Search Results (3,031)

This study proposes a methodology to identify deteriorated pipes in water distribution networks using prior system information and routine chlorine residual data. While bulk chlorine decay k_bulk can be measured in laboratories, wall decay k_wall depends on pipe material, diameter, and ageing, particularly in unlined metallic pipes. Empirical data were used to estimate k_wall, which was integrated into a Bayesian inference framework solved with Markov Chain Monte Carlo. Applied to an Italian network with synthetic chlorine data, this method demonstrated effectiveness across three test scenarios, exploiting the contrast between k_wall and k_bulk to detect deteriorated pipes within a computationally efficient environment. Full article

As critical conduits for pollutant enrichment and transformation, lake inlets govern the biogeochemical cycling of emerging contaminants. This study investigated the occurrence, spatiotemporal heterogeneity, and source–sink dynamics of 15 organophosphate esters (OPEs) in the major inflowing rivers of Poyang Lake, China. Using UPLC–MS/MS, positive matrix factorization (PMF), and risk quotient (RQ) modeling, we identified the mechanisms driving pollutant distribution across three hydrological periods. Alkyl-OPEs (58.19%) and chlorinated OPEs (40.42%) dominated the contaminant burden, with TCPP and TEP identified as the primary congeners. Concentrations exhibited a distinct seasonal gradient, with higher levels during the dry season and lower levels during the wet season, controlled by seasonal hydrological dilution versus evaporative and stagnant accumulation. PMF indicated that source contributions shifted with hydrology: intense wet-season precipitation flushed non-point sources from waste and electronic products (45.1%), while reduced dry-season flow concentrated mixed inputs from agricultural runoff and ship traffic (50.7%). Ecological risk assessment identified EHDPP, TCrP, and TCPP as high-risk contaminants (RQ ≥ 1.0), posing direct threats to aquatic population. These findings highlight the need for adaptive, season-specific management of emerging contaminants at the river–lake interface, specifically by implementing enhanced interception of surface runoff during the wet season and enforcing stringent regulations on localized shipping emissions during the dry season to protect freshwater ecosystems. Full article

Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a pervasive groundwater contaminant, yet the practical application of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) is often limited by particle aggregation, rapid surface oxidation, and inefficient utilization of reactive electrons. Here, we developed a support–sulfidation coupled design to improve TCE dechlorination by integrating ZIF-8-enabled contaminant enrichment and dispersion with sulfidation-enabled surface-state regulation. A ZIF-8-supported sulfidated nZVI composite (ZIF-8@S-nZVI) was synthesized and systematically compared with nZVI, S-nZVI, and ZIF-8@nZVI. Among the tested materials, ZIF-8@S-nZVI exhibited the fastest TCE removal, the highest ethylene formation, and the highest chloride release, indicating the most effective dechlorination performance rather than merely adsorption-driven apparent removal. The optimal Fe:ZIF-8 mass ratio was 6:1. The composite also maintained high dechlorination capability over 20–40 °C, pH 6–9, and initial TCE concentrations of 10–40 mg/L, although 20 °C, near-neutral pH, and lower pollutant loading were kinetically more favorable. Multiscale characterization by FT-IR, N₂ adsorption–desorption and BET, XRD, EDS, SEM, and XPS indicated that ZIF-8 mitigated particle aggregation and retained partial pore accessibility, whereas sulfidation was associated with a more persistent Fe(II)-rich surface state after reaction. Together, these coupled effects promoted local TCE enrichment and sustained interfacial transformation. This study provides mechanistic insight and practical guidance for the rational design of MOF-supported sulfidated iron materials for chlorinated-solvent-contaminated groundwater remediation. Full article

This study evaluates the pH-dependent ozonation of 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone to optimize sustainable oxidation strategies for water treatment. Experiments were conducted over a wide pH range under controlled temperature and ozone dosage. DCBQ was fully degraded within minutes following first-order kinetics, regardless of pH. Acidic to neutral systems experienced a progressive pH decrease due to the formation of oxygenated transformation products, whereas strongly alkaline conditions remained stable due to buffering effects. Aromaticity removal followed a second-order kinetic and increased with pH, reflecting enhanced aromatic ring cleavage under alkaline conditions. Color was rapidly eliminated for all tested pH values, while turbidity remained low at pH ≤ 10 but increased under extreme alkalinity due to colloidal aggregation. While previous studies have examined the influence of pH on ozone reaction pathways, its combined effect on ozonation performance and gas–liquid mass transfer remains largely unexplored. Dissolved ozone measurements enabled estimation of the gas–liquid mass transfer coefficient, which decreased linearly with increasing pH, revealing a direct coupling between pH-controlled ozone reactivity and transfer efficiency. Overall, pH 9–10 was identified as the optimal operational range, balancing effective aromaticity removal, ozone stability, and minimal turbidity, thus providing practical strategies for the treatment of chlorinated quinones in water. Full article

Here, we report a highly efficient and stable catalytic system based on monometallic oxides supported on HY zeolites for the catalytic oxidation of chlorobenzene (CB). Among the transition and rare-earth metal oxides screened, the 30Cu/HY catalyst demonstrates exceptional performance, achieving near 100% CB conversion at 300 °C (500 ppm CB, 10,000 h⁻¹) alongside outstanding 24 h continuous stability without deactivation. Quantitative Py-IR analysis reveals that this superior activity is fundamentally driven by extensive solid-state ion exchange, forming robust Lewis acid centers (Cu-Y structures) that synergize with zeolitic Brønsted acid sites to efficiently polarize and cleave C-Cl bonds. Through an integrated approach combining in situ DRIFTS, real-time mass spectrometry, TGA, and NLDFT pore size analysis, we elucidate that the exceptional deep-oxidation capability of Cu/HY continuously mineralizes carbonaceous intermediates. This property minimizes coke deposition (2.91 wt%) and preserves the hierarchical pore architecture, preventing the coverage of active sites and severe pore blockage by partially oxidized intermediates (such as phenolic, aldehydic, and quinonic species) and stable carbonate species responsible for the deactivation of other metal oxides. These insights provide a mechanistic framework for the rational design of robust, chlorine-resistant catalysts for the sustainable abatement of persistent organic pollutants. Full article

N-nitrosamine compounds, a disinfection byproduct of chlorination and chloramination in water and wastewater treatment processes, are classified as a probable human carcinogen. The current review focuses on analysing the feasibility of membrane technology while examining the challenges and opportunities in the elimination of N-nitrosamine compounds, particularly NDMA, from wastewater. To systematically attain this goal, this paper uses a systematic literature review that screens and critically assesses peer-reviewed experimental and numerical published papers on N-nitrosamine removal, occasioning in 37 high-quality papers for synthesis. In this regard, a detailed analysis of experimental and numerical studies elaborates that conventional RO membranes often introduce a specific low removal of NDMA from wastewater due to their low molecular weight and neutral charge, which addresses a critical issue. The critical analysis of the experimental and numerical studies depicts that the membrane type, structural properties, and chemical interaction have a key role in the removal of NDMA. To systematically improve the NDMA removal, a wide set of investigations have explored innovative treatment methods, including Nano pore plugging and hydrophilic coatings. This demonstrates potential for improving NDMA removal, albeit at the penalty of reduced water permeability. Additionally, the heat treatment of membranes has attained a notable improvement, ensuing in NDMA rejection of up to 92%. A multi-stage RO configuration model has depicted a maximum NDMA rejection of 93.1%. The future research should focus on investigating possible improvement of NDMA removal from wastewater such as Nano pore plugging and hydrophilic coatings, besides optimising RO configurations and membrane designs with a deeper understanding of membrane fouling. Full article

Volatile halogenated hydrocarbons (VHHs) are critical air toxic pollutants, with some ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) strictly regulated by the Montreal Protocol. However, current understanding of the pollution characteristics, sources, and health risks of atmospheric VHHs in Southwest China remains insufficient. This study performed field observations of atmospheric VHHs in summer in Mianyang, a medium-sized industrial city in the Sichuan Basin. Freon-12 (563 ± 20 ppt) and Freon-11 (264 ± 15 ppt) were the most abundant chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs); chloromethane (785 ± 261 ppt) and methylene chloride (563 ± 505 ppt) dominated among VSLSs. The mean concentration of regulated ODSs (1037 ± 33 pptv) was notably lower than unregulated very short-lived chlorinated substances (1887 ± 745 pptv), reflecting effective ODSs phase-out locally, yet enhancements relative to Northern Hemisphere background implied potential leakage from residual tanks. Methylene chloride and trichloroethylene concentrations exceeded global background levels by over 10 times, indicating strong anthropogenic industrial influences. Phased-out CFCs displayed negligible diurnal variation due to stringent emission controls, whereas unregulated VSLSs exhibited a distinct U-shaped diurnal cycle, with peaks driven by morning boundary layer dynamics and evening accumulation. Positive matrix factorization revealed that industrial sources, including electronic solvents (28.6%), industrial processes (27.8%), and solvent usage (23.7%), accounted for 80.1% of total VHHs. The total carcinogenic risk (2.3 × 10⁻⁵) surpassed the acceptable threshold (1 × 10⁻⁶), dominated by 1,2-dichloroethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and 1,2-dichloropropane. All individual compounds exhibited mean hazard quotients (HQs) below the non-carcinogenic risk threshold. The cumulative hazard index reached 1.5, suggesting combined non-carcinogenic risks to the local population. These results support VHHs health risk management and ODSs control in Southwest Chinese industrial cities. Full article

Molten salt chlorination is a key industrial route for producing titanium tetrachloride (TiCl₄), yet the atomistic catalytic role of iron (Fe) in the carbothermic chlorination of titanium oxides remains unclear. Here, the chlorination behavior of the NaCl–C–Cl₂–FeTiO₃ system was investigated by combining thermodynamic calculations with Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics (AIMD) and Deep Potential Molecular Dynamics (DPMD) simulations. AIMD results show that carbon adjacent to Fe exhibits enhanced reactivity, and that Fe-C synergistic electron transfer promotes both titanium oxide reduction and subsequent titanium chlorination. DPMD results further reveal that Fe not only accelerates these transformations, but also improves interfacial contact among carbon, titanium oxides, and molten salt, thereby enhancing mass transfer and shortening the formation time of TiCl₄. Temperature-dependent analysis indicates that Fe-C and C-O coordination numbers remain high near 1073 K, where TiCl₄ formation is efficient and relatively stable. Although increasing temperature can further enhance diffusion, its effect on reaction acceleration is limited, while excessively high temperatures weaken Fe-C interactions and reduce catalytic efficiency. These findings clarify the catalytic mechanism of Fe in molten salt chlorination at the atomic scale and provide theoretical support for process optimization. Full article

An on-site investigation was conducted to analyze the causes of excessive trihalomethane (THM) formation in Plant A and to mitigate the health risks associated with THM exposure in drinking water. Adjacent Plant B was used as a reference plant. Both water treatment plants used the same source water but employed different pre-oxidants. Systematic stage-specific sampling and analysis of historical monitoring data were conducted to identify the key contributing stage for THM formation. The investigation revealed that 85% of the trichloromethane in Plant A’s finished water originated from the sodium hypochlorite pre-oxidation step, identifying this stage as the key contributing stage. THM concentrations were generally higher at Plant A than at Plant B. A multi-pathway health risk assessment of THM in drinking water indicates that non-carcinogenic risks are negligible, but lifetime carcinogenic risks warrant attention. The findings demonstrate that pre-oxidant selection is a significant governing factor of finished water disinfection by-product (DBP) levels. Following these findings, Plant A implemented measures, including enhanced chlorination management, reduced pre-chlorination, and upgraded sedimentation and V-shaped filters, which substantially reduced chlorinated DBPs in the finished water. Full article

Chlorine (Cl) and sulfur (S) are two crucial mineralizing agents in silicate melts, and are closely related to the genesis of metallic mineral deposits. Magmatic ore deposits usually form in mafic–ultramafic silicate melts by the separation (liquation) of a cooling, sulfur-rich magma into two immiscible liquids. It is not easy to identify the complexation between gold (Au), cooper (Cu) and Cl, S using the current experiment methods, and the coordination of Au and Cu with Cl and S is still unclear in mafic–ultramafic silicate melts. In this study, by using first-principles molecular dynamics technique, we investigated the structure of Au, Cu, Cl and S in the (a) anhydrous and (b) hydrous peridotite melt to reveal their coordination geochemistry. Our results show that Si⁴⁺–Cl⁻, Cu⁺–O²⁻, Au⁺–O²⁻, Cu⁺–Cl⁻, Au⁺–Cl⁻, Au⁺–S²⁻, and Cu⁺–S²⁻ cannot form stable ion pairs in silicate melts; therefore, Au⁺ and Cu⁺ cannot form stable complexes with S²⁻, O²⁻ or Cl⁻ in the melts. But the diffusion coefficients of Au⁺, Cu⁺, S²⁻ and Cl⁻, their RDF values and the bonding time ratio of the silicate melt systems show that, although they cannot form stable complexes, within the range of effective chemical bond lengths, they have a high probability of approaching and interacting with each other, which enables them to form crystal embryos or liquid-phase molecules during magma evolution. Full article

The efficient capture of chlorinated volatile organic compounds (Cl-VOCs) represents a significant challenge in environmental protection and sustainable chemical engineering. In this study, a functional deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of tetrabutylphosphonium bromide ([P₄₄₄₄][Br]) and levulinic acid (LEV) at a 1:2 molar ratio was prepared, and its absorption performance toward two typical Cl-VOCs, namely dichloromethane (DCM) and chloroform (TCM), was evaluated using this DES as a recyclable absorbent. Based on COSMO-SAC model predictions and experimental validation, the [P₄₄₄₄][Br]–LEV (1:2) system was identified as the preferred candidate. Under mild conditions (10 °C, N₂ flow rate of 100 mL/min), the saturated absorption capacities of this DES reached 1521.71 mg/g and 1620.30 mg/g for DCM and TCM, respectively. The absorbent exhibited favorable regeneration stability over five consecutive absorption–desorption cycles, retaining over 90% of its initial absorption efficiency. Mechanistic studies, including proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) , DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry), TGA (Thermogravimetric Analysis) and quantum chemical calculations , including electrostatic potential (ESP), independent gradient model (IGM), and reduced density gradient (RDG), demonstrated that the absorption process was dominated by physical interactions such as hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces, with no chemical reactions involved. At the laboratory scale, this DES system showed excellent Cl-VOCs absorption performance, providing a useful reference for the rational design of high-efficiency VOC absorbents. Full article

This paper studies a two-stage oxygen-alkaline treatment and subsequent bleaching of softwood sulfate pulp obtained from healthy and deadwood of spruce and larch. Delignification was carried out at elevated temperature and pressure in an alkaline medium with the addition of hydrogen peroxide, after which the pulp was subjected to classic ECF cycles with chlorine dioxide, hydrogen peroxide and, if necessary, elemental chlorine. The selected and washed mass was ground to a specified degree of grinding and formed into laboratory sheets of standard density on a sheet-forming apparatus. The results showed that oxygen-alkaline pretreatment significantly reduces the residual lignin content, and subsequent bleaching cycles make it possible to obtain high-brightness pulp with minimal losses of cellulose and viscosity. The structural, morphological and mechanical characteristics of the obtained samples were studied. After a full bleaching cycle, the fibers become slightly shorter and thinner, their surface is leveled, the proportion of small fractions decreases, and the homogeneity of the structure improves. The resulting cellulose samples demonstrate mechanical characteristics that meet industrial requirements for high-quality printing and thin-layer paper grades. Full article

Introduction: Healthcare-associated infections are a significant public health challenge, particularly in resource-limited settings. While hand hygiene is critical for infection prevention, contaminated water from hand hygiene stations (HHSs) in healthcare facilities (HCFs) may undermine infection control efforts. Chlorination can reduce microbial contamination in HHSs, ensuring that water intended for hygiene does not become an infection source. Methods: Water quality was monitored before and after the installation of on-site chlorine dispensers (CDs) in water tanks and HHSs of HCFs in Quetzaltenango, Guatemala, to evaluate their effectiveness in improving water quality. Focus groups were conducted to develop action plan proposals to ensure the intervention’s sustainability. Results: Before the intervention, 75% of HHS water samples tested positive for total coliforms, with 50% testing positive for presumptive extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing total coliforms, while 20% were E. coli-positive, with 50% presumptive ESBL-producing E. coli. After installing CD, 1% of samples were coliform-positive over a six-month period. Focus groups identified resource limitations and political barriers and proposed solutions such as developing operational manuals, strengthening inter-institutional relationships, and forming alliances with external organizations. Conclusion: Localized chlorination was successfully implemented using a community participatory approach to improve water quality in resource-limited HCFs. These findings have important implications for infection prevention and control. Full article

Background/Objectives: Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Enterobacter spp. are critical pathogens within the ESKAPE group, frequently exhibiting resistance to carbapenems. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) represents a promising non-antibiotic strategy to circumvent these resistance mechanisms. This scoping review aims to map the current evidence regarding the efficacy of aPDT in inactivating Enterobacter spp., identifying the most effective photosensitizers (PS), light parameters, and existing research gaps. Methods: A systematic search was performed across PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar (2013–2025) following PRISMA-ScR guidelines and registered on OSF. Studies were included if they evaluated aPDT against Enterobacter spp. (in vitro or in vivo) and provided quantitative data on microbial reduction. Data was extracted using a standardized charting form covering bacterial strains, PS type, light source, and viability reduction. The results from the eligible sources of evidence were synthesized narratively to address the review objectives. Results: Despite the clinical priority of Enterobacter, only seven studies met the eligibility criteria. Methylene Blue remains the most frequently studied PS, achieving reductions of 3–8 log₁₀. Emerging evidence highlights the synergistic efficacy of monocationic chlorins and graphene-based nanomaterials in enhancing the bactericidal effect of light-based treatments. Notably, aPDT demonstrated the ability to inactivate carbapenemases, the bacterial enzymes responsible for carbapenem resistance. However, only two studies evaluated in vivo applications, primarily within dental settings. Conclusions: aPDT is a promising method against MDR Enterobacter spp. and bypasses traditional resistance mechanisms. However, the limited number of studies indicates a significant knowledge gap. Future research should focus on standardized in vivo protocols and the synergy between aPDT and conventional antibiotics to support clinical translation. Full article

This study investigated the bactericidal effect and examined the associated cellular damage of low temperature plasma (LTP) combined with slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) against Listeria monocytogenes. Single-factor experiments were conducted to assess the bactericidal efficacy under individual treatment conditions, followed by the evaluation of three different combination sequences. An orthogonal experimental design was performed to optimize the key parameters, and the optimal treatment conditions were determined as LTP at 45 W with an electrode spacing of 1 mm for 2 min, combined with SAEW at an available chlorine concentration (ACC) of 30 mg/L. Under these conditions, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) with SYTO 9/PI staining confirmed that the combined treatment caused cell death, as indicated by loss of membrane integrity in treated cells. A resuscitation assay further ruled out the viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state, as no bacterial growth was detected after 48 h of enrichment. The leakage of intracellular proteins and nucleic acids was measured using the Coomassie Brilliant Blue method combined with a microplate reader, and changes in cellular morphology were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results demonstrated that SAEW+LTP treatment exerted a distinct effect, significantly disrupting bacterial cell membrane integrity, inducing the leakage of intracellular contents, and causing obvious morphological damage to the bacterial cells. In conclusion, the combined treatment of LTP and SAEW significantly improved the bactericidal efficiency against L. monocytogenes, which may be due to the combined disruptive effects on membrane integrity and subsequent structural and functional damage to the cells. Future investigations are needed to unravel the precise mechanisms, establish the efficacy against a wider panel of strains, and explore the potential for practical application in food matrices. Full article