Search Results (935)

Aflatoxins, particularly aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁), are among the most potent naturally occurring carcinogens and remain a major food-borne hazard in parts of Asia and Africa. China has generated a uniquely cohesive body of evidence connecting aflatoxin contamination to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), especially in settings where chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is highly prevalent and acts synergistically with aflatoxin exposure. Over five decades, field investigations and laboratory innovations—exemplified by long-term work in Qidong—have assembled a multi-layered causal chain spanning the following: (i) contamination monitoring in staple foods; (ii) quantification of internal dose and biologically effective dose using validated biomarkers (e.g., urinary AFB₁–N⁷–guanine, AFM₁, and serum AFB₁–lysine albumin adducts); (iii) a characteristic molecular fingerprint in tumors and circulation (TP53 R249S); (iv) reversibility demonstrated through randomized intervention trials and policy-driven natural experiments. Chemoprevention and dietary interception studies (e.g., oltipraz, chlorophyllin, and broccoli sprout beverages) showed that enhancing detoxication pathways can lower biomarker burdens in exposed populations. At the population level, a sustained dietary transition from maize to rice, together with strengthened food governance, was accompanied by marked decreases in biomarker distributions and subsequent declines in HCC mortality in endemic regions. Nevertheless, regional heterogeneity, multi-mycotoxin co-exposure, and climate variability are expected to increase exposure volatility and complicate surveillance. Here, we translate and synthesize the Chinese evidence base, highlight biomarker-enabled monitoring and policy evaluation, and propose an integrated “5+1” prevention framework spanning source control, process detoxification, tiered governance, short-course interception, precision follow-up of high-risk individuals, and climate-sensitive early warning along the climate–agriculture–storage–processing–population (CAT–CSPP) chain. Full article

The tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is one of the most destructive pests of tomato crops worldwide. Its high reproductive potential and increasing resistance to conventional insecticides have made the development of sustainable management strategies essential. Biological control using entomopathogenic fungi (EPF), particularly when established as endophytes, has emerged as a promising approach. This study investigated the endophytic colonization capacity and greenhouse performance of three commercially available EPF formulations: Beauveria bassiana (Velifer^®), Lecanicillium lecanii (Lecan^®), and a Beauveria bassiana–Metarhizium anisopliae mixture (Metab^®), for the suppression of T. absoluta in tomato. Our experiment was conducted under commercial greenhouse conditions using soil drench applications at manufacturer-recommended doses. Endophytic colonization was assessed through surface-sterilized leaf assays, while pest suppression was evaluated via weekly measurements of larval mine length, infestation incidence, and survival dynamics. B. bassiana (Velifer^®) exhibited the highest endophytic colonization frequency and consistently reduced mine length and infestation levels compared with untreated plants. Survival analysis using Cox proportional hazards revealed significant reductions in infestation risk for Velifer^® (hazard ratio, HR = 0.420), Metab^® (HR = 0.480), and Lecan^® (HR = 0.599), relative to the negative control, whereas the chemical positive control provided the strongest overall suppression (HR = 0.287). Our findings demonstrate that commercial EPF formulations can significantly reduce T. absoluta infestation under greenhouse conditions and represent a valuable component of integrated pest management programs. Full article

Background and Objectives: The Gustave Roussy Immune (GRIm) score, reflecting systemic inflammation and nutritional status, has emerged as a simple and reproducible prognostic biomarker in various malignancies. However, its prognostic interaction with tumor microenvironmental factors remains unclear in gastric cancer. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of the GRIm score in patients with resectable gastric adenocarcinoma, while the secondary aim was to determine whether integrating the GRIm score with tumor microenvironment–related pathological markers could improve prognostic stratification. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study analyzed 188 patients with resectable gastric adenocarcinoma treated at the Trakya University Faculty of Medicine between 2007 and 2018. GRIm scores were calculated from preoperative lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), albumin, and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) values. Pathologic parameters, including programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression (combined positive score [CPS] ≥ 1 vs. <1), tumor–stroma ratio (TSR; stromal component ≥ 50% vs. <50%), and tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) density (CD8+ ≥ 10% vs. <10%), were evaluated on surgical specimens. Survival outcomes were assessed using Kaplan–Meier and multivariate Cox analyses. Results: The study population had a mean age of 61.8 years and was predominantly male (72.3%). Patients with low GRIm scores had significantly longer disease-free survival (DFS; 24 vs. 12 months; p = 0.004) and overall survival (OS; 32 vs. 19 months; p = 0.006). In multivariate analysis, the GRIm score remained an independent predictor for both disease-free survival (p = 0.035) and overall survival (p = 0.044). Among combined models, the GRIm–TSR classification provided the most pronounced stratification (median DFS = 35 vs. 12 months; OS = 45 vs. 19 months; p = 0.014 and 0.001, respectively), retaining independent prognostic significance (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.23; p = 0.005). Integrating GRIm with PD-L1 and TIL density also improved prognostic discrimination. Conclusions: The GRIm score is a robust and cost-effective biomarker that independently predicts disease-free survival and overall survival in resectable gastric adenocarcinoma. Its combination with microenvironmental markers—PD-L1, TIL, and TSR—captures complementary biological dimensions of tumor aggressiveness, offering an integrative and clinically feasible framework for individualized risk assessment and postoperative management. Prospective multicenter validation is warranted. Full article

Industrial synthetic dyes are among the most common and hazardous pollutants in manufacturing wastewater. In this study, effective dye-decolorizing fungi were isolated from industrial discharge and evaluated for their decolorization efficiency for various dyes, including a triphenylmethane (malachite green, MG), an anthraquinone (reactive blue 19, RB19), and an azo dye (reactive black 5, RB5). The fungus with the highest potential for MG decolorization was identified as Penicillium rubens, whereas Aspergillus fumigatus proved to be the most effective for RB19 and RB5 decolorization. Maximum decolorization for all dyes occurred at pH 9 and 30 °C after 6–7 days of shaking in the dark. Enzyme activity assays revealed that both P. rubens and A. fumigatus produced multiple oxidative and reductive enzymes, including laccase, azoreductase, anthraquinone reductase, triphenylmethane reductase, lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, and tyrosinase. The decolorized filtrates of MG, RB19, and RB5 exhibited very low phytotoxicity for RB5 and no phytotoxicity for MG and RB19. Furthermore, these filtrates demonstrated significant reductions in chemical oxygen demand (46%, 63%, and 50%) and biological oxygen demand (37%, 60%, and 40%) for MG, RB19, and RB5, respectively, compared to untreated dyes. Given their efficient biological removal of dyes under alkaline conditions, these fungal isolates are promising candidates for sustainable wastewater treatment. Full article

Under the influence of multiple factors such as climate change and human activities, the frequency, intensity, and destructiveness of forest fires are increasing, which may trigger multiple ecological crises. Forest fires can be scientifically prevented, and their risks can be mitigated through specific approaches, particularly by managing forest combustible materials. Common methods include mechanical clearance, prescribed burning, and the establishment of biological firebreak belts, along with the application of grazing to regulate forest fuels. This paper presents a review of studies on grazing and fire risk, both domestically and internationally. Research indicates that livestock grazing has complex effects on forest fire risk: appropriate grazing can manage fuels and modify ecosystem structure to reduce fire hazards—for instance, by decreasing the accumulation of surface flammable materials and promoting the regeneration of fire-resistant tree species. Conversely, overgrazing may disrupt ecological balance and increase fire risk, such as by exacerbating soil erosion and encouraging the invasion of flammable weed species. Case studies from different ecological regions worldwide demonstrate varied effects of grazing on fire prevention, though research in this area exhibits geographical disparities. Adaptive management should integrate targeted grazing, prescribed burning, and mechanical treatments in a synergistic manner. Future efforts should prioritize cross-scale studies, investigate the mechanisms of woody fuel modulation, and refine fire ecology models to enhance the precision and global applicability of grazing-based fire management. Full article

Over the last 15 years, mixture risk assessment for food xenobiotics has evolved from conceptual discussions and simple screening tools, such as the Hazard Index (HI), towards operational, component-based and probabilistic frameworks embedded in major food-safety institutions. This review synthesizes methodological and regulatory advances in cumulative risk assessment for dietary “cocktails” of pesticides, contaminants and other xenobiotics, with a specific focus on food-relevant exposure scenarios. At the toxicological level, the field is now anchored in concentration/dose addition as the default model for similarly acting chemicals, supported by extensive experimental evidence that most environmental mixtures behave approximately dose-additively at low effect levels. Building on this paradigm, a portfolio of quantitative metrics has been developed to operationalize component-based mixture assessment: HI as a conservative screening anchor; Relative Potency Factors (RPF) and Toxic Equivalents (TEQ) to express doses within cumulative assessment groups; the Maximum Cumulative Ratio (MCR) to diagnose whether risk is dominated by one or several components; and the combined Margin of Exposure (MOET) as a point-of-departure-based integrator that avoids compounding uncertainty factors. Regulatory frameworks developed by EFSA, the U.S. EPA and FAO/WHO converge on tiered assessment schemes, biologically informed grouping of chemicals and dose addition as the default model for similarly acting substances, while differing in scope, data infrastructure and legal embedding. Implementation in food safety critically depends on robust exposure data streams. Total Diet Studies provide population-level, “as eaten” exposure estimates through harmonized food-list construction, home-style preparation and composite sampling, and are increasingly combined with conventional monitoring. In parallel, human biomonitoring quantifies internal exposure to diet-related xenobiotics such as PFAS, phthalates, bisphenols and mycotoxins, embedding mixture assessment within a dietary-exposome perspective. Across these developments, structured uncertainty analysis and decision-oriented communication have become indispensable. By integrating advances in toxicology, exposure science and regulatory practice, this review outlines a coherent, tiered and uncertainty-aware framework for assessing real-world dietary mixtures of xenobiotics, and identifies priorities for future work, including mechanistically and data-driven grouping strategies, expanded use of physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling and refined mixture-sensitive indicators to support public-health decision-making. Full article

Accurate quantification of iron is essential in biological, chemical, and nanomaterial research, yet commonly used ferrozine-based assays suffer from safety hazards, inconsistent reduction efficiency, and unstable absorbance readings. To address these issues, we systematically optimized the classical protocol and validated improvements that enhance both operational safety and analytical reproducibility. In this work, samples were digested using perchloric acid and hydrogen peroxide, reduced with hydroxylamine, and complexed with ferrozine, with all steps quantitatively evaluated to identify conditions that minimize variability. The optimized assay introduces three key refinements: combining the two traditional hydroxylamine additions into a single reduction step, extending the post-complexation incubation to 2 h to ensure complete formation of the Fe²⁺–ferrozine complex, and performing digestion exclusively in 5 mL screw-cap polypropylene tubes to eliminate tube-bursting events frequently observed with flip-cap formats. Kinetic analysis confirmed that absorbance at 562 nm reaches a stable plateau after 2 h, and the resulting standard curve exhibited excellent linearity (R² = 0.9999). These improvements significantly enhance precision, safety, and ease of implementation. The refined method is broadly applicable and enables reliable quantification of iron in tissues, cultured cells, aqueous solutions, and iron-containing nanomaterials. Full article

The increasing use of Technology-Critical Elements (TCEs) in modern technology has led to widespread environmental release, raising questions about their biological effects, as emerging evidence suggests significant toxicity. We investigated the effects of three technology-critical elements, Indium oxide (In₂O₃), Lanthanum nitrate hexahydrate (La(NO₃)₃·6H₂O) and Cerium(III) nitrate hexahydrate (Ce(NO₃)₃·6H₂O), on human dermal fibroblasts (BJ) and hepatocarcinoma cells (HepG2), assessing their uptake, impact on viability, and induced cellular stress responses, quantified by markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and membrane damage. Our results show a strong differential susceptibility: normal BJ fibroblasts proved vulnerable, whereas HepG2 cells were highly resistant. This divergence occurred despite substantial and comparable accumulation of all three TCEs in both cell lines, indicating that toxicity is uncoupled from the magnitude of the uptake. Mechanistically, the differential toxicity correlated strongly with opposing antioxidant responses. Additionally, low concentrations of cerium (III) nitrate (12.5–50 µg/mL) uniquely stimulated the proliferation of HepG2 cells (up to 129% of control). While these findings identify multiple mechanistic hazards regarding the potential of low-level technology-critical element exposure, they must be interpreted cautiously and warrant further investigation in more complex biological models. Full article

Tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus L.) is a relatively neglected tuber crop with notable nutritional, functional, and ecological value. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the biological properties and selected nutritional parameters of tiger nut tubers and oil, including antioxidant activity, total phenolic content (TPC), fatty acid (FA) profile, health-related lipid indices, and mineral composition. Methods: Natural and peeled tiger nut tubers, as well as commercially available tiger nut oil (yellow variety, Valencia, Spain), were analyzed. Antioxidant activity was measured spectrophotometrically using the DPPH method. The content of TPC was determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu assay. Fatty acid composition was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detection, and these data were used to calculate the PUFA/SFA (P/S) ratio, atherogenicity (AI), thrombogenicity (TI) index, and hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic (h/H) ratio. Macro- and microelement contents were quantified using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), and total THQ (TTHQ) were calculated to assess potential health risks. Results: Natural tiger nut tubers exhibited substantially higher antioxidant activity and TPC compared to peeled tubers, suggesting that the peel is the primary reservoir of phenolic compounds. Strong antioxidant activity was observed in tiger nut oil (64.82 ± 2.59 mg TEAC/L). Oleic acid (C18:1cis n-9) was identified as the predominant FA across all samples, thus contributing positively to favorable health lipid indices (P/S > 0.50, low AI and TI, high h/H ratio). Potassium was the most abundant macroelement in natural and peeled tiger nut tubers. The overall trend of microelement levels in these samples was as follows: Al > Fe > Zn > Cu > Sr > Mn > Li > Ba > Se > As > Cr. All THQ and TTHQ values were below 1, indicating no appreciable health risk associated with consumption. Conclusions: These findings support the use of tiger nuts as a functionally valuable ingredient in health-oriented food products. Full article

Endocrine disruptors, including bisphenol A, S, AF, and F, have been demonstrated to exhibit endocrine-disrupting activity. This phenomenon has been associated with a variety of health problems, including (but not limited to) neurological and reproductive disorders. Given the potential hazards, it is essential to have effective tools to assess their toxicity. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has become a widely used model organism for studying bisphenols because of its genetic simplicity and the conservation of its fundamental biological processes. This review article summarizes current knowledge of bisphenol toxicity and the use of the model organism C. elegans as a high-throughput system for investigating the toxicological profiles of BPA and its emerging alternatives. Furthermore, we highlight the specific methodologies for assessing the toxic effects of bisphenols in C. elegans. While highlighting its advantages, we critically discuss its limitations, including the absence of specific metabolic organs, which constrain direct extrapolation to mammalian systems. Based on available evidence, we conclude that C. elegans serves as an essential bridge between in vitro assays and mammalian models, offering a powerful platform for the early hazard identification and mechanistic screening of bisphenol analogues. Full article

Recently, as a result of growing interest in diatoms as sources of energy (biofuel) and valuable food components for humans and aquaculture organisms, new data on the structures and properties of diatom natural products have been obtained, including both endo- and exometabolites. Information about their biosynthesis, biological activity and roles, and their beneficial and hazardous properties has also emerged. The application of modern methods of molecular biology, metabolomics, and chemical ecology to the study of diatom natural products has improved the understanding of many important natural phenomena associated with diatoms, such as photosynthesis, harmful algal blooms, interactions of diatoms with other organisms of marine biota, and their impact on biogeochemical cycles and climate regulation. In this paper, we discuss various aspects of research on natural compounds from diatoms, covering the last decade, as well as prospects for their further development, which have become apparent in recent years. Full article

A major factor in worldwide ecological harm is the large quantity of municipal solid waste generated because of rapid industrialization and population growth. Nowadays, there are numerous mechanical, biological, and thermal waste treatment processes that can reduce the amount of landfilled waste. A variety of analytical tests are conducted to evaluate the potential risks that landfills pose to human health and the environment. Among these, laboratory leaching tests are commonly employed to assess the release of specific waste constituents that may become hazardous to the environment. Municipal solid waste (MSW) management poses significant environmental risks due to leachate contamination in bioreactor landfills, where acidic conditions (pH ≈ 5) can mobilize heavy metals. This study evaluates the reliability of leaching tests for biodried reject MSW from CWMC Marišćina, Croatia, by comparing standard EN 12457-1 and EN 12457-2 methods (L/S = 2 and 10 L/kg) with simulations of aerobic degradation using acetic acid (10 g/L) to maintain pH = 5 over 9 days. Waste composition analysis revealed plastics (35%), paper/cardboard (25%), metals (15%), and glass (10%) as dominant fractions. Although the majority of parameters determined through standard leaching tests remain below the maximum permissible limits for non-hazardous waste, simulations under acidic conditions demonstrated substantial increases in eluate concentrations between days 6 and 9: Hg (+1500%), As (+1322%), Pb (+1330%), Ni (+786%), and Cd (+267%), with TDS rising 33%. These results highlight the underestimation of risks by conventional tests, emphasizing the need for pH-dependent methods to predict in situ leachate behavior in MBO-treated waste and support improved EU landfill regulations for enhanced environmental protection. Full article

Wastewater management plays a critical role in advancing the circular economy, as wastewater is increasingly considered a recoverable resource rather than a waste product. This paper reviews physical, chemical, biological, and combined treatment methodologies, highlighting a lack of a holistic framework in current research which includes both the operational phases of wastewater treatment and proper risk analysis tools. To address this gap, an innovative methodological framework for wastewater recovery and risk management within an integrated logistic–production process is proposed. The framework is structured in five steps: description of the logistic–production process, hazard identification, risk assessment through the Failure Modes, Effects, and Criticality Analysis (FMECA), prioritization of interventions using the Action Priority (AP) method, and definition of corrective actions. The application of the proposed methodology can optimize the usage of available resources across various sectors while minimizing waste products, thus supporting environmental sustainability. Furthermore, political, economic and social implications of adopting the proposed approach in the field of energy transition are discussed. Full article

A mycological assessment evaluates the technical condition of a building by identifying damage from biological corrosion, which is particularly susceptible to fungal growth and insect attack. Such assessments are crucial for brick and wooden monuments. Accurate mycological assessments provide essential documentation for builders, designers, and cost estimators, indicating both locations of damage and the risks associated with weakened structures. The proper selection of testing locations during tender documentation preparation for historic buildings is critical, as it significantly impacts renovation and modernization costs. This article reviews building defects and testing protocols used in mycological expert opinions for buildings constructed between 1899 and 1900. It lists additional tests necessary during modernization and details costs resulting from incorrect assessments. The findings offer valuable guidance for specialists evaluating mycological hazards. The research revealed that 48% of structural elements in the examined buildings were incorrectly assessed solely through visual inspection, with the majority of errors occurring in lintels and cornices. Repairing these elements proved to be significantly more costly than the initial testing, with lintel repair exceeding excavation costs by over 60 times and cornice repairs by more than 130 times. Full article

Chloro-organophosphate ester (Cl-OPE) accumulation in soil and aquatic environments, and their potential hazard to crops, has attracted widespread attention. However, little is known about the potential adverse effects of Cl-OPEs on plants. Green onions are a specialty vegetable worldwide, and the heavy application of pesticides during their growth period has led to increasingly severe soil contamination in cultivation areas. We evaluated the toxic effects of Cl-OPEs on green onions and examined their toxicity mechanism. After 20 days of treatment, physiological parameters were measured across five biological replicates per treatment. Results indicated that as Cl-OPE concentrations increased, green onion leaf malondialdehyde (MDA) content and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels rose significantly. Concurrently, the activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) were significantly enhanced. However, leaf chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate (Pn) decreased significantly, indicating that Cl-OPE-induced oxidative stress inhibited photosynthesis. Meanwhile, the nutrient content of green onions gradually decreased as the concentration of Cl-OPEs increased. In conclusion, Cl-OPEs can damage chloroplasts by promoting ROS accumulation, which results in the yellowing of green onion leaves. The resulting decrease in Pn reduced the plant’s ability to assimilate nutrients. Full article