Search Results (2,066)

Early weaning of piglets elicits weaning stress, which in turn induces oxidative stress and consequently impairs growth and development. Hydrogen-rich water (HRW), characterized by selective antioxidant properties, mitigates oxidative stress damage and serves as an ideal intervention. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of HRW on weaned piglets, specifically investigating its impact on growth performance, diarrhea incidence, antioxidant function, intestinal morphology, gut microbiota, and hepatic metabolites. The results demonstrate that HRW significantly increased the average daily feed intake and significantly reduced the diarrhea rate in weaned piglets. Analysis of serum oxidative stress indicators revealed that HRW significantly elevated the activities of total antioxidant capacity and total superoxide dismutase while significantly decreasing malondialdehyde concentration. Assessment of intestinal morphology showed that HRW significantly increased the villus height to crypt depth ratio in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Microbial analysis indicated that HRW significantly increased the abundance of Prevotella in the colon. Furthermore, HRW increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria, such as Akkermansia, in the jejunum and cecum, while concurrently reducing the abundance of harmful bacteria like Escherichia. Hepatic metabolite profiling revealed that HRW significantly altered the metabolite composition in the liver of weaned piglets. Differentially abundant metabolites were enriched in oxidative stress-related KEGG pathways, including ABC transporters; pyruvate metabolism; autophagy; FoxO signaling pathway; glutathione metabolism; ferroptosis; and AMPK signaling pathways. In conclusion, HRW alleviates diarrhea and promotes growth in weaned piglets by enhancing antioxidant capacity. These findings provide a scientific foundation for the application of HRW in swine production and serve as a reference for further exploration into the mechanisms underlying HRW’s effects on animal health and productivity. Full article

Goats are considered to be the ideal climate-resilient animal species in the tropics. Fewer studies are documented assessing the heat stress response of caprine ruminal microbiota, which can also be a crucial indicator of the resilience and/or adaptability of animals. This study was conducted to comparatively assess the heat stress responses of two indigenous goat breeds, Nandidurga and Bidri, based on changes associated with the rumen fermentation pattern and distribution pattern of rumen microbiota. A total of 24 adult animals were randomly allocated into four groups of six animals each, NC (n = 6; Nandidurga control), NHS (n = 6; Nandidurga heat stress), BC (n = 6; Bidri control) and BHS (n = 6; Bidri heat stress). The animals were reared in climate chambers for a duration of 45 days wherein the NC and BC animals were maintained under thermoneutral temperature while the NHS and BHS animals were subjected to simulated heat stress. Heat stress was observed to significantly reduce the rumen ammonia, extracellular CMCase, intracellular carboxy methyl cellulase (CMCase) and total CMCase both in Nandidurga and Bidri goats. In addition to this, a significant reduction in acetate, propionate and total volatile fatty acids (VFAs) was observed in Nandidurga goats. The V3–V4 16s rRNA sequencing further revealed a significant alteration in the rumen microbiota in heat-stressed Nandidurga and Bidri goats. While both the breeds exhibited nearly similar responses in the rumen microbial abundance levels due to heat stress, breed-specific differences were also observed. Furthermore, the LEFSe analysis revealed a significant alteration in the abundances of microbes at the genus level, which were observed to be relatively greater in Bidri goats than Nandidurga goats. Furthermore, these alterations were predicted to impair the functional pathways, especially pathways associated with metabolism. This study therefore provided an insight into the rumen microbial dynamics in heat-stressed goats. Though both the breeds exhibited excellent resilience to the subjected heat stress, there were relatively less ruminal alterations in Nandidurga goats than in Bidri goats. Full article

The scarab species Protaetia brevitarsis, an edible insect, has been used in traditional medicine, as animal feed, and for converting agricultural organic wastes into biofertilizer. The intestinal tract, which contains a diverse array of microbiota, including viruses, plays a critical role in animal health and homeostasis. We previously conducted a comparative analysis of the gut microbiota of third-instar larvae of P. brevitarsis obtained from five different farms and found significant differences in the composition of the gut bacterial microbiota between farms. To better understand the gut microbiota, the composition of DNA viruses in the hindgut contents of P. brevitarsis larvae obtained from five farms was investigated using metagenomic sequencing in this study. The β-diversity was significantly different between metagenomic data obtained from the five farms (PERMANOVA, pseudo-F = 46.95, p = 0.002). Family-based taxonomic analysis indicated that the relative abundance of viruses in the gut overall metagenome varied significantly between farms, with viral reads comprising approximately 41.2%, 15.0%, 4.3%, 4.0%, and 1.6% of metagenomic sequences from the farms Tohamsan gumbengi farm (TO), Secomnalagum gumbengi (IS), Gumbengi brothers (BR), Kyungpook farm (KB), and Jhbio (JH), respectively. More than 98% of the DNA viruses in the hindgut were bacteriophages, mainly belonging to the Siphoviridae family. At the species level, Phage Min1, infecting the genus Microbacterium, was detected in all farms, and it was the most abundant bacteriophage in intestinal microbiota, with a prevalence of 0.9% to 29.09%. The detected eukaryotic DNA viruses accounted for 0.01% to 0.06% of the intestinal microbiota and showed little or no relationship with insect viruses. Therefore, they most likely originated from contaminated feed or soil. These results suggest that the condition of substrates used as feed is more important than genetic factors in shaping the intestinal viral microbiota of P. brevitarsis larvae. These results can be used as reference data for understanding the hindgut microbiota of P. brevitarsis larvae and, more generally, the gut virome of insects. Full article

The utilisation of edible insects for human nutrition is a long-standing practice in many parts of the globe, and is being gradually introduced into countries without an entomophagic tradition as well. These unconventional sources of protein of animal origin have arisen as a sustainable alternative to other animal protein sources, such as meat. This review intends to present the compilation of data in the scientific literature on the chemical composition and nutritional value of the bee brood of A. mellifera species and subspecies as edible foods. For this, a comprehensive search of the scientific literature was carried out using the databases ScienceDirect, Scopus, Pub-Med, BOn, and SciELO. Appropriate keywords were used for the search to reach the research works that addressed the topics of the review. The results showed that bee brood has considerable quantities of protein, fat and carbohydrates. The most abundant amino acids are leucine and lysine (these two being essential amino acids) and aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and proline (these three being non-essential amino acids). As for the fatty acids, bee broods contain approximately equal fractions of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, while the polyunsaturated fatty acids are negligible. The dietary minerals present in higher quantities are potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium, and the most abundant vitamins are vitamin C and niacin; choline is also present, although it is not a true vitamin. Although bee brood from A. mellifera has potential for human consumption as a nutrient-rich food, there are still many aspects that need to be further studied in the future, such as safety and hazards linked to possible regular consumption. Full article

Winery wastewater (WWW), if released untreated, poses a serious environmental threat due to its high organic load. In this study, Chlorella vulgaris was cultivated in diluted WWW to assess its suitability as a culture medium. Two outdoor cultivation systems—a 270 L raceway and a 40 L bubble column—were operated over 33 days using synthetic medium (control) and WWW. A flow cytometry (FC) protocol was implemented to monitor key physiological parameters in near-real time, including cell concentration, membrane integrity, chlorophyll content, cell size, and internal complexity. At the end of cultivation, the bubble column yielded the highest cell concentrations: 2.85 × 10⁶ cells/mL (control) and 2.30 × 10⁶ cells/mL (WWW), though with lower proportions of intact cells (25% and 31%, respectively). Raceway cultures showed lower cell concentrations: 1.64 × 10⁶ (control) and 1.54 × 10⁶ cells/mL (WWW), but higher membrane integrity (76% and 36% for control and WWW cultures, respectively). On average, cells grown in the bubble column had a 22% larger radius than those in the raceway, favouring sedimentation. Heterotrophic cells were more abundant in WWW cultures, due to the presence of organic carbon, indicating its potential for use as animal feed. This study demonstrates that FC is a powerful, real-time tool for monitoring microalgae physiology and optimising cultivation in complex effluents like WWW. Full article

Liquid whey (LW) is a nutrient-rich dairy by-product and a promising resource for animal nutrition. However, data regarding its impact on intestinal morphology and endocrine signaling are limited. Therefore, the current study aims to dissect those aspects. An experiment was conducted on 14 crossbred pigs divided into control (fed 3% of their body weight pelleted feed) and LW (fed 3% of their body weight supplemented with 1.5 L of LW) groups. The results show a significantly increased body weight gain in LW pigs during the second half of the experiment. Moreover, an increased ileal villus height, deeper crypts, and a thicker muscularis externa in the duodenum and jejunum have been reported in LW-fed pigs. Goblet cell count revealed a significant abundance of these cells in duodenal villi and jejunal crypts of the LW group, suggesting enhanced mucosal defense in all segments of LW-fed pigs. While Cholecystokinin8 and Galanin showed the same expression pattern among both groups and SI segments, the leptin expression was significantly higher in LW swine. These findings indicate that LW promotes growth, gut mucosa remodeling, and neuroendocrine signaling, thus supporting LW use as a functional dietary strategy with attention to the adaptation period. Full article

Suckling is crucial for piglet intestinal development and gut health, as it improves resilience during the challenging weaning phase and promotes subsequent growth. IPS, comprising Na⁺/K⁺ ions, whey protein, and glucose, has been shown to have positive effects on animal growth and intestinal health. The objectives of this study were to assess the impact of IPS consumption on the growth performance, immunity, intestinal growth and development, and microbiota structure of suckling piglets. A total of 160 newborn piglets were randomly divided into control and IPS groups, with IPS supplementation starting from 2 to 8 days after birth and continuing until 3 days before weaning. The findings revealed that IPS boosted the body weight at 24 days by 3.6% (p < 0.05) and improved the body weight gain from 16 to 24 days by 15.7% (p < 0.05). Additionally, the jejunal villus height and villus height to crypt depth ratio in the IPS group were notably increased to 1.08 and 1.31 times (p < 0.05), respectively, compared to the control group. Furthermore, IPS elevated the plasma levels of IgA and IgM, reduced the plasma levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and enhanced the content of secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) in the jejunal mucosa of suckling piglets. Furthermore, IPS upregulated the mRNA expression of tight junction proteins GLP-2, ZO-1, and Claudin-1 in jejunal tissue, while downregulating the regulatory genes in the Toll-like pathway, including MyD88 and TLR-4 (p < 0.05). The analysis of gut microbiota indicated that IPS altered the relative abundance of gut microbes, with an increase in beneficial bacteria like Alloprevotella and Bacteroides. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that IPS supplementation enhances weaning weight, growth performance, immune function, and intestinal development in piglets, supporting the integration of IPS supplementation in the management of pre-weaning piglets. Full article

Objective: To investigate the effects of oat fiber on animal constipation and elucidate its underlying mechanisms. Methods: Male BALB/c mice were randomly allocated into five groups: control group (CON), model control group (MODEL), low dose group (LOW), middle dose group (MIDDLE), high dose group (HIGH). Constipation was induced in the mice by intragastric administration of loperamide. Subsequently, the mice (except those in the CON and MODEL groups) were administered oat fiber intragastrically for 21 consecutive days. Results: Compared with the MODEL group, oat fiber significantly increased the number of fecal pellets, fecal wet weight, and fecal water content (p < 0.05), shortened the time to first black stool excretion (p < 0.05), and enhanced the small intestinal propulsion rate in constipated mice. Additionally, oat fiber significantly upregulated motilin (MTL) and gastrin (GAS) levels (p < 0.05), while downregulating vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and somatostatin (SS) levels (p < 0.05). It also significantly reduced the transcription level of Aquaporin 8 (AQP8) (p < 0.05), effectively alleviating intestinal mucosal injury and immune inflammation. The relative expression levels of TNF-α and IL-1β were significantly decreased in the oat fiber group (p < 0.05). Gut microbiota analysis revealed that oat fiber increased both the abundance and diversity of gut microbiota in constipated mice. Specifically, oat fiber was found to enhance the relative abundance of Firmicutes while reducing that of Bacteroidetes. At the genus level, it promoted the proliferation of Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group and Roseburia. Conclusions: Oat fiber alleviates constipation in mice by modulating gastrointestinal regulatory peptides, gut microbiota, aquaporin and mitigating intestinal barrier damage and immune-inflammatory responses. Full article

Background: BDE-47, a pervasive environmental pollutant detected in >90% of human serum samples, is increasingly linked to metabolic disorders. This study investigates the specific impact of BDE-47 exposure on the gut microbiota in prediabetic mice and evaluates the efficacy of therapeutic interventions in mitigating these effects. Objectives: To determine whether BDE-47 exposure induces diabetogenic dysbiosis in prediabetic mice and to assess whether dietary interventions, such as grape exosomes and an antioxidant cocktail, can restore a healthy microbiota composition and mitigate diabetes risk. Methods: In this study, a prediabetic mouse model was established in 54 male SPF-grade C57BL/6J mice through a combination of high-sugar and high-fat diet feeding with streptozotocin injection. Oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) were conducted on day 7 and day 21 post-modeling to assess the establishment of the model. The criteria for successful model induction were defined as fasting blood glucose levels below 7.8 mmol/L and 2 h postprandial glucose levels between 7.8 and 11.1 mmol/L. Following confirmation of model success, a 3 × 3 factorial design was applied to allocate the experimental animals into groups based on two independent factors: BDE-47 exposure and exosome intervention. The BDE-47 exposure factor consisted of three dose levels—none, high-dose, and medium-dose—while the exosome intervention factor included three modalities—none, Antioxidant Nutrients Intervention, and Grape Exosomes Intervention. Fresh fecal samples were collected from mice two days prior to sacrifice. Cecal contents and segments of the small intestine were collected and transferred into 1.5 mL cryotubes. All sequences were clustered into operational taxonomic units (OTUs) based on defined similarity thresholds. To compare means across multiple groups, a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed. The significance level was predefined at α = 0.05, and p-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Bar charts and line graphs were generated using GraphPad Prism version 9.0 software, while statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 20.0 software. Results: The results of 16S rDNA sequencing analysis of the microbiome showed that there was no difference in the α diversity of the intestinal microbiota in each group of mice (p > 0.05), but there was a difference in the Beta diversity (p < 0.05). At the gate level, the abundances of Proteobacteria, Campylobacterota, Desulfobacterota, and Fusobacteriota in the medium-dose BDE-7 group were higher than those in the model control group (p < 0.05). The abundance of Patellar bacteria was lower than that of the model control group (p < 0.05). The abundances of Proteobacteria and Campylobacterota in the high-dose BDE-7 group were higher than those in the model control group (p < 0.05). The abundance of Planctomycetota and Patescibacteria was lower than that of the model control group (p < 0.05), while the abundance of Campylobacterota in the grape exosome group was higher than that of the model control group (p < 0.05). The abundance of Patescibacteria was lower than that of the model control group (p < 0.05), while the abundance of Firmicutes and Fusobacteriota in the antioxidant nutrient group was higher than that of the model control group (p < 0.05). However, the abundance of Verrucomicrobiota and Patescibacteria was lower than that of the model control group (p < 0.05). At the genus level, the abundances of Bacteroides and unclassified Lachnospiraceae in the high-dose BDE-7 group were higher than those in the model control group (p < 0.05). The abundance of Lachnospiraceae NK4A136_group and Lactobacillus was lower than that of the model control group (p < 0.05). The abundance of Veillonella and Helicobacter in the medium-dose BDE-7 group was higher than that in the model control group (p < 0.05), while the abundance of Lactobacillus was lower (p < 0.05). The abundance of genera such as Lentilactobacillus and Faecalibacterium in the grape exosome group was higher than that in the model control group (p < 0.05). The abundance of Alloprevotella and Bacteroides was lower than that of the model control group (p < 0.05). In the antioxidant nutrient group, the abundance of Lachnospiraceae and Hydrogenophaga was higher than that in the model control group (p < 0.05). However, the abundance of Akkermansia and Coriobacteriaceae UCG-002 was significantly lower than that of the model control group (p < 0.05). Conclusions: BDE-47 induces diabetogenic dysbiosis in prediabetic mice, which is reversible by dietary interventions. These findings suggest that microbiota-targeted strategies may effectively mitigate the diabetes risk associated with environmental pollutant exposure. Future studies should further explore the mechanisms underlying these microbiota changes and the long-term health benefits of such interventions. Full article

Despite the current level of public immunity to SARS-CoV-2, the early inflammatory events associated with respiratory distress in COVID-19 patients are not fully elucidated. Syrian golden hamsters, facultative hibernators, recapitulate the phenotype of SARS-CoV-2-induced severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)—induced severe acute lung injury seen in patients. In this study, we describe the predominance of the innate immune response in hamsters inoculated with four different SARS-CoV-2 variants, underscoring phenotypic differences among them. Severe inflammatory lung injury was chronologically associated with acute and significant weight loss, mainly in animals inoculated with A.2 and Delta variants. Omicron-infected animals had lower overall histopathology scores compared to other variants. We highlight the central role of endothelial injury and activation in the pathogenesis of experimental SARS-CoV-2 infection in hamsters, characterised by the presence of proliferative type I and type II pneumocytes with abundant surfactant expression, thereby maintaining hyperinflated alveolar fields. Additionally, there was evidence of intrapulmonary lymphatic vessel proliferation, which was accompanied by a lack of detectable microthrombosis in the lung parenchyma. However, white microthrombi were observed in lymphatic vessels. Our findings suggest that the physiological compensatory mechanisms that maintain respiratory homeostasis in Golden Syrian hamsters prevent severe respiratory distress and death after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Full article

Information on Culicoides transmitted parasites, especially trypanosomatids, infecting animals and insects, is scarce. Our goal was to clarify the seasonal patterns of both Culicoides and trypanosomatids detected in these insects and the relationships between Culicoides abundance and meteorological parameters. UV light traps were used to collect biting midges in four study sites in 2022–2023; collected Culicoides females were dissected and analyzed using microscopy and PCR-based methods. Out of 1631 parous Culicoides females belonging to 14 different species, 6.5% were found to be infected with trypanosomatids (5.0% with at least three Trypanosoma species and 1.5% with monoxenous parasites). The highest Culicoides abundance was detected in June. The prevalence of trypanosomatids in biting midges increased during the summer (5.3% in June, 8.8% in July, and 11.2% in August). Temperature was recorded to be a presiding environmental gradient structuring Culicoides species composition, while wind speed and precipitation explained little of the variation. Our results indicate that both avian and mammalian trypanosomes can be found in these insects, although further research is needed to better understand the development of these parasites in biting midges and Culicoides vectorial capacity. Full article

Among synanthropic species, European hedgehogs are widely distributed throughout Europe. In recent decades, these animals have increasingly adapted to anthropogenic environments, where they find abundant shelter and food resources, along with fewer natural predators. As with other wildlife, it is likely that their coexistence in cities is also affecting their microbiota, promoting the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This study aimed to assess the occurrence and patterns of AMR in commensal enteric Escherichia coli isolated from hedgehogs (n = 53) living in anthropogenic environments upon admission to a wildlife rescue center in Turin (Italy). The effects of hospitalization on the prevalence and trends of AMR were also assessed. Our results confirm that hedgehogs can harbor resistant E. coli upon admission, in particular against cefazolin (41.5%), ampicillin (37.7%), and enrofloxacin (22.6%). In addition, hospitalization promoted an increase in minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of all antibiotics except imipenem, which led to a significant increase in E. coli that was resistant towards doxycycline, enrofloxacin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Admitted hedgehogs were also carriers of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing E. coli (5.7%), whose presence increased during hospitalization (to 20.8%). These results highlight the role of hospitalizations longer than five days in the acquisition of AMR and suggest that European hedgehogs can become potential carriers of resistant E. coli following hospitalization. Full article

In recent decades, there has been a marked surge in the development of marine-by-product-derived ingredients for cosmetic applications, driven by the increasing demand for natural, sustainable, and high-performance formulations. Marine animal by-products, particularly those from fish, crustaceans, and mollusks, represent an abundant yet underutilized source of bioactive compounds with notable potential in cosmeceutical innovation. Generated as waste from the fishery and seafood-processing industries, these materials are rich in valuable bioactives, such as chitosan, collagen, peptides, amino acids, fatty acids, polar lipids, lipid-soluble vitamins, carotenoids, pigments, phenolics, and mineral-based substrates like hydroxyapatite. Marine by-product bioactives can be isolated via several extraction methods, and most importantly, green ones. These compounds exhibit a broad spectrum of skin-health-promoting effects, including antioxidant, anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, anti-wrinkle, anti-hyperpigmentation, and wound-healing properties. Moreover, applications extend beyond skincare to include hair, nail, and oral care. The present review provides a comprehensive analysis of bioactives obtained from marine mollusks, crustaceans, and fish by-products, emphasizing modern extraction technologies with a focus on green and sustainable approaches. It further explores their mechanisms of action and documented efficacy in cosmetic formulations. Finally, the review outlines current limitations and offers future perspectives for the industrial valorization of marine by-products in functional and environmentally-conscious cosmetic development. Full article

The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of season (rut and non-rut) on the antioxidant status of selected reproductive tissues in male European red deer (Cervus elaphus elaphus). Tissue samples were collected post mortem from the testes and epididymides (caput, corpus, and cauda) of 24 animals. The activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase—SOD, glutathione peroxidase—GPx, and catalase—CAT) and the mRNA expression of SOD1, SOD2, SOD3, GPx4, GPx5, and CAT were examined. In addition, these proteins were identified by western blot. ANOVA revealed that season, type of tissue, and the interaction between these factors significantly (p ≤ 0.05) influenced the activity and mRNA expression of the analyzed enzymes. The activity of SOD and GPx peaked in the corpus epididymis in the rut season and in the caput epididymis in the non-rut season. Regardless of season, the relative abundances of GPx4, SOD1, SOD2, and SOD3 mRNA were highest in the testis, and GPx5 mRNA—in the caput epididymis. The activity of SOD and CAT was significantly higher during the non-rut season compared with the rut season, but only in the caput epididymis. This study demonstrated that the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the relative mRNA expression varies across tissues and seasons to provide the reproductive system of European red deer with the required antioxidant protection. Further research is needed to expand our understanding of the antioxidant defense system in the reproductive tract of European red deer. Full article

Glycerol fatty acid esters (GFAEs) are recognized for their potential to improve lipid metabolism, energy utilization, and gut health due to their excellent emulsifying and antimicrobial properties. The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of dietary GFAE supplementation on production performance, serum biochemical profiles, and rumen fermentation in beef cattle. Thirty crossbred Simmental bulls, averaging 507.42 ± 9.59 kg in body weight, were assigned to three distinct cohorts, with 10 animals in each cohort. The CON cohort was fed a basal diet devoid of GFAE, whereas the treatment cohorts (GFAE1 and GFAE2) received GFAE supplements at concentrations of 0.1% and 0.2% of the dietary dry matter, respectively. Compared with the control group, supplementation with 0.1% GFAE significantly increased the ADG of beef cattle by 12.14% (p < 0.05); compared with the GFAE2 group, ADG was 7.86% higher (p > 0.05). The digestibility of NDF and ADF was significantly enhanced in the GFAE1 group relative to the control group (p < 0.05). Dietary GFAE supplementation significantly elevated rumen acetate, propionate, and total volatile fatty acid concentrations in both the GFAE1 and GFAE2 groups compared to the control group (p < 0.05). In contrast to the control group, there was a notable rise in serum levels of T-AOC, UREA, and TG in both GFAE1 and GFAE2 groups (p < 0.05). Conversely, the concentration of HDL-C was significantly decreased in the GFAE2 group. Additionally, at the phylum level, the abundance of Fibrobacterota was significantly higher in the GFAE1 group than in the control group (p < 0.01). At the genus level, the proportions of Bacteroides and Fibrobacter were significantly higher in the GFAE1 group compared to the control group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the addition of 0.1% GFAE to beef cattle diets significantly enhances the digestibility of ADF and NDF nutrients, increases serum total antioxidant capacity, urea, and triglycerides, optimizes rumen fermentation parameters and microbial community structure, and ultimately improves production performance. As a result of the findings from this research, it is suggested that 0.1% GFAE be incorporated into the diet for beef cattle. Full article