Search Results (192)

The 1960s to early 1990s marked a pivotal era in Kazakhstan’s mass housing history, particularly in Almaty, which was driven by a sector-wide policy shift toward apartment-based occupancy, regulated space standards, full utility provision, and organised residential courtyards. Large-panel buildings from this period still comprise over one-third of Almaty’s housing stock, yet their alignment with modern comfort standards remains understudied. This study establishes a historical periodisation of Almaty’s large-panel housing and assesses its comfort levels at apartment and built-environment scales. The two-part methodology combined a theoretical strand (comfort-level theory, literature review, historical retrospective, and periodisation) with an analytical strand (comparative graphical-analytical assessment of series 1Kz-464-AS, 1Kz-464-DS, 69, E-147 and 158), converging in a Basic–Supplementary–Advanced comfort classification. The results of the current study showed that three sub-periods emerged. Series 1Kz-464-AS and 1Kz-464-DS used a narrow-bay (2.6–3.2 m), economy-driven two-bay system with minimal zoning. Series 69 widened bays to 3.6–5.4 m, improving spatial comfort and utility provision. Series E-147 and 158 introduced a three-bay scheme with an added 2.1 m bay and raised ceilings (3.0 m), yielding the most flexible layouts. At the urban scale, microdistrict planning enlarged planning units by 7–10 times, preserved green connectivity through mid-rise buildings, and shielded courtyards using perimeter high-rises, supporting walkable, infrastructure-rich neighbourhoods. Apartment-scale comfort improved incrementally through bay widening rather than layout diversification, leaving persistent redevelopment constraints from panel structures. Built-environment comfort, however, reached a comparatively advanced, durable standard. Adaptive reuse should prioritise structural refurbishment, reduced occupancy density, courtyard–microdistrict continuity, and diversified public-space functions. This study’s results can inform renovation strategies for Soviet-era housing across post-Soviet cities. Full article

This study presents a 3D geological model and structural interpretation of the Masa Valverde volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposit in the Iberian Pyrite Belt. The deposit is hosted by felsic porphyritic volcanic rocks, volcanic tuffs, and black shales. A 3D geological model of the orebodies and host rocks, constructed from 145 drill-core logs, allowed us to build 16 cross-sections spaced 100 m apart and constrain the mineralization geometry and its structural evolution. Mineralization formed during Early Carboniferous transtensional tectonics within an extensional basin, where an extensional duplex structure controlled the development of the primary massive sulfide body and its associated stockwork. Subsequent counterclockwise rotation of the principal stress axes reactivated extensional faults as reverse faults during tectonic inversion. This deformation strongly modified the VMS system through buttressing, generating extensive open spaces, and promoting the brecciation and recrystallization of both the stockwork and massive sulfides. These processes produced a new paragenesis dominated by chalcopyrite and sphalerite, with minor galena among other minerals, which cemented the breccias, partially replaced earlier mineral assemblages, and filled open fractures. The resulting Cu-Zn enrichment, spatially associated with buttressed zones, provides new insights into ore remobilization with direct implications for the development of the ongoing underground mine. Full article

Ultra-deep lattice-like fractured carbonate reservoirs, formed by multi-period tectonic movements, feature strong heterogeneity, multi-scale fracture nesting, and anisotropic in situ stress. However, hydraulic fracture (HF) propagation behaviors within these complex formations remain poorly understood. In this study, using an unstructured fracture network approach, we simulated HF propagation in two typical fault-controlled lattice-like structures: compressive-torsion and pull-apart overlap zones. The performance of commingled, staged, and temporary plugging fracturing was evaluated, alongside sensitivity analyses of wellbore orientation, plugging timing, pump rate, and fluid viscosity. Results indicate that HFs in compressive-torsion zones exhibit long, straight geometries with local tensile activation points. Conversely, pull-apart overlap zones promote step-shaped, multi-branched fractures with superior lateral connectivity. The optimal timing for temporary plugging exhibits a delayed trend with increasing natural fracture density, ranging from 50% to 70% of the fracturing process in compressive-torsion zones, whereas an earlier implementation is preferred in pull-apart overlap zones, occurring at 33–65% of the fracturing process. Furthermore, HFs in compressive-torsion zones are less sensitive to viscosity and pump rate. To optimize stimulated volume, a moderate viscosity of 50–60 mPa·s is universally recommended. Regarding pump rates, 8–10 m³/min is ideal for balanced connectivity in pull-apart overlap zones, whereas >12 m³/min is required for compressive-torsion zones. These findings provide critical theoretical and engineering guidelines for differentiated fracturing strategies in ultra-deep reservoirs. Full article

As urban housing becomes increasingly compact and companion animals become more deeply integrated into domestic life, human–cat cohabitation presents design challenges related to spatial efficiency, furniture wear, maintenance, and everyday coexistence. This study examines shared-interface conflicts in compact apartments and proposes an integrated SOR–Kano–FBS pathway for sustainable human–cat shared furniture design. In-home observations, semi-structured interviews, behavioral path recording, and Kano questionnaires were used to identify high-frequency activity contexts and prioritize user requirements. These requirements were translated through the FBS model into functional objectives, behavioral scripts, and structural strategies. The results indicate that ease of cleaning and maintenance, structural stability and user-perceived safety, and dedicated scratching guidance primarily represent must-be requirements. Movement-path separation, centralized storage, and aesthetic integration function as performance-enhancing requirements, whereas shared yet stratified zoning, elevated observation points, and moderate visual connection improve the cohabitation experience. Two conceptual designs—a human–cat shared living-room sofa system and a foldable work/study system—were developed. Their descriptive comprehensive acceptance indices were 0.802 and 0.794, respectively, while a combined conventional-furniture reference set scored 0.520. Because the reference set represented two conventional activity contexts, these values were used only as diagnostic, user-perception-based evidence and not as inferential proof or a direct ranking between the schemes. The findings suggest that the proposed pathway can support design-level sustainability in compact human–cat cohabitation; however, further validation through physical prototypes, long-term in-home testing, and life-cycle assessment is required. Full article

Western Anatolia is a tectonically and seismically active region shaped by the complex interaction among the Eurasian, African, and Arabian plates. Since the Late Cenozoic, it has been dominated by an extensional tectonic regime. This study investigates the morphotectonic, seismotectonic, and kinematic evolution of the Edremit and Bakırçay basins and their surroundings, located at the intersection zone of the right-lateral strike-slip North Anatolian Fault System (NAFS) and the subduction-zone-driven Aegean Extensional System (AES). Within the scope of this research study, paleostress analyses were conducted using slip data obtained from fault planes, and these data were compared with 240 earthquake focal mechanism solutions reflecting the contemporary seismicity of the region. The findings indicate that both basins underwent a synchronized, two-stage tectonic evolution throughout the Plio-Quaternary period. During the first phase, encompassing the Pliocene, back-arc extensional forces related to slab rollback in the Hellenic subduction zone were dominant, and the main graben-forming processes (NW-SE-trending extension) took place. In the second phase, spanning the Quaternary period, an axis shift occurred as the southern branches of the NAFS reached the region, leading to the development of transtensional pull-apart basin mechanisms dominated by NE-SW-trending extension. Also supported by GPS velocity vectors and paleomagnetic block rotation data, this kinematic model demonstrates that the neotectonic evolution of Northwest Anatolia is governed not only by upper-crustal deformations but also by deep asthenospheric/lithospheric processes, such as slab rollback, lithospheric slab tear, and the NAFS-controlled westward differential escape of the Anatolian block. Full article

This study examines the effect of road traffic noise on apartment prices in Kraków, treated on an equal footing with the other price-forming attributes. The analysis draws on 6244 transactions from the primary and secondary markets concluded between January 2021 and June 2022. Multiple regression in linear and semi-logarithmic form was applied, and outliers were removed iteratively on the basis of standardised residuals; the sensitivity of the estimates to the adopted elimination threshold was examined and the results were compared with robust regression. The effect of road noise differs between market segments. In the primary market, in the sample after outlier elimination, the noise attribute is statistically significant and the NSDI equals 0.17% of the price per 1 dB (95% CI: 0.13–0.21%). In the secondary market, the estimate is close to zero, and the difference between the segments is significant (z = 6.0; p < 0.001). In the full samples, where prices are strongly differentiated by dwelling standard not recorded in the register, the noise effect does not reach significance, which points to the conditional character of the estimates. The influence of noise also depends on the position relative to the city centre: it is strongest in the intermediate zone (0.23%/dB), weaker on the periphery, and disappears in the central zone, where the elevated sound level is offset by the advantages of the location. The diagnostics covered VIF coefficients, sensitivity analysis, and Moran’s I for the residuals. The results, set against international research on noise capitalisation, support the routine inclusion of the acoustic climate in the valuation of new dwellings and provide a monetary reference point for noise abatement policy. Full article

Agrivoltaic (AV) systems represent a promising strategy for integrating renewable energy production and agricultural activity on the same land unit, while contributing to soil water conservation under increasingly frequent drought conditions. This preliminary, single-site case study investigates the effects of a horizontal biaxial tracking AV system on soil water dynamics in a durum wheat field in the Po Valley (Borgo Virgilio, Mantua, Italy) over a full monitoring period, covering the final crop growth stages and the post-harvest bare soil phase (May–December 2024). Monitoring of soil temperature, volumetric water content (VWC), and soil water potential (SWP) was conducted at four depths (15, 30, 45, and 60 cm) at one representative monitoring station per treatment, comparing soil under AV cover (AVC) and in unshaded conditions (UC), located 10 m apart. Paired VWC and SWP measurements were used to derive site-specific soil water characteristic curves (SWCCs) and to calibrate the agro-hydrological model CRITERIA-1D, which was used to estimate available water (AW) in the first 80 cm of depth for both treatments. Measured VWC values were higher in the AVC profile than in the UC profile at all monitored depths throughout the May–September period, with differences persisting, although at lower values through October–December. Estimated AW was consistently higher under AVC than in UC during both the dry and wet periods. Despite higher VWC, the AVC profile showed more negative average SWP values at all depths during summer. This pattern is consistent with the shape of the derived SWCCs and may point to differences in water-retaining capacity between the two profiles, possibly related to structural modifications induced by 13 years of AV system operation. These preliminary findings suggest that AV systems could potentially improve soil water availability in the root zone of rainfed cereal crops and propose the hypothesis that long-term AV cover may act as a driver of changes in soil hydraulic properties, with implications for the sustainability and climate resilience of dryland farming systems. However, given the design of this case study, with only one monitoring point per treatment, the observed differences reflect the specific monitored locations and cannot fully disentangle the AV treatment effect from pre-existing spatial heterogeneity in soil properties. The preliminary results obtained in this study should therefore not be generalised beyond the specific conditions of this case study, and the interpretations proposed here should be treated as unproven hypotheses rather than established conclusions. Further studies with spatial replication and multi-year monitoring are needed to confirm these patterns. Full article

The Shiganghe tungsten–tin deposit and the Tiechang tin deposit are located in the northern part of the Baoshan Block, approximately 25 km apart. They were formed in the Late Cretaceous and Early Oligocene, respectively, and exhibit distinct deposit characteristics. This study presents a comparative analysis of in situ trace elements and S-Pb isotopes of pyrite from the two deposits to trace the sources of ore-forming fluids and materials and to further constrain the evolution of the metallogenic setting in the Baoshan Block. The trace element compositions of pyrite from the Shiganghe tungsten–tin deposit differ significantly from those of the Tiechang tin deposit. The former is relatively enriched in Se, Al, and W, while the latter contains relatively high concentrations of Cu, As, Sb, Pb, Bi, and Ag. The sulfur isotopic compositions of pyrite from the Shiganghe deposit are lower than those from the Tiechang deposit, with δ³⁴S_CDT values ranging from 2.11‰ to 6.86‰ and 6.74‰ to 8.72‰, respectively. The two deposits share consistent lead isotopic ratios, characterized by a mixture of upper crustal and orogenic belt sources. Therefore, the mineralization of the Shiganghe tungsten–tin deposit may be related to deep seated, concealed Late Cretaceous magmatism. Relatively oxidized and W-rich magmatic fluids contributed to tungsten–tin mineralization that characterized by a zoning pattern of “tungsten above and tin below”. In contrast, the Tiechang tin deposit is likely associated with coeval leucogranites present in the shear tectonic zone near Caojian. The ore-forming fluids underwent long distant migration with extensive crustal contamination, resulting in a relatively reduced hydrothermal system. Combined with the regional geological setting, the mineralization of the Shiganghe tungsten–tin deposit and the Tiechang tin deposit records the geological event from Neo-Tethys Ocean subduction to the collisional orogeny between the Indian and Eurasian blocks. The ore-forming materials originated from a mixture of upper crustal materials and orogenic belt materials. Full article

Introduction. The superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) is fundamental for facial soft tissue support and surgical rejuvenation. Although its morphology in the midface and neck is well characterized, the structure of its cranial extension to the forehead remains a subject of terminological uncertainty. The aim of this study was to conduct a detailed histological and immunohistochemical examination of the forehead supporting structures to characterize their morphology and propose an expanded, region-specific classification of the SMAS. Material and methods. Full-thickness tissue specimens (n = 30) were obtained from five standardized facial regions (parotid, buccal, temporal, frontal, and cervical) from 12 male and 18 female body donors (aged 25–70 years). Specimens were processed for histological analysis using hematoxylin and eosin, van Gieson staining, and Masson’s trichrome. Immunohistochemical staining for S100 protein was used to identify neural structures. Morphometric analysis was performed on digitized sections to quantify interseptal distances and the depth of superficial nerve trunks. Results. The analysis confirmed the established SMAS types (I–V) in the cheek, parotid gland, and neck, confirming the validity of the method. Two distinct, sequentially arranged structures were identified on the forehead, proposed as new types. Type VI (neurovascular arborization) is a discrete fan-shaped structures with a central collagen core surrounding a neurovascular bundle, showing positive S100 staining. These structures, spaced approximately 2.2 mm apart, function as true retaining ligaments. Type VII (fibroseptal) SMAS patterns is vertically oriented, purely fibrous septa (retinacula cutis) connecting the aponeurosis to the dermis, devoid of neural elements, and spaced approximately 9.2 mm apart. Importantly, the superficial nerve trunks were located at an average depth of only 1.09 mm (range: 0.57–1.97 mm) from the skin surface. Conclusion. This study identified two novel SMAS patterns in the forehead—neurovascular arborization (type VI) and fibroseptal (type VII)—supporting the expanded functional seven-type classification of the SMAS. The extremely superficial location of the forehead nerves (average 1.1 mm) defines a critical “danger zone” for aesthetic procedures. These findings provide a refined anatomical basis for improving the precision and safety of both surgical and minimally invasive facial procedures. Full article

In the context of climate change and the challenge of strengthening urban biodiversity, this paper examines the potential of speculative drawing as a methodological tool for developing biodiversity scenarios of the cityscape within the framework of the New European Bauhaus initiative. The research is based on the initiative’s core values of beautiful, sustainable, and together, and is conducted using a drawing-based methodology grounded in inductive reasoning across three spatial scales in Block 30, which is part of the spatial cultural-historical unit of the Central Zone of New Belgrade. The potentials for biodiversity development are explored at the scale of the apartment, the facade, and the open space of the block. By examining the interactions between the indoor and open spaces of mass housing, ecological potentials emerge. The experimental process demonstrates that drawing can function as a methodological tool that reveals opportunities for community engagement through drawing practices. The proposed layering of drawings offers interpretations of cityscape transformation at each of the three scales. Through speculative scenarios, the drawings provide a methodological tool to co-create biodiversity interventions in mass housing as a sensitive architectural layer within the design process, fostering a new understanding of the relationship between nature and the cityscape. Full article

Background/Objectives: When the squamocolumnar junction is not fully visible (type 3 transformation zone), colposcopy-directed biopsy may under-sample endocervical disease. Endocervical curettage (ECC) is recommended in selected settings, but its incremental diagnostic yield in this setting, and whether this yield is concentrated in women with HPV16/18, remains clinically debated. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of women referred to colposcopy because of HPV16/18 positivity regardless of cytology, persistent non-16/18 high-risk HPV positivity, and non-16/18 high-risk HPV positivity with abnormal cytology. Persistent non-16/18 high-risk HPV positivity was defined as repeated positivity on two tests performed at least 6 months apart. Eligible women had type 3 transformation zone documented and underwent paired ectocervical biopsy plus ECC at the same visit; biopsy was obtained in all women, including targeted sampling of the most abnormal ectocervical area when no discrete lesion was evident. Women were stratified by HPV genotype into HPV16/18 and non-16/18 high-risk HPV groups. The primary outcome was index high-grade cervical lesion, defined histologically as CIN2, CIN3, or carcinoma in situ; invasive cervical cancer was excluded. The added diagnostic yield of ECC was defined as ECC-only CIN2+, that is, CIN2+ detected on ECC when biopsy was <CIN2. Results: The cohort included 690 women (HPV16/18: 310; non-16/18 high-risk HPV: 380). Baseline cytology was negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy in 116 individuals (16.8%), ASC-US in 155 (22.5%), LSIL in 205 (29.7%), and ASC-H/HSIL in 214 (31.0%). On index composite histology, 122/690 (17.7%) had CIN2, 198/690 (28.7%) had CIN3, and 11/690 (1.6%) had carcinoma in situ. ECC identified CIN2+ not detected by biopsy in 19/690 (2.8%) cases, representing 19/331 (5.7%) of all CIN2+ diagnoses. ECC-only CIN2+ was more frequent in HPV16/18 than non-16/18 high-risk HPV (4.5% vs. 1.3%, p = 0.017). In multivariable analysis, HPV16/18 was associated with increased odds of ECC-only CIN2+ (aOR 3.22, 95% CI 1.10–9.44). No invasive cervical cancers were included in the analytic cohort. Conclusions: In type 3 transformation zone colposcopy, ECC adds a modest incremental yield for CIN2+ detection, with higher yield in HPV16/18-positive women. These findings support a risk-weighted approach to ECC rather than universal routine sampling. Full article

Tropical daylight provision is inherently coupled with intensive solar heat gains, particularly in south-facing rooms that experience pronounced seasonal variations in solar altitude and exposure across different times of the year. When appropriately designed, external shading devices can mitigate solar heat gains while maintaining adequate indoor daylight availability. This study investigates the daylighting and thermal performance of a representative south-facing apartment room equipped with combined horizontal and vertical slat-based shading devices using a controlled, comparative simulation framework under tropical climate conditions. Parametric simulations were conducted using IES-VE to evaluate multiple shading configurations with varying slat positions, depths, and combinations under representative sky conditions and seasonal design days. The results demonstrate that mid-height horizontal slat configurations reduced front-zone Estimated Indoor Illuminance (EII) by up to 54.9%, while enhancing daylight penetration into deeper areas under direct sunlight conditions. Bottom horizontal slats further improved daylight distribution by reflecting sunlight into deeper zones, producing peak increases in EII of up to 26.8% in the middle zone and 19.7% in the rear zone under direct solar conditions. The addition of vertical slats further improved thermal performance by limiting lateral solar exposure without significantly diminishing the daylight-redirecting effects of horizontal elements. Selected integrated shading configurations achieved maximum reductions in operative temperature of up to 2.5 °C during peak afternoon periods compared with the base case within the adopted evaluation framework. However, under intermediate sky conditions without direct solar contribution, the daylighting and thermal benefits of slat-based shading were substantially reduced. Based on these findings, the study proposes a movable external shading system with adjustable horizontal and vertical slats for south-facing apartment rooms, intended to respond to changing solar conditions across the evaluated design days. Overall, this study provides mechanism-oriented insights to support the development of climate-responsive façade strategies for tropical high-rise residential buildings, with the aim of improving daylight distribution and reducing cooling demand. Full article

Background: MRI-based radiomics has shown promise in men with prostate cancer (PCa); however, successful clinical implementation is contingent upon on reproducible measurements. Purpose: We assessed the reproducibility of radiomics features extracted from bi-parametric prostate MRI (bpMRI) in prostate lesions and non-tumoral prostate tissue in men with PCa undergoing active surveillance (AS). Methods: This retrospective study included 47 men with biopsy-proven PCa undergoing AS (mean 68.9 ± 8.2 years, mean PSA density [PSAD] 0.08 ± 0.03 ng/mL/mL) who underwent two bpMRI approximately 12 months apart (range, 10–14 months; December 2018 to April 2020). The reproducibility of radiomics measurements was assessed using the same MRI platform (3T Skyra, Siemens Healthineers; inter-platform) (n = 37), different MRI vendors (Skyra, Siemens Healthineers; 3T Discovery MR750, GE Healthcare; inter-platform) (n = 10), and between observers (n = 10). Shape/1st-/2nd-order radiomics features were extracted from regions of interest on axial T2-weighted (T2-WI), diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI, b1600), and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps on prostate lesions, non-tumoral peripheral zones (PZs), and transition zones (TZs) using software. Reproducibility was evaluated by calculating the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and coefficient of variation (CV). Associations of clinical variables and prostate volume were assessed. Results: PCa diagnoses included Gleason grade groups 1 (n = 46) and 2 (n = 1)]. Thirty-seven lesions (mean size 0.9 ± 0.4 cm) in 31 patients had PI-RADS v2.1 scores of 2 (n = 3)/3 (n = 12)/4 (n = 21)/5 (n = 1); 16 patients demonstrated diffuse PI-RADS 2 changes. Lesion radiomics features from T2-WI yielded a high proportion of good/moderate ICCs (intra-platform, 77.8%; inter-platform, 56.5%), whereas most DWI/ADC features yielded poor reproducibility. Similar results were observed for non-tumoral PZ/TZ. Intra-platform CVs were lowest for T2-WI lesion features (13.6%) and background PZ/TZ (<13.3%), while DWI/ADC exceeded 20%. Inter-platform CVs were lowest for lesions on T2-WI and were <18% for DWI/ADC; all background PZ/TZ CVs were < 16.4%. Inter-observer analyses showed good/moderate ICCs across all sequences and regions (57.4–92.6%). The distribution of ICC and CV values did not differ between intra- and inter-platform analyses (p > 0.05). Higher reproducibility (ICC > 0.5) was associated with larger prostate volume (intra-platform diagnostic odds ratio [DOR] = 2.58, 95% confidence interval [95%CI], 1.35–3.80, p = 0.01; inter-platform DOR = 3.48, 95%CI 1.79–5.17, p = 0.01) and older age (inter-platform DOR = 5.30, 95%CI 3.75–6.85, p < 0.01). Conclusions: Radiomics measurements from T2-WI demonstrated better intra-/inter-platform reproducibility than DWI/ADC for prostate lesions and non-tumoral tissue. Patient factors (larger prostate volumes and older age) influence radiomics stability. The optimization of diffusion-based radiomics features is needed to improve reproducibility given the essential role of DWI in prostate MRI. Full article

This study proposes a systematic methodology to evaluate the energy flexibility and operational performance of air-conditioning systems (ACSs) in residential buildings, leveraging the passive thermal storage capacity of building thermal mass through indoor temperature setpoint adjustment. A comparative analysis was conducted between inverter-controlled and intermittent on-off air conditioners under a baseline indoor temperature of 24 °C. Two additional temperature setpoint scenarios (26 °C and 28 °C) were tested to quantify variations in the building’s electricity consumption demand. To characterize the dynamic thermal response across different floor levels, ground-floor, middle-floor, and top-floor apartments were investigated in a three-story residential building, enabling a controlled, floor-level comparison under identical control logic and climatic conditions. Dymola simulation software was employed to model and calculate ACS energy consumption and energy flexibility under the three temperature setpoint conditions (24 °C, 26 °C, and 28 °C). Results indicate that a strategy of scheduled ACS shutdown and automatic restart, enabled by the thermal inertia capacity of building thermal mass, effectively enhances ACS energy flexibility. Specifically, adjusting the zone temperature setpoint reduced the total ACS load by approximately 40% in two hours of a demand response event. This temperature setpoint adjustment strategy demonstrates significant potential to mitigate grid peak-load demand without compromising indoor thermal comfort and requiring additional building retrofitting investments. The findings provide a technical basis for optimizing residential ACS operation and promoting demand-side management in power systems. Full article

Phase change materials (PCMs) have attracted significant attention for their capacity to store and release large amounts of latent heat in response to ambient temperature variations, offering an effective strategy for thermal regulation in buildings. Meanwhile, recent research is focused on microencapsulated phase change materials (MPCMs), which provide enhanced thermal efficiency, improved stability, and easier integration into construction materials. This study stands apart from offering a structured comparative analysis of PCM and MPCM systems. Using detailed synthesis tables, the review systematically evaluates materials, encapsulation approaches, and performance indicators. The review presents an integrative framework that correlates materials’ thermophysical properties with specialized simulation software and region-specific climatic conditions. MPCMs are assessed in terms of composition, phase change characteristics, and encapsulation techniques, with complex information condensed into practical selection criteria. Furthermore, MPCM products covering phase change temperature ranges from 18 °C to 32 °C are systematically aligned with specific climate zones and life cycle assessment outcomes, offering a clear framework for optimization. The polymers play a vital role in MPCM technology, and their applications for buildings have been studied thoroughly. This work also aims to guide research and development toward scalable, energy-efficient, and sustainable building technologies for both academic and industrial stakeholders. Full article