Search Results (6,384)

Background/Objectives: Medicinal and aromatic plants are important sources of phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties. This study evaluated the total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity of 19 commercially available medicinal herb and spice products of reported Mount Athos provenance and investigated the influence of extraction solvent on these properties. Methods: Extracts were prepared by ultrasound-assisted extraction using water, 50% aqueous methanol, or 50% aqueous acetone. TPC was determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu assay, while antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and a qualitative supercoiled plasmid DNA relaxation assay. Solvent effects were assessed using Friedman and post hoc Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, and associations between TPC and antioxidant activity were examined using correlation and regression analyses. Results: TPC and antioxidant activity varied considerably among botanical products and extraction conditions, with Origanum spp. generally exhibiting among the highest TPC values and strong antioxidant responses. Aqueous acetone yielded significantly higher TPC than aqueous methanol and water. Both aqueous organic solvents produced greater DPPH inhibition than water, whereas aqueous methanol produced greater ABTS activity than water; no significant solvent effect was observed for FRAP. TPC was positively associated with antioxidant activity, particularly ABTS and FRAP, explaining up to 78% of its variability. Several extracts also preserved the supercoiled plasmid DNA form under hydroxyl radical-generating conditions, although this observation requires quantitative confirmation. Conclusions: Medicinal herbs and spices of Athonite provenance exhibit considerable phytochemical and antioxidant variability. Extraction solvent influences phenolic recovery and antioxidant activity in an assay-dependent manner, with no single solvent being uniformly superior. These findings provide baseline data supporting further phytochemical characterization and quantitative evaluation of the antioxidant and DNA-protective properties of these botanical materials. Full article

Pomaces, by-products from beverage industries, which are extremely rich in various bioactive compounds such as dietary fiber, polyphenolic compounds, carotenoids, etc., represent valuable sources of natural antioxidants. Due to their nutritional properties, innovative food products could be developed by incorporating pomace powders as potentially functional ingredients. In the present work, new dehydrated fruit-based products, known as fruit rolls or leathers, were developed from apples and bananas (2/1, w/w), with honey (2%), lemon juice (2%), and freeze-dried grape or sea buckthorn pomace powders (3%), without artificial sweeteners, preservatives, or hydrocolloids. Several physicochemical (moisture content, water activity, pH, CIE L*a*b*) and chemical (total phenolic and carotenoid contents) parameters were investigated both for pomace powders and developed fruit rolls. Moreover, the prepared fruit rolls were evaluated in terms of sensorial characteristics using a seven-point hedonic scale. The samples obtained by incorporation of freeze-dried pomace powders exhibited increased values of the total phenolic content (86.54 and 95.77 mg GAE/g d.m.) compared to the control sample (59.62 mg GAE/g d.m.). Sensory evaluation with twenty untrained panelists indicated good acceptability, with mean scores above 6.00. The addition of freeze-dried pomace powders improved the visual attributes, the appearance and color of the corresponding fruit rolls receiving slightly higher scores compared to the control. The newly developed fruit rolls with freeze-dried grape or sea buckthorn pomace powders could represent a tasty, interesting alternative for sweet snacks. Full article

The present study compares the polyphenolic composition, as well as the antioxidant and hepatoprotective potential of extracts obtained from the leaves of Betula pendula Roth and Betula pubescens Ehrh. The extracts were prepared using 90% v/v ethanol and the phytochemical contents were assessed using spectrophotometric assays, while independent metabolites were identified and quantified using an LC/MS/ESI method. The antioxidant potential was evaluated by the DPPH radical and FRAP scavenging assays. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using human LX-2 hepatic stellate cells and HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Cell viability assays were performed to determine the potential cytotoxic effects of the two extracts on cellular viability and overall metabolic activity. In vivo, hepatoprotective potential was assessed in a CCl₄-induced model of hepatotoxicity. Results revealed the presence of flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds in the leaves of both species, with a more significant potential for the B. pendula leaf extracts. The cell viability assays showed that both extracts maintained high cell viability in LX-2 cells, whereas B. pubescens induced a more pronounced reduction in HepG2 cell viability than B. pendula under the tested experimental conditions. In vivo, CCl₄ increased ALT activity to 193.0 ± 8.5 U/L, whereas B. pendula and B. pubescens at 200 mg/kg reduced ALT to 30.4 ± 6.6 and 117.4 ± 24.3 U/L, respectively. CCl₄ also increased hepatic MDA levels from 202.7 ± 31.8 to 717.1 ± 31.6, which were reduced to 430.7 ± 100.5 and 448.7 ± 65.8 following treatment with B. pendula and B. pubescens at 200 mg/kg, respectively. Full article

Background/Objectives: Berberis species are recognized for their ethnomedicinal importance and phytochemical richness associated with antidiabetic activity. Although B. crataegina is widely distributed in the Turkish flora and has a history of traditional use, its phytochemical properties and biological activities remain less extensively investigated than those of other Berberis species. This study aimed to comparatively evaluate the phytochemical profiles, in vitro antidiabetic potential, and cytoprotective effects of extracts prepared from different parts of B. crataegina in a high-glucose-induced SH-SY5Y cell-based model of diabetic neuropathy. Methods: Crude hydroethanolic extracts (70% ethanol) were prepared from the leaves, flowers, shoots, roots, and fresh fruits of B. crataegina collected from Kızılcahamam, Ankara, Türkiye. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant capacities and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of leaf, flower, shoot, root, and fruit extracts were determined. The cytoprotective effects of the crude extracts were evaluated in a high-glucose-induced SH-SY5Y cell model. The metabolomic profiles of the extracts were comparatively analyzed using liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS). The most active fruit extract was fractionated by reversed-phase vacuum liquid chromatography (RP-VLC), and the phytochemical contents and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of the fractions were evaluated. The major phenolic compounds in the most active fruit extract were quantitatively determined using high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). The relationships between metabolites and biological activities were investigated through correlation analysis. Results: The fruit extract was distinguished by its α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, and cytoprotective effect in the high-glucose-induced SH-SY5Y cell model. It showed no marked cytotoxicity at concentrations ranging from 25 to 400 µg/mL and, at 25 µg/mL, attenuated the high-glucose-induced reduction in cell viability, restoring viability to a level close to that of the normal control. Untargeted metabolomic analysis identified 191 metabolites detected in at least two crude extracts, while the metabolites detected exclusively in the fruit extract were predominantly flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides. Fractionation showed that α-glucosidase inhibitory activity was mainly concentrated in the medium-polarity fractions; however, none of the fractions reached the activity level of the crude extract. Chlorogenic acid, rutin, caffeic acid, protocatechuic acid, quercetin, and quercetin-3-O-glucoside were detected and quantified in the fruit extract by HPLC-DAD. Correlation analysis indicated that the observed biological activities may be associated with phenolic acids, flavonoids, and other polyphenolic metabolites. Conclusions: The fruit extract of B. crataegina showed promising α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and cytoprotective effects in the high-glucose-induced SH-SY5Y cell model. The findings suggest that these effects may arise from the combined contribution of multiple constituents within a polyphenolic matrix rather than from a single compound; however, synergistic interactions were not experimentally demonstrated. These results support further evaluation of the fruit extract through mechanistic, in vivo, and standardization studies. Full article

Olive leaf extract (OLE) contains polyphenolic compounds with reported antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. In this study, OLE obtained by Naviglio extraction was incorporated into zirconia-based sol–gel hybrids at theoretical contents of 8, 25, 33, and 50 wt%. Colorimetric analysis showed that OLE acted as a natural coloring agent, producing composition-dependent changes from yellow to orange–brown tones. FT-IR spectra retained the characteristic bands of the zirconia-based matrix together with OLE-related contributions, while shifts in the O–H and Zr–O regions indicated changes in the local chemical environment after incorporation. Thermal analysis showed a progressive increase in the onset temperature of the main degradation stage, from 296.2 °C for bare ZrO₂ to 320.4 °C for ZrO₂/OLE50%, suggesting a stabilizing effect of OLE within the hybrid matrix. Release experiments in 95% (v/v) ethanol showed a clear dependence on OLE content. ZrO₂/OLE8% released almost completely within 5–6 h, whereas ZrO₂/OLE25% showed an initial burst followed by slower release, reaching 75–80% after 24 h. ZrO₂/OLE33% and ZrO₂/OLE50% showed slower release without a clear burst phase and released less than 30%. Agar-diffusion tests showed no enhancement of antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli or Enterococcus faecalis. These preliminary findings provide a basis for further investigation into the valorization of olive leaf extract as a natural component for the development of colored functional hybrid materials. Full article

Inula helenium L. (elecampane) is a traditional medicinal plant whose roots contain both hydrophilic polyphenols and lipophilic sesquiterpene lactones. However, the influence of the raw material origin and the extraction solvent on its combined bioactivity profile remains unclear. Moreover, although isolated sesquiterpene lactones from I. helenium have been extensively investigated for their anticancer properties, the bioactivity of whole root extracts against human melanoma cells has remained largely underexplored. This study aimed to systematically compare the phytochemical characteristics and biological activity of I. helenium root extracts obtained from three distinct raw material sources and three solvents of increasing polarity, and to identify the main factors associated with the observed bioactivity through multivariate integration. In this study, I. helenium roots from three distinct sources—commercially available dried roots, wild-collected roots, and cultivated roots collected from the Botanical Garden of Vilnius University—were extracted with three solvents of increasing polarity (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and 70% ethanol). Each extract was characterized by total phenolic content, four antioxidant assays (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC), UV–Vis fingerprinting, antimicrobial testing against Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Candida albicans, and a CCK-8 assay on SK-MEL-28 human melanoma and HEK293 non-cancerous cells. Multivariate integration (PCA, HCA, Spearman rank correlation) identified solvent polarity as the dominant driver of both the phytochemical and the biological profile (PC1 and PC2 together explained 87.9% of the total variance). Ethanolic extracts combined the highest phenolic content (up to 38.6 mg GAE/g dry extract) and the strongest antioxidant capacity across all four assays, with maximum values of 177.3 (DPPH), 328.9 (ABTS), 174.1 (FRAP), and 541.6 (CUPRAC) µmol TE/g DE (p ≤ 0.004). In the preliminary antimicrobial screening, ethanolic extracts showed near-complete to complete inhibition of S. aureus and C. albicans at 25 mg/mL, with MIC₉₀ values as low as 12.5 mg/mL against S. aureus and 6.25 mg/mL against C. albicans, whereas K. pneumoniae showed only marginal growth inhibition (median values below 20% across the entire tested concentration range). Strikingly, n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts—despite negligible antioxidant activity—produced concentration-dependent cytotoxic effects. Six of the nine extracts reduced SK-MEL-28 viability while sparing HEK293 cells, with the cultivated Botanical Garden n-hexane extract showing the greatest difference across the tested cell models (SI > 1.50, p = 0.0003). Targeted solvent selection thus enables a single plant material to yield two functionally distinct bioactive fractions: more polar extracts with pronounced antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and less polar extracts with preferential activity against SK-MEL-28 within the cell models tested. Full article

Melanoma continues to be one of the most challenging diseases in oncology, given its aggressiveness and increased resistance to existing therapies. Therefore, the identification of novel therapeutic strategies is of considerable interest, with medicinal plants representing a promising source of bioactive compounds. In the present study, the phytochemical profile and the in vitro biological activity of a lyophilized aqueous leaf extract of Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. cultivated in Romania were investigated. The extract was characterized by determining the total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, and polyphenolic composition using UHPLC-MS/MS. Its cytotoxic potential and cytocompatibility were evaluated at concentrations of 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 µg/mL in two human melanoma cell lines (RPMI 7951 and A375) and in the human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT. Cell viability and morphological alterations were assessed in all three cell lines. Subsequently, the study focused on assessing the effects of the extract on melanoma cells by evaluating lysosome integrity and the intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The impact on mitochondrial membrane potential, as well as on mitochondrial and nuclear morphology, was also determined. Finally, the HET-CAM test was carried out to assess the extract’s preliminary irritant potential at 500 µg/mL. The results showed that the extract presented a high content of phenolic compounds and high antioxidant capacity. The most abundant compounds in the extract were chlorogenic acid, rutin, 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid/3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, and p-coumaric acid/trans-p-coumaric acid. With regard to biological activity, the treatment induced low cytotoxicity in HaCaT cells including at 500 µg/mL. At the same time, it produced a dose-dependent reduction in the viability of melanoma cells, accompanied by impaired lysosomal integrity. It was observed that the extract increased ROS levels and mitochondrial membrane depolarization, thereby inducing morphological changes at the mitochondrial and nuclear levels. However, across all performed assays, the most pronounced effects were observed starting at a concentration of 300 µg/mL. The HET-CAM assay classified the extract as non-irritant at 500 µg/mL. These findings suggest that Eriobotrya japonica leaf extract exerts antimelanoma effects associated with oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction while maintaining a favorable preliminary safety profile. Full article

One way to utilize by-products from fruit production is the extraction of bioactive compounds and their subsequent complexation with appropriate carriers. Consequently, we used chokeberry pomace extract for complexation with plant-based proteins, namely almond, rice, pea, and pumpkin-seed protein matrices, which differ in their composition and protein content. The obtained complexes, as well as the chokeberry pomace extract and protein matrices, were evaluated for the concentration of individual polyphenols, total polyphenols, procyanidins, and antioxidant activity. Color parameters and IR spectra were also recorded. The results of this study emphasized the importance of the structure and properties of polyphenols and proteins, which are significant factors affecting polyphenol adsorption onto protein-based carriers. All proteins showed similar affinity for anthocyanins (69% for cyanidin-3-galactoside, and 23% to 29% for cyanidin-3-arabinoside). Rice proteins had the highest affinity for quercetin-3-rutinoside (87%), while pumpkin proteins showed the highest affinity for quercetin-3-galactoside (87%) and quercetin-3-glucoside (65%). Rice proteins also had the highest affinity for phenolic acids (67% for neochlorogenic acid, 81% for chlorogenic acid, and 48% for isochlorogenic acid). These results provide a good baseline for the formulation of dried protein-based complexes, based on chokeberry pomace, rich in polyphenols which can have possible uses in food products, to enhance their antioxidant potential. Full article

The objective of this study was to evaluate the application of centrifugal block freeze concentration (CBFC) in fresh almond milk to obtain a concentrated liquid sample with enhanced chemical composition, total bioactive compounds (TBC), antioxidant activity, and process parameters, preserving its physicochemical characteristics. As the cycles progressed, the chemical composition (protein and lipid content), TBC (total polyphenol, flavonoid and protein (albumin) content), and antioxidant activity (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC)) significantly increased, reaching 5.2% and 3.3%, 3.16 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 mL, 0.2 mg catechin equivalents/100 mL, 33.5 mg albumin/100 mL, and 55.9, 71.4, and 65.1 µM Trolox equivalents/100 mL, respectively. The separation efficiency and solute yield reached values close to 87% and 72%, respectively. In solute terms, a significant threefold was noted, maintaining an attractive color very similar to that of the fresh sample. Thus, CBFC is an efficient low-temperature concentration method for liquid foods, with lower degradation of TBC than evaporation technology. Hence, the concentrated sample has potential for applications as a functional food and nutraceutical ingredient due to its increased TBC and antioxidant capacity, while its preserved physicochemical stability and chemical composition also suggest feasibility for cosmetic formulations. Full article

Water deficit stress poses significant challenges to chickpea production, affecting plant growth, physiological parameters, and overall crop yield. This study aimed to identify drought-tolerant chickpea genotypes and evaluate the potential of grape by-product amendments to alleviate water deficit stress. Two trials were conducted. The first one investigated the agronomic evaluation of eight chickpea genotypes (G1–G8) cultivated in three different soils to identify drought-tolerant genotypes and the poorest soil. Three chickpea cultivars, G2 (Nour), G3 (Rebha), and G4 (Bochra), were selected for their identified moderate drought tolerance and their status as widely available commercial genotypes in Tunisia. In the second trial, two grape by-product amendments were tested for their ability to enhance the drought tolerance of the selected chickpea genotypes in the poorest-performing soil. Under water deficit conditions, the stalk amendment increased the relative water content (RWC) of the drought-tolerant genotype Nour by approximately 61% compared with the non-amended treatment and a 90% improvement in SPAD chlorophyll readings in Nour under water deficit conditions. Among the tested genotypes, Nour maintained the highest photosynthetic efficiency under drought, with Fv/Fm reaching approximately 0.62 following stalk amendment, indicating improved preservation of PSII functionality. Polyphenol profiling indicated that both drought stress and soil amendments modulated the accumulation of phenolic compounds. Enhanced polyphenol levels, particularly under stalk amendment and water deficit, suggest activation of antioxidant and protective metabolic pathways involved in plant stress defense. Thus, grape by-products, especially stalk residues, demonstrate potential as sustainable soil amendments to mitigate drought stress effects in chickpea through improvements in plant–water status, photosynthetic efficiency, and stress-responsive metabolism. Full article

Traditional plastic fats are rich in saturated and trans fatty acids, which can lead to chronic diseases. In contrast, camellia oil and litchi seed polyphenols are valuable natural functional ingredients. This work aimed to construct stable camellia oil oleogels using citrus pectin as the gel-forming component, lecithin as the emulsifier for constructing the emulsion template, and litchi seed polyphenols as both auxiliary gel-strengthening and antioxidant components. The oleogels were fabricated via emulsion templating combined with freeze-drying and shear forming. Effects of oil–water ratio and pectin concentration on microstructure, texture, rheology, oil-holding and thermal stability were investigated, with antioxidant activity evaluated by DPPH radical scavenging activity, acid value, and peroxide value. The optimal emulsion was obtained at oil–water ratio 5:5 and 4.0% pectin with uniform W/O droplets of 3.90 ± 0.24 μm. Oleogels with 3.0% pectin showed the best comprehensive performance, presenting dense network, favorable thermal stability and superior oil-binding capacity, along with a DPPH scavenging rate of 83.07 ± 0.06%. FTIR suggested that the oleogel network was primarily stabilized by non-covalent interactions without the formation of new chemical bonds. The prepared oleogels exhibited stable physicochemical properties and enhanced DPPH radical scavenging activity and oxidative stability, showing great potential in functional foods and topical delivery systems. Full article

Enzymatic browning, a reaction catalyzed by polyphenol oxidase (PPO), occurs when polyphenolic compounds in freshly cut produce are exposed to oxygen, reducing sensory quality and consumer acceptability. This study investigated the use of microencapsulated spent coffee grounds (SCG) as a natural inhibitor of browning in 100% apple juice. Phytochemicals were extracted using ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction and subsequently microencapsulated via freeze-drying with maltodextrin, gum arabic, and their combination (1:1) as carrier agents. The encapsulated extracts were evaluated for phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant capacity, and anti-browning activity using colorimetric analysis and molecular docking. At the same time, structural characteristics were confirmed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and encapsulation efficiency assessment. The results indicated successful encapsulation, with efficiencies exceeding 70%, and morphology and spectra image confirmed the incorporation of phenolic compounds. Amongst the six identified phenolic compounds, trans-ferulic acid was identified as the predominant phenolic compound (14.50 mg/g), while p-coumaric acid was present at lower levels (0.60 mg/g). Application of microcapsules in apple juice significantly reduced the browning index (29.91, 22.43, and 21.48) and increased lightness (78.63, 82.24, and 81.42) over a five-day storage period, demonstrating potential anti-browning of activity. Molecular docking further revealed that flavonoids such as quercetin, luteolin, and apigenin exhibited strong binding affinity for PPO, suggesting their potential as enzymatic inhibitors. Overall, the findings provide primary evidence for the potential use of SCG-derived polyphenols as sustainable, natural antioxidants, contributing to agro-waste valorization. Full article

The growing interest in isotonic drinks translates into the need to develop formulations based on natural raw materials, which limit the use of synthetic additives while simultaneously increasing the bioactive value and sensory appeal of the products. The aim of this study was to develop innovative formulations for isotonic drinks based on natural fruit juices and to evaluate their physicochemical properties and sensory acceptance. Formulations containing 10–15% (v/v) fruit juice, with the addition of salt (0.13 g/100 mL) and organic sugar, were prepared, taking care to maintain osmolality within the range of 270–330 mOsm/kg. The 10 most appealing variants were selected and subjected to sensory analysis using the QDA; physicochemical analyses, including the determination of total polyphenol content (TP) and the DPPH free radical scavenging capacity; and the measurement of color parameters in the CIE Lab system. All the drinks analyzed received positive ratings in the sensory test (average acceptability scores ranging from 6.9 to 8.1). Physicochemical analyses revealed that the drinks had significant antioxidant activity: polyphenol content ranged from 46 mg to nearly 170 mg GAE/100 mL, whilst DPPH free radical scavenging capacity ranged from 45% to nearly 90%. We found that the use of fruit juices makes it possible to create isotonic drinks which not only effectively rehydrate, but also provide valuable antioxidant compounds. Full article

This study evaluated the effect of an integrated irrigation practice (IP), including regulated deficit irrigation (RDI), managed through an IoT-based platform, on a pear orchard (Pyrus communis L., cv. ‘Krystali’) compared to the farmer’s standard practice (FP). Tree response was evaluated through the measurement of tree water relations, leaf physiological functions, biochemical parameters, fruit growth and quality, production, and aerial multispectral NDVI imaging. IP achieved 15.8% water savings, significantly enhancing water-use efficiency and increasing yield per tree. However, IP trees exhibited higher crop water stress index (CWSI) values and lower midday stem water potential (Ψstem) than FP, particularly by late July, indicating progressive water stress. Leaf-level responses revealed morphological and biochemical alterations to drought, including increased leaf mass per area (LMA), dry matter content (DM), and accumulation of proline, alongside declines in chlorophyll pigments. Despite these stress indicators, gas exchange parameters were maintained in IP, possibly due to fruit load modulating source–sink relationships and surpassing stomatal limitations. IP reduced vegetative growth, as evidenced by lower winter pruning material mass, but this did not result in improved fruit quality. IP produced smaller fruit with lower antioxidant activity, polyphenolic content and soluble solids content/acidity ratio, although fruit firmness was improved. UAV-derived NDVI successfully detected changes in canopy structure following summer pruning but did not discriminate between irrigation treatments, indicating that moderate water stress affected tree physiology before producing measurable changes in canopy greenness. The study highlights the need for integrating irrigation management with fruit thinning and careful scheduling to optimize both water productivity and marketable fruit quality in water-scarce pear production areas. Full article

Pulsed electric field (PEF) technology was used as a green extraction method for the simultaneous recovery of starch and polyphenols from acorns using water as extraction solvent, and the gelatinization properties of the extracted starch were compared with those of a starch obtained via alkaline extraction. Results showed that the electric field intensity had a significant negative quadratic effect on the antioxidant activity and hydrolyzable tannin content, whereas it had a positive quadratic effect on the starch yields. Time had no significant effect on the starch yields but had a negative quadratic effect on the phenolic and hydrolyzable tannin contents and antioxidant activity. The extraction condition that allowed the highest starch and polyphenol contents with the greatest antioxidant activity was 0.1 kV/cm for 63.3 µs, with a desirability of 87%. In comparison to alkaline extraction, PEF increased tannin extraction by 11-fold, highlighting its potential to produce tannin-rich extracts suitable for leather manufacture. Although the starch yield was 30% lower than that obtained via alkaline extraction, the PEF-isolated starch is a cleaner and safer ingredient for human consumption. The alkaline starch had a significantly higher solubility than the PEF-isolated starch, but both had similar swelling power. Full article