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Search Results (281)

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Keywords = callus growth

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15 pages, 6009 KiB  
Article
Establishment of an In Vitro Regeneration System and Analysis of Endogenous Hormone Dynamics in Melastoma dodecandrum
by Shunshun Wang, Ruonan Tang, Fei Wang, Yun Pan, Yanru Duan, Luyu Xue, Danqi Zeng, Jinliao Chen and Donghui Peng
Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 875; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080875 - 25 Jul 2025
Viewed by 252
Abstract
Melastoma dodecandrum is primarily propagated through stem cuttings, which limits genetic variation and constrains breeding efforts. To overcome this limitation and facilitate molecular breeding, the establishment of a reliable and efficient regeneration system is essential. This study investigated the effects of plant growth [...] Read more.
Melastoma dodecandrum is primarily propagated through stem cuttings, which limits genetic variation and constrains breeding efforts. To overcome this limitation and facilitate molecular breeding, the establishment of a reliable and efficient regeneration system is essential. This study investigated the effects of plant growth regulators (PGRs) and culture media on the in vitro regeneration system of M. dodecandrum. The highest rate of callus induction (96.67%) was achieved when sterile leaf explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium supplemented with 2.00 mg·L−1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 0.50 mg·L−1 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA). For callus differentiation, the optimal formulation of MS + 2.0 mg·L−1 6-BA + 0.5 mg·L−1 naphthylacetic acid (NAA) resulted in a differentiation frequency of 83.33%. The optimal PGR combinations for shoot proliferation were 1.5 mg·L−1 6-BA + 0.1 mg·L−1 NAA and 0.5 mg·L−1 6-BA + 0.2 mg·L−1 NAA. The optimal rooting media were MS medium supplemented with 0.1, 0.2, or 0.5 mg·L−1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) or 1/2MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg·L−1 IBA. Additionally, this study investigated the dynamic changes in endogenous hormones during the regeneration process. The levels and ratios of hormones, including gibberellin (GA3), abscisic acid (ABA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and zeatin (ZT), collectively regulated the regeneration process. Elevated levels of ABA and GA3 may promote callus initiation as well as the growth and development of adventitious roots during the early induction stage. Reduced levels of ABA and IAA favored callus differentiation into shoots, whereas elevated GA3 levels facilitated proliferation of adventitious shoots. Throughout the regeneration process, fluctuations in ZT levels remained relatively stable. This study successfully established an in vitro regeneration system for M. dodecandrum using leaf explants, providing theoretical guidance and technical support for further molecular breeding efforts, genetic transformation, and industrial development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Propagation and Seeds)
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24 pages, 2749 KiB  
Article
Can In Vitro Cell Cultures of Eryngium planum, Lychnis flos-cuculi, and Kickxia elatine Be an Alternative Source of Plant Biomass with Biological Antimicrobial and Anti-Acanthamoeba Activities?
by Anastasia Aliesa Hermosaningtyas, Anna Budzianowska, Dariusz Kruszka, Monika Derda, Jolanta Długaszewska and Małgorzata Kikowska
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(15), 8292; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15158292 - 25 Jul 2025
Viewed by 223
Abstract
The sustainable production of plant bioactive compounds is increasingly important as natural habitats decline. This study investigates whether in vitro cell cultures of Eryngium planum, Lychnis flos-cuculi, and Kickxia elatine can serve as alternative sources of biologically active biomass with antimicrobial [...] Read more.
The sustainable production of plant bioactive compounds is increasingly important as natural habitats decline. This study investigates whether in vitro cell cultures of Eryngium planum, Lychnis flos-cuculi, and Kickxia elatine can serve as alternative sources of biologically active biomass with antimicrobial and anti-Acanthamoeba properties. Callus cultures were established under optimized and controlled conditions, and metabolomic profiling was completed using UPLC-HRMS/MS. In silico analysis, using a molecular docking approach, was applied to understand the interaction between target compounds and Acanthamoeba profilin and identify possible targets for antimicrobial properties. Untargeted metabolomic analysis confirmed the presence of valuable compounds in the callus cultures of the studied species. Biological activity was assessed through anti-Acanthamoeba and antimicrobial assays. Lychnis flos-cuculi and Kickxia elatine callus extracts showed significant inhibitory effects on Acanthamoeba trophozoites, with 87.5% and 80.1% inhibition at 10 mg/mL, respectively. In contrast, E. planum extract stimulated amoebic growth. The anti-Acanthamoeba activity correlated with the presence of ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid in L. flos-cuculi extract, and acteoside in K. elatine extract. Antibacterial testing revealed moderate activity of E. planum and K. elatine extracts against Staphylococcus spp., while Gram-negative bacteria and fungi were largely resistant. These findings highlight the potential of in vitro cultures—particularly those from L. flos-cuculi and K. elatine—as promising, sustainable sources of anti-Acanthamoeba and antimicrobial agents, warranting further investigation into their pharmacologically active constituents. Full article
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14 pages, 1157 KiB  
Article
Phenolic Exudation Control and Indirect Somatic Embryogenesis of Garlic-Fruit Tree (Malania oleifera Chun & S.K. Lee)—An Endangered Woody Tree Species of Southeastern Yunnan Province, China
by Rengasamy Anbazhakan, Xin-Meng Zhu, Neng-Qi Li, Brihaspati Poudel and Jiang-Yun Gao
Plants 2025, 14(14), 2186; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14142186 - 15 Jul 2025
Viewed by 322
Abstract
Malania oleifera Chun & S.K. Lee, an endemic monotypic species that belongs to the family Olacaceae, is under continuous pressure of decline owing to several ecological and physiological factors. The present study aimed to establish an efficient in vitro protocol for callus-mediated indirect [...] Read more.
Malania oleifera Chun & S.K. Lee, an endemic monotypic species that belongs to the family Olacaceae, is under continuous pressure of decline owing to several ecological and physiological factors. The present study aimed to establish an efficient in vitro protocol for callus-mediated indirect somatic embryogenesis in M. oleifera by alleviating tissue browning. Internodes and leaves obtained from seedlings were used as explants. Antioxidant pre-treatment (ascorbic acid, AA) followed by different carbon sources (sucrose, maltose, glucose, and fructose) and plant growth regulators in various concentrations and combinations were employed in Woody Plant Medium (WPM) to alleviate explant browning and induce callus formation from the explants. AA pre-treatment and subsequent culture on maltose at a concentration of 116.8 mM were optimal for controlling phenolic exudation on >90% of both explants. The highest responses of 53.77% and 57.43% for embryogenic calli were induced from internode and leaf explants, respectively. The highest responses, 85.22% and 93.80%, were observed for somatic embryos that matured into the globular, heart-shaped and torpedo stages at different percentages on NAA 2.5 mg/L in combination with BA 1.0 mg/L for both explants. The matured somatic embryos were finally germinated at a maximum concentration of GA3, 2.0 mg/L. All plantlets were successfully hardened and acclimatized under culture room conditions and then transferred to the greenhouse. The current study suggests an efficient protocol for indirect somatic embryogenesis by alleviating phenolic exudation from the explants of M. oleifera. This first successful report of in vitro culture establishment in M. oleifera may offer an effective alternative measure to conserve this species and provide a system for analyzing bioactive chemicals and for use in the oil industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemistry)
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12 pages, 692 KiB  
Review
Current Progress on Passiflora caerulea L. In Vitro Culturing
by Pervin Halkoglu-Hristova, Alexandra Garmidolova, Teodora Yaneva and Vasil Georgiev
Sci 2025, 7(3), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci7030090 - 1 Jul 2025
Viewed by 343
Abstract
Passiflora caerulea L., commonly known as the blue passionflower, is traditionally grown as an ornamental plant, but has a diverse chemical composition resulting in a wide range of biological activities that determine its pharmacological properties and use in medicine. Traditional propagation methods, including [...] Read more.
Passiflora caerulea L., commonly known as the blue passionflower, is traditionally grown as an ornamental plant, but has a diverse chemical composition resulting in a wide range of biological activities that determine its pharmacological properties and use in medicine. Traditional propagation methods, including seed germination and vegetative cuttings, are often inefficient due to low germination rates, susceptibility to pathogens, and slow growth. In particular, P. caerulea presents significant challenges in germination due to its slow development. In this context, in vitro cultivation is used to enable rapid, large-scale plant production while maintaining genetic fidelity. The study of Passiflora tissue cultures began in 1966 and has since attracted increasing attention from researchers around the world. However, despite growing interest, studies specifically focused on the in vitro propagation of P. caerulea remain limited. This review aims to summarize existing knowledge on the main techniques used for in vitro culturing and propagation of P. caerulea, including organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis, and callogenesis. Particular attention is paid to the key factors that influence the initiation, growth, and regeneration of cultures, including the type of explant, the composition of the media, and the environmental conditions. Advances in the in vitro cultivation of P. caerulea have greatly improved the understanding and propagation of this species. Although in vitro cultivation offers several advantages, it is crucial to conduct thorough research on the selection of explants, their age, and the appropriate culture media to ensure optimal growth and development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biology Research and Life Sciences)
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25 pages, 7791 KiB  
Article
Argan Callus Extract Restores Skin Cells via AMPK-Dependent Regulation of Energy Metabolism, Autophagy, and Inflammatory Pathways
by Ramona Hartinger, Felix Quirin Fenzl, Vanessa Martina Nalewaja and Karima Djabali
Antioxidants 2025, 14(7), 804; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14070804 - 28 Jun 2025
Viewed by 675
Abstract
Skin aging is driven by cellular senescence, oxidative stress, and diminished regenerative capacity. In this study, we investigated the effects of PhytoCellTec™ Argan, an argan callus extract (PC), on primary human fibroblasts and adult stem cells. PC treatment (0.1% and 0.5%) significantly enhanced [...] Read more.
Skin aging is driven by cellular senescence, oxidative stress, and diminished regenerative capacity. In this study, we investigated the effects of PhytoCellTec™ Argan, an argan callus extract (PC), on primary human fibroblasts and adult stem cells. PC treatment (0.1% and 0.5%) significantly enhanced fibroblast proliferation, reduced senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity, and decreased the expression of p16, p21, and phosphorylated NFκB. PC treatment lowered intracellular ROS levels, increased ATP production, and promoted autophagy via LC3B-II accumulation and p62 reduction. In skin-derived precursor cells (SKPs), as well as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), PC treatment improved spheroid formation and growth while preserving the expression of key stemness markers, including Sox2, Oct4, and Nestin. Furthermore, PC exhibited antioxidant capacity (TEAC assay) and inhibited elastase, supporting its anti-aging potential. These findings suggest that PC is safe at concentrations below 1% and may serve as an effective natural compound to restore cellular homeostasis, reduce senescence and inflammation, and support stem cell health during aging. Full article
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14 pages, 1948 KiB  
Article
MdGRF22, a 14-3-3 Family Gene in Apple, Negatively Regulates Drought Tolerance via Modulation of Antioxidant Activity and Interaction with MdSK
by Jiaxuan Ren, Hong Wang, Mingxin Zhao, Guoping Liang, Shixiong Lu and Juan Mao
Plants 2025, 14(13), 1968; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14131968 - 27 Jun 2025
Viewed by 431
Abstract
The 14-3-3 proteins play crucial roles in regulating plant growth, development, signal transduction and abiotic stress responses. However, there exists a scarcity of research on the role of 14-3-3 proteins in responding to abiotic stress in apples. In this study, we isolated the [...] Read more.
The 14-3-3 proteins play crucial roles in regulating plant growth, development, signal transduction and abiotic stress responses. However, there exists a scarcity of research on the role of 14-3-3 proteins in responding to abiotic stress in apples. In this study, we isolated the MdGRF22 gene from the apple 14-3-3 family. Through the screening of interacting proteins and genetic transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana and apple callus tissues, the function of the MdGRF22 gene under drought stress was verified. The coding sequence (CDS) of MdGRF22 consists of 786 bp and encodes for 261 amino acids. Through sequence alignment, the conserved 14-3-3 domain was identified in MdGRF22 and its homologous genes, which also share similar gene structures and conserved motifs. Subcellular localization revealed that the MdGRF22 protein was predominantly located in the cytoplasm and cell membrane. The yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) analysis demonstrated a possible interaction between MdGRF22 and MdSK. In addition, MdGRF22 transgenic plants generally exhibited lower superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities, higher malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and relative electrolyte leakage under drought conditions compared with wild-type (WT) plants. Our study suggests that MdGRF22 may reduce the drought resistance of transgenic A. thaliana and callus tissues by interacting with MdSK. This study provides a theoretical basis for further exploring the function of 14-3-3 family genes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics, Genomics and Biotechnology)
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14 pages, 2221 KiB  
Article
Overexpression of Peony PoWOX1 Promotes Callus Induction and Root Development in Arabidopsis thaliana
by Xue Zhang, Tao Hu, Yanting Chang, Mengsi Xia, Yanjun Ma, Yayun Deng, Zehui Jiang and Wenbo Zhang
Plants 2025, 14(12), 1857; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14121857 - 17 Jun 2025
Viewed by 549
Abstract
Plant-specific WUSCHEL (WUS)-related homeobox (WOX) family of transcription factors are involved in apical meristem maintenance, embryogenesis, lateral organ development, and hormone signaling. Among the members of this family, WOX1 is known to play essential roles in many species. However, the function of the [...] Read more.
Plant-specific WUSCHEL (WUS)-related homeobox (WOX) family of transcription factors are involved in apical meristem maintenance, embryogenesis, lateral organ development, and hormone signaling. Among the members of this family, WOX1 is known to play essential roles in many species. However, the function of the peony ‘Feng Dan’ (Paeonia ostii L.) WOX1 (PoWOX1) remains unknown. The initial bioinformatic analysis revealed that PoWOX1 belongs to the modern clade of the WOX gene family and has a highly conserved homeodomain (HD), the WUS motif, the STF-box, and the MAEWEST/WOX4-box. Subsequent heterologous overexpression in Arabidopsis thaliana revealed that PoWOX1 promotes root growth, early shoot initiation, and flowering. The root vascular tissues, especially the arrangement and size of xylem cells, were different between the PoWOX1-overexpressing transgenics and the wild-type plants, and the pericycle cells adjacent to the xylem divided more easily in the transgenics than in the wild type. Furthermore, under in vitro conditions, the transgenic leaf explants exhibited more callus induction and differentiation than the wild-type leaf explants. Thus, the study’s findings provide novel insights into the role of PoWOX1 in promoting root development and callus tissue induction and differentiation, serving as a reference for developing an efficient regeneration system for the peony. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Mediators in Plant Development and Stress Response)
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17 pages, 13788 KiB  
Article
In Vitro Plant Regeneration and Bioactive Metabolite Production of Endangered Medicinal Plant Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC
by Chengcai Zhang, Xiaoyu Dai, Qi Li, Yang Ge, Chuanzhi Kang, Dehua Wu, Jiahui Sun, Yiheng Wang, Zekun Zhang and Sheng Wang
Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 691; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060691 - 16 Jun 2025
Viewed by 895
Abstract
The rhizome of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. is a traditional Chinese medicine used extensively owing to its antimicrobial properties. It is utilized to treat nyctalopia and problems related to the gastrointestinal tract. However, its yield is limited because of its endangered status, long [...] Read more.
The rhizome of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. is a traditional Chinese medicine used extensively owing to its antimicrobial properties. It is utilized to treat nyctalopia and problems related to the gastrointestinal tract. However, its yield is limited because of its endangered status, long growth period, and restricted reproductive ability. Ancillary approaches have not been established to ensure sustainable resource utilization by applying efficient plant regeneration technologies and producing bioactive metabolites via genome editing. This study reports the effects of explants, hormones, and culture conditions on embryogenic callus induction, plant regeneration, adventitious and hairy root cultivation, and essential oil production. Embryogenic calli were successfully induced in MS and 2.0 mg/L 2,4-D and 1.0 mg/L NAA and 1/2MS medium supplemented with 4.0 mg/L 6-BA and 0.4 mg/L NAA, which were optimal for callus differentiation. Maximum proliferation (12-fold) of cluster buds was observed with a select combination of hormones [NAA (0.2 mg/L) and 6-BA (2.0 mg/L)]. “Efficient plant regeneration and bioactive metabolite production” can provide technical support for the protection and sustainable utilization of A. lancea germplasm resources in terms of resource preservation and new variety breeding, natural product production, and industrial breeding of medicinal plants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tissue Culture and Micropropagation Techniques of Horticultural Crops)
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18 pages, 2243 KiB  
Article
Optimizing LED Light Intensity and Photoperiod to Promote Growth and Rooting of Medicinal Cannabis in Photoautotrophic Micropropagation
by Juwen Liang, Fang Ji, Qing Zhou and Dongxian He
Biology 2025, 14(6), 706; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14060706 - 16 Jun 2025
Viewed by 562
Abstract
Conventional micropropagation of cannabis struggles with excessive callus hyperhydration, slow growth, low rooting efficiency, and high contamination risk, all of which greatly restrict its feasibility for large-scale propagation. In contrast, photoautotrophic micropropagation (PAM) has emerged as an efficient and cost-effective propagation strategy that [...] Read more.
Conventional micropropagation of cannabis struggles with excessive callus hyperhydration, slow growth, low rooting efficiency, and high contamination risk, all of which greatly restrict its feasibility for large-scale propagation. In contrast, photoautotrophic micropropagation (PAM) has emerged as an efficient and cost-effective propagation strategy that can significantly enhance plantlet growth and improve seedling quality by optimizing the LED lighting environment. This study investigated the effects of four light intensities (50, 100, 150, and 200 µmol m−2 s−1) and three photoperiods (16, 20, and 24 h d−1) on the growth and rooting of two medicinal cannabis cultivars (the short-day cultivar ‘Charlotte’ and the day-neutral cultivar ‘Auto Charlotte’). Cluster analysis revealed that plantlets grown under the photoperiod of 20 h d−1 and light intensity of 100–150 µmol m−2 s−1 exhibited optimal growth performance in terms of plant height, root length, leaf number, leaf area, biomass, and root activity. Moreover, increasing the light intensity from 50 to 100–150 µmol m−2 s−1 significantly enhanced net CO2 exchange rates by 41.5% and 204.9% for Charlotte and Auto Charlotte, respectively, along with corresponding increases in dry matter accumulation of 44.3% and 27.9%. However, the plantlets exhibited photooxidative damage under continuous lighting and light intensity of 200 µmol m−2 s−1, as evidenced by reduced photosynthetic pigment content and suppressed antioxidant enzyme activity. Therefore, PAM of medicinal cannabis is recommended under the LED lighting environment with light intensity of 100–150 µmol m−2 s−1 and photoperiod of 20 h d−1 to achieve optimal growth and rooting. These findings provide essential technical support for the large-scale propagation of vigorous, disease-free female plantlets with well-developed root systems and high genetic uniformity, thereby meeting the stringent quality standards for planting materials in the commercial cultivation of cannabis for medical and pharmaceutical use. Full article
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23 pages, 1422 KiB  
Article
Differential Bio-Elicitor Effects on Bioactive Compound Production in Cichorium intybus Root Callus Cultures
by Ahmed A. Elateeq, Mostafa M. Zarad, Ahmed M. M. Gabr, Hanan S. Ebrahim, Shakir Ullah, Sam M. Elhamamsy, Ramy S. Nada, Zakaria H. Saad, Mahmoud N. A. Soliman, Hend A. El-khawaga, Woroud S. Alshammari, Wesal S. Tanko and Hebat-Allah A. Hussein
Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 678; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060678 - 13 Jun 2025
Viewed by 554
Abstract
Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) roots are valued in medicine for their potential health benefits. Producing callus from chicory roots through tissue culture technology can streamline bioactive metabolites production and ensure a sustainable supply chain. The current study explored the impact of plant [...] Read more.
Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) roots are valued in medicine for their potential health benefits. Producing callus from chicory roots through tissue culture technology can streamline bioactive metabolites production and ensure a sustainable supply chain. The current study explored the impact of plant growth regulators (PGRs) and light conditions on the characteristics of callus induced from C. intybus root explants. The effect of fungal elicitors [yeast extract (YE), Fusarium oxysporum, and Aspergillus niger] on bioactive metabolite production from root-derived callus was investigated. Callus color varied notably between a 16/8 h light/dark cycle and complete dark, with differences in texture based on PGR concentrations and light conditions. High weights of callus formed were generally recorded under the 16/8 h light/dark cycle. Low concentrations of YE (1 g/L) and F. oxysporum (0.25 g/L) enhanced callus biomass fresh weight, while high concentrations of A. niger (1 g/L) improved callus dry matter significantly. The content and productivity of total phenolic were maximized at 1 g/L of YE and 1 g/L of F. oxysporum. Callus cultures elicited with a higher level of A. niger recorded the higher values of total flavonoid production. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed significant variations in chlorogenic acid, catechin, and caffeic acid levels among the different elicited cultures. A. niger at 1 g/L notably increased chlorogenic acid content, while catechin levels were enhanced by specific concentrations of YE. Catalase (CAT) activity was significantly affected by different elicitors, while only the higher level of F. oxysporum and A. niger showed a significant increase in peroxidase (POD) activity. DPPH scavenging activity was elevated by all fungal elicitors. Principal Component Analysis delineated distinct variations in callus traits in response to different elicitors, with specific treatments showcasing enhanced biomass production, bioactive compound accumulation, and antioxidant activities. Through meticulous experimentation, this study paves the way for enhancing chicory root-derived products, ensuring sustainable production and potent bioactivity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Propagation and Seeds)
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21 pages, 5853 KiB  
Article
Regeneration Capability Comparison of Leaves Between Nodal Cuttings from Young Stems and Suckers and Its Histological Analysis in Triadica sebifera
by Yuan Chen, Yumei Xie, Keyuan Zheng, Yanru Fan, Huijing Zhou and Mulan Zhu
Forests 2025, 16(6), 992; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16060992 - 12 Jun 2025
Viewed by 366
Abstract
Triadica sebifera, an economically and medicinally valuable tree species native to China, was investigated for its in vitro regeneration potential using leaf explants from nodal cuttings of young stems and sprouts. This study evaluated the effects of basal media, plant growth regulators [...] Read more.
Triadica sebifera, an economically and medicinally valuable tree species native to China, was investigated for its in vitro regeneration potential using leaf explants from nodal cuttings of young stems and sprouts. This study evaluated the effects of basal media, plant growth regulators (PGRs), explant sources, and incision methods on adventitious shoot induction, supplemented by histological analysis. The highest shoot regeneration frequency (98.89%) and maximum shoot number (72) were achieved via direct organogenesis using sucker-derived nodal cuttings cultured on MS medium with 2 mg/L 6- benzyladenine (6-BA), 0.3 mg/L kinetin (KT), and 0.2 mg/L α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Under identical conditions, branch-derived explants showed lower regeneration (84.44%, 64 shoots). Transverse midvein incision proved most effective, with sucker-derived leaves exhibiting superior regeneration. Shoots elongated completely (100%) on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 0.3 mg/L 6-BA, 0.03 mg/L NAA, and activated charcoal. Rooting was optimal on MS medium with 0.3 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), yielding a 98% acclimatization survival rate. Histological analysis revealed de novo meristem formation from parenchyma cells, confirming direct organogenesis without callus intermediation, further validating the enhanced regenerative capacity of sprout-derived explants. This efficient in vitro regeneration system provides a foundation for large-scale propagation and germplasm conservation of T. sebifera, while offering insights for woody plant regeneration studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Forest Ecophysiology and Biology)
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20 pages, 4211 KiB  
Article
Interactions Between the Transcription Factor BOL/DRNL/ESR2 and the Jasmonate Pathway
by Beatriz E. Ruiz-Cortés, Yolanda Durán-Medina, C. Cecilia Ramos-Tamayo, Herenia Guerrero-Largo, Ma. Isabel Cristina Elizarraraz-Anaya, Omar Fabián Hernández-Zepeda, Enrique Ramírez-Chávez, Michiel Lammers, Ruud A. de Maagd, Jorge Molina-Torres, Stefan de Folter and Nayelli Marsch-Martínez
Plants 2025, 14(12), 1757; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14121757 - 8 Jun 2025
Viewed by 3042
Abstract
BOL/DRNL/ESR2, an AP2/ERF transcription factor, regulates early organ development in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Its loss of function causes flower organ defects, while its overexpression induces green callus formation in roots without the addition of hormones. Jasmonates, plant hormones known as major [...] Read more.
BOL/DRNL/ESR2, an AP2/ERF transcription factor, regulates early organ development in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Its loss of function causes flower organ defects, while its overexpression induces green callus formation in roots without the addition of hormones. Jasmonates, plant hormones known as major players in stress responses, also regulate some aspects of organ development (e.g., stamen development and plant and organ growth). Here, we studied the interaction between BOL and the JA pathway. We found that exogenous application of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) partially rescued the stamen phenotypes in bol-cr mutants, linking BOL and JA-mediated stamen development. Moreover, MeJA treatments in wild-type plants partially mimicked some bol-D mutant phenotypes like reduced rosette and root size, while JA inhibition restored wild-type leaf curvature, suggesting an alteration in JA homeostasis in the gain-of-function mutant. BOL overexpression caused increased JA levels, whereas bol loss-of-function plants had reduced levels. Furthermore, inducible BOL activity led to downregulation of a JA-responsive marker. Finally, JA biosynthesis inhibition affected BOL-induced root callus formation and led to an expansion of the BOL expression domain in roots. Our findings indicate that BOL modulates parts of the JA pathway and that feedback from the JA pathway appears to affect expression of the transcription factor. Full article
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20 pages, 1982 KiB  
Article
Biotechnology Production of Cell Biomass from the Endangered Kickxia elatine (L.) Dumort: Its Untargeted Metabolomic Analysis and Cytotoxic Potential Against Melanoma Cells
by Anastasia Aliesa Hermosaningtyas, Ewa Totoń, Anna Budzianowska, Natalia Lisiak, Aleksandra Romaniuk-Drapała, Dariusz Kruszka, Monika Rewers and Małgorzata Kikowska
Biomedicines 2025, 13(6), 1382; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13061382 - 4 Jun 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 522
Abstract
Background: Melanoma is a malignant tumor of melanocytes with an increasing incidence worldwide. Plant-based products are rich in bioactive compounds, offering low toxicity and accessible alternatives for melanoma treatment. A biotechnological approach to obtaining plant-derived produce ensures continuous and high-yield production of medicinally [...] Read more.
Background: Melanoma is a malignant tumor of melanocytes with an increasing incidence worldwide. Plant-based products are rich in bioactive compounds, offering low toxicity and accessible alternatives for melanoma treatment. A biotechnological approach to obtaining plant-derived produce ensures continuous and high-yield production of medicinally valuable biomass. Objectives: This study aimed to induce and optimize the growth of homogenous callus cultures of Kickxia elatine (L.) Dumort., consequently established a cell suspension culture with a high biomass growth rate, analyzed the phytochemical compositions, and assessed the cytotoxic activity against melanoma cells. Methods/Results: Callus cultures were induced under controlled in vitro conditions on Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with 2.0 mg L−1 Dicamba and 2.0 mg L−1 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. The selected callus lines exhibited a high growth index (351.71% ± 27.77) and showed a homogeneous morphology, beige colour, and had friable and watery characteristics. A combination of auxin and cytokinin was found to enhance biomass production significantly. Phytochemical investigations putatively annotated major compounds, including benzoic acid derivatives, phenolic glycosides, phenylpropanoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, and tyrosol derivatives. Methanolic extract (KE-Ex) and 40% methanolic fraction (KE-40Fr) were prepared and tested for cytotoxicity against human fibroblast (MRC-5) and melanoma (MeWo) cell lines using direct cell counting and MTT assay. The crude extract exhibited the strongest cytotoxicity effect on MeWo cells, with IC50 values of 125 ± 8 µg mL−1 after 48 h and 117 ± 7 µg mL−1 after 72 h of treatment. Conclusions: The extract demonstrated a time- and dose-dependent cytotoxic effect, making it a potential candidate for melanoma treatment. Full article
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15 pages, 5139 KiB  
Article
Cryopreservation and Maturation Media Optimization for Enhanced Somatic Embryogenesis in Masson Pine (Pinus massoniana)
by Qian Yang, Ying Lin, You-Mei Chen, Qi Fei, Jian-Ren Ye and Li-Hua Zhu
Plants 2025, 14(11), 1569; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14111569 - 22 May 2025
Viewed by 404
Abstract
Pinus massoniana Lamb. (masson pine) is a critical species for afforestation in southern China but faces severe threats from pine wilt disease (PWD) caused by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. To accelerate disease-resistant breeding, this study investigated the effects of cryopreservation on the embryonic capacity [...] Read more.
Pinus massoniana Lamb. (masson pine) is a critical species for afforestation in southern China but faces severe threats from pine wilt disease (PWD) caused by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. To accelerate disease-resistant breeding, this study investigated the effects of cryopreservation on the embryonic capacity of the embryogenic callus as well as the effects of abscisic acid (ABA), polyethylene glycol 8000 (PEG 8000) and phytagel concentration on the somatic embryo’s maturation and germination. Furthermore, the impact of transplanting substrates on the survival and growth of regenerated plantlets were evaluated. The results showed that cryopreservation at −196 °C effectively maintained the embryogenic potential of the callus, with post-thaw tissues exhibiting superior somatic embryo maturation capacity compared to the long-term subcultured callus (38.4 vs. 13.2 embryos/mL). Key maturation parameters were systematically optimized: ABA concentration at 6 mg/L in the suspension culture maximized embryo yield of 24.1 somatic embryos/mL, while PEG 8000 at 130 g/L in solid medium achieved peak embryo production of 38.4 somatic embryos/mL, and the maximum of 26.6 somatic embryos/mL when the concentration of phytagel was 3.5 g/L. The highest germination rate of 29.8% was observed with 130 g/L PEG in the maturation medium. The highest survival rate (56.5%) and maximum plant height (22.3 cm) after 12 months of transplantation were achieved in substrates consisting of soil and vermiculite, which outperformed those containing varying proportions of mushroom residue. This study establishes a scalable protocol for the mass propagation of PWD-resistant P. massoniana, integrating cryopreservation and maturation media optimization, which offers dual benefits for disease-resistant breeding and sustainable germplasm conservation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Development and Morphogenesis)
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16 pages, 5161 KiB  
Article
Isolation and Activity Evaluation of Callus-Specific Promoters in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
by Xiaojiao Ma and Chuanyin Wu
Genes 2025, 16(5), 610; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16050610 - 21 May 2025
Viewed by 579
Abstract
Background/Objectives: In crop genetic engineering, morphogenic genes have attracted increasing attention, given their ability to facilitate the transformation of a broad range of otherwise nontransformable cultivars. However, few callus-specific promoters have been identified to date that can be employed to avoid the adverse [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: In crop genetic engineering, morphogenic genes have attracted increasing attention, given their ability to facilitate the transformation of a broad range of otherwise nontransformable cultivars. However, few callus-specific promoters have been identified to date that can be employed to avoid the adverse effects resulting from the ectopic expression of morphogenic genes on shoot regeneration and growth. Methods: A set of potential callus-specific genes were initially selected based on publicly available data. These genes were then screened using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), followed by promoter activity evaluation using a transgenic approach with the GUS gene serving as a reporter. Results: Of the 24 evaluated promoters, 12 were verified as being callus-specific using qPCR. Five genes (Os11g0295900, Os10g0207500, Os01g0300000, Os02g0252200, and Os04g0488100) were chosen, and their promoters were cloned. Based on GUS staining, the pOsTDL1B (Os10g0207500) promoter showed strong callus-specific expression, pOsEDC (Os01g0300000) was a medium-level callus-specific promoter, and pOsDLN53 (Os02g0252200) was strictly callus-specific, although its activity was low. Quantification of GUS activity indicated that all three pOsTDL1B:GUS transgenic lines exhibited strong callus specificity relative to the various tissues tested. Conclusions: A callus-specific promoter was identified that can be used to drive the expression of morphogenic genes in crop transformation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Genetic Engineering in Agriculture)
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