated FSH (OR = 7.25; 95% CI: 3.15–16.70), varicocele (OR = 1.81), and smoking (OR = 0.66). Conclusion: This is the first large-scale Moroccan study integrating advanced biomarkers into the assessment of male infertility. The observed associations between elevated FSH, sperm DNA fragmentation, and varicocele support the development of a simplified andrological triage strategy, particularly relevant in resource-limited settings. Full article

Background/Objectives: Conventional static magnetic resonance imaging may underestimate the severity of cervical cord compression by failing to account for positional changes in the spinal canal. Dynamic MRI (dMRI) captures cervical motion, allowing evaluation of cord compression under physiological loading. This systematic review aimed to synthesize evidence on how dMRI modifies the assessment of spinal canal narrowing and signal change, and how these findings correlate with impairment and postoperative outcomes in degenerative cervical myelopathy. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, and Embase databases according to PRISMA guidelines. Studies evaluating the role of dMRI (flexion–extension MRI) in diagnosing or predicting outcomes of cervical degenerative pathology were included. Data were extracted on imaging protocols, diagnostic findings, quantitative parameters, and clinical outcomes. Results: Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria. dMRI consistently revealed motion-dependent stenosis and intramedullary signal changes not visible on static imaging. Extension imaging frequently demonstrated disease progression, showing altered spinal cord area, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) reserve, and additional compression levels. Dynamic sequences enhanced sensitivity for pathological segment detection and improved correlation with clinical severity. Preoperative dMRI findings, particularly extension-related compression and T2 hyperintensity, predicted postoperative neurological recovery and influenced surgical planning in up to one third of cases. Conclusions: Dynamic MRI provides superior diagnostic sensitivity and prognostic information compared with static imaging by revealing motion-induced spinal cord compression and microstructural alterations. It should be considered when clinical findings exceed static MRI severity or when the symptomatic level is uncertain. Standardization of protocols and large prospective studies are needed to define evidence-based clinical indications. Full article

Background/Objectives: Unstable intertrochanteric femur fractures (IFFs) in geriatric patients are associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality due to poor bone quality, multiple comorbidities, and limited functional capacity. This study aimed to compare the clinical outcomes of cementless bipolar hemiarthroplasty (BHA) performed via a transtrochanteric approach and proximal femoral nailing (PFN) in elderly patients with unstable IFFs. Methods: This retrospective comparative study included 131 patients aged ≥70 years who underwent surgery for AO/OTA 31-A2 and 31-A3 unstable fractures between January 2021 and July 2025 were retrospectively reviewed. 64 patients received cementless BHA and 67 underwent PFN. Eligible patients were ambulatory prior to fracture (independently or with a cane/walker); patients with pathological fractures/malignancy, alternative procedures (cemented or posterolateral BHA, total hip arthroplasty, tumor prosthesis, or other osteosynthesis methods), incomplete records, or <6 months of follow-up were excluded. Demographics, perioperative variables, mechanical complications, revision requirement, time to mobilization, and 1- and 6-month mortality rates were analyzed. Primary outcomes were mortality and perioperative clinical parameters. Results: The two groups were comparable in age, sex, ASA scores, and fracture patterns. Intraoperative blood loss and transfusion requirements were significantly higher in the BHA group (both p < 0.001). Mobilization was observed earlier in patients treated with BHA (1 [1,2] vs. 3 [2,3] days; p < 0.001). Mechanical complications were more frequently observed after PFN, which was associated with a higher revision requirement (17.9% vs. 4.7%; p = 0.018). Operative time, hospital stay, and 1- and 6-month mortality rates showed no significant differences between the groups. Conclusions: In geriatric patients with unstable IFFs, cementless BHA performed via a transtrochanteric approach may be considered a viable surgical option with appropriate patient selection, taking into account its association with earlier mobilization and the observed mechanical complication profile. PFN offers advantages of reduced blood loss and lower transfusion needs. Surgical decision-making should be individualized based on fracture morphology, bone quality, and the patient’s overall medical condition. Given the heterogeneity of unstable fractures within the AO/OTA classification and the retrospective nature of the present study, larger, multicenter prospective investigations incorporating functional outcomes are warranted to further clarify optimal treatment strategies. Full article

Background/Objectives: Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a condition in which a fetus does not reach its normal growth potential and is associated with increased neonatal morbidity. Surveillance relies on cardiotocography, a biophysical ultrasound, and a Doppler assessment, but placental pathology remains insufficiently integrated into clinical evaluations. This study aimed to compare placentas from IUGR and normal pregnancies. Methods: This cohort included 34 pregnancies (16 IUGR, 18 controls) managed at Hunedoara County Hospital (Romania). The ultrasound and Doppler parameters were documented. The placentas were collected after delivery, fixed in formalin, and processed using standard histopathological protocols. The villous morphology and maternal vascular malperfusion features were assessed on H&E sections, focusing on syncytial knots, villous caliber reduction, stromal fibrosis, fibrin deposition, and infarctions. Immunohistochemistry for CD34, cytokeratin 7 (CK7), CD68, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and Hypoxian inducible factor 1 (HIF-1α)was performed using a semi-quantitative 0–3 scoring system. A statistical analysis was performed using chi-squared testing for categorical variables and t-tests for continuous variables. Results: The ultrasound evaluation showed an estimated fetal weight below the 10th percentile and abnormal Doppler indices in the IUGR group. The histopathology demonstrated a strong association between IUGR and villous abnormalities, including an increased number of syncytial knots, stromal fibrosis, a reduced villous caliber, and placental infarctions. The immunohistochemistry showed a marked overexpression of VEGF and HIF-1α and increased CD68-positive Hofbauer cells in IUGR placentas (p < 0.0001), while CD34 and CK7 displayed preserved strong staining in both groups. Conclusions: Placentas from IUGR pregnancies exhibited advanced maternal vascular malperfusion with consistent hypoxic and inflammatory changes, correlating with Doppler alterations. These findings highlight the diagnostic relevance of placental pathology in pregnancies with IUGR. Full article

Curcumin is widely used for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, but its poor oral bioavailability has driven the development of advanced formulations such as CAVACURMIN^®, a γ-cyclodextrin-based curcumin complex with enhanced absorption. Given recent regulatory scrutiny of high-bioavailability curcumin products, we evaluated the subacute oral safety of CAVACURMIN^® in Wistar rats. Animals received 2000 mg/kg/day (low dose) or 3500 mg/kg/day (high dose) for 28 days, with controls receiving vehicle or γ-cyclodextrin alone. No mortality or systemic toxicity occurred, except for one incidental death unrelated to treatment. Transient post-dosing signs (salivation, bedding displacement) were attributed to local sensory or irritant effects. Clinical chemistry showed modest, non-adverse variations—including decreased urea (up to −25% in males) and increased albumin (up to +9% in females)—that were not associated with pathological or clinical abnormalities. All other parameters, including body weight, food intake, haematology, organ weights (except for a small, non-adverse liver-weight increase in high-dose females), and gross pathology, were comparable to controls. These findings demonstrate that CAVACURMIN^® was well tolerated at doses up to 3500 mg/kg/day and provide a basis for subsequent OECD 408-compliant 90-day toxicity studies. Full article

Background: Ovarian cancer (OC) remains one of the most lethal gynecologic malignancies due to its often-late diagnosis and complex molecular heterogeneity. Understanding the metabolic alterations in OC can provide insights into its pathophysiology and potential therapeutic targets. This study aimed to explore serum metabolomic profiles and their correlation with clinical and pathological features in OC patients. Materials and Methods: Thirty serum samples were collected from patients diagnosed with ovarian tumors (OTs) (n = 24 malignant, n = 6 benign) and undergoing treatment at Careggi University Hospital. Additionally, 47 samples were obtained from age-matched healthy female donors. Serum samples underwent processing and analysis using an H-NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) platform to identify a panel of metabolites. Correlation analysis between the metabolomic data and clinical parameters was performed using R software (v.4.4.0). Results: Differential metabolomic profiling showed a significant upregulation of metabolites associated with the purine salvage pathway (i.e., hypoxanthine and inosine) and the ketone bodies axis (i.e., acetone, 3-hydroxybutyrate, and acetate) in samples from ovarian tumor (OT) patients compared to healthy donors. Within malignant OC samples, metabolomic profiles significantly correlated with BRCA1/2 mutation status (BRCA1/2-mutated vs. wild-type) and homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) status. Conclusions: The analysis revealed significant variation in specific metabolites such as betaine, creatinine, carnitine, glycerol, and mannose; notably, a downregulation of these metabolites was observed in HRD-positive patients. The study identifies significant metabolomic alterations in OC, implicating pathways such as purine salvage and ketone bodies. Intriguingly, consistent variation in specific metabolites across BRCA/HRD phenotypes underscores their potential as OC biomarkers. Further research is needed to validate these findings and explore their prognostic and therapeutic implications. Full article