Search Results (1,598)

The rapid advancement of underwater wireless communication technologies is critical to unlocking the full potential of marine resource exploration and environmental monitoring. This paper reviews recent progress in three primary modalities: underwater acoustic communication, radio frequency (RF) communication, and underwater optical wireless communication (UWOC), each designed to address specific challenges posed by complex underwater environments. Acoustic communication, while effective for long-range transmission, is constrained by ambient noise and high latency; recent innovations in noise reduction and data rate enhancement have notably improved its reliability. RF communication offers high-speed, short-range capabilities in shallow waters, but still faces challenges in hardware miniaturization and accurate channel modeling. UWOC has emerged as a promising solution, enabling multi-gigabit data rates over medium distances through advanced modulation techniques and turbulence mitigation. Additionally, bio-inspired approaches such as electric field communication provide energy-efficient and robust alternatives under turbid conditions. This paper further examines the practical integration of these technologies in underwater platforms, including autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), highlighting trade-offs between energy efficiency, system complexity, and communication performance. By synthesizing recent advancements, this review outlines the advantages and limitations of current underwater communication methods and their real-world applications, offering insights to guide the future development of underwater communication systems for robotic and vehicular platforms. Full article

In many developing African countries, milk safety is often managed through traditional methods such as fermentation or boiling over firewood. While these approaches reduce some microbial risks, they present critical limitations. Firewood dependency contributes to deforestation, depletion of agricultural residues, and loss of soil fertility, which, in turn, compromise environmental health and food security. Solar pasteurization provides a reliable and sustainable method for thermally inactivating pathogenic microorganisms in milk and other perishable foods at sub-boiling temperatures, preserving its nutritional quality. This study aimed to evaluate the thermal and microbial performance of a low-cost solar milk pasteurization system, hypothesized to effectively reduce microbial contaminants and retain milk quality under natural sunlight. The system was constructed using locally available materials and tailored to the climatic conditions of the Savanna ecological zone in West Africa. A flat-plate glass solar collector was integrated with a 0.15 cm thick stainless steel cylindrical milk vat, featuring a 2.2 cm hot water jacket and 0.5 cm thick aluminum foil insulation. The system was tested in Navrongo, Ghana, under ambient temperatures ranging from 30 °C to 43 °C. The pasteurizer successfully processed up to 8 L of milk per batch, achieving a maximum milk temperature of 74 °C by 14:00 GMT. Microbial analysis revealed a significant reduction in bacterial load, from 6.6 × 10⁶ CFU/mL to 1.0 × 10² CFU/mL, with complete elimination of coliforms. These results confirmed the device’s effectiveness in achieving safe pasteurization levels. The findings demonstrate that this locally built solar pasteurization system is a viable and cost-effective solution for improving milk safety in arid, electricity-limited regions. Its potential scalability also opens avenues for rural entrepreneurship in solar-powered food and water treatment technologies. Full article

With the growing severity of environmental pollution, people are paying increasing attention to their health. However, naturally occurring wood with health benefits and applications in human healthcare is still scarce. Natural wood exhibits a limited negative oxygen ion release capacity, and this release has a short duration, failing to meet practical application requirements. This study innovatively developed a humidity-responsive, healthy wood material with a high negative oxygen ion release capacity based on fast-growing poplar. Through vacuum cyclic impregnation technology, hexagonal stone powder was infused into the pores of poplar wood, endowing it with the ability to continuously release negative oxygen ions. The healthy wood demonstrated a static average negative oxygen ion release rate of 537 ions/cm³ (peaking at 617 ions/cm³) and a dynamic average release rate of 3,170 ions/cm³ (peaking at 10,590 ions/cm³). The results showed that the particle size of hexagonal stone powder in suspension was influenced by the dispersants and dispersion processes. The composite dispersion process demonstrated optimal performance when using 0.5 wt% silane coupling agent γ-(methacryloxy)propyltrimethoxysilane (KH570), achieving the smallest particle size of 8.93 μm. The healthy wood demonstrated excellent impregnation performance, with a weight gain exceeding 14.61% and a liquid absorption rate surpassing 165.18%. The optimal impregnation cycle for vacuum circulation technology was determined to be six cycles, regardless of the type of dispersant. Compared with poplar wood, the hygroscopic swelling rate of healthy wood was lower, especially in PEG-treated samples, where the tangential, radial, longitudinal, and volumetric swelling rates decreased by 70.93%, 71.67%, 69.41%, and 71.35%, respectively. Combining hexagonal stone powder with fast-growing poplar wood can effectively enhance the release of negative oxygen ions. The static average release of negative oxygen ions from healthy wood is 1.44 times that of untreated hexagonal stone powder, and the dynamic release reaches 2 to 3 times the concentration of negative oxygen ions specified by national fresh air standards. The water-responsive mechanism revealed that negative oxygen ion release surged when ambient humidity exceeded 70%. This work proposes a sustainable and effective method to prepare healthy wood with permanent negative oxygen ion release capability. It demonstrates great potential for improving indoor air quality and enhancing human health. Full article

Ecotribology focuses on both saving energy resources and reducing environmental pollution. Considering environmental concerns, water-based nanolubricants have gained significant attention over conventional oil-based ones. Non-ecotoxic and highly environmentally friendly nanoadditives were chosen for nanolubricant synthesis, especially considering their use at elevated temperatures. In this study, hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets (hBNNSs) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂ NPs) were used to prepare water-based lubricants with glycerol and surfactant sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) in water under ultrasonication. An Rtec ball-on-disk tribometer was used to investigate the tribological performance of the synthesised water-based lubricants containing different nano-hBN/TiO₂ concentrations, with dry and water conditions used as benchmarks. The results indicated that the water-based nanolubricant containing 0.5 wt% hBN and 0.5 wt% TiO₂ exhibited the best tribological performance at both ambient (25 °C) and elevated (500 °C) temperatures. This optimal concentration leads to a reduction in the coefficient of friction (COF) by 72.9% and 37.5%, wear of disk by 62.5% and 49%, and wear of ball by 74% and 69% at ambient and elevated temperatures, respectively, compared to that of distilled water. Lubrication mechanisms were attributed to the rolling, mending, tribofilm, solid layer formation, and synergistic effects of hBNNSs and TiO₂ NPs. Full article

Hydrogen energy is a pivotal carrier for achieving carbon neutrality, requiring green and efficient production via water electrolysis. However, the anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) involves a sluggish four-electron transfer process, resulting in high overpotentials, while the prohibitive cost and complex preparation of precious metal catalysts impede large-scale commercialization. In this study, we develop a FeCo-based bimetallic deep eutectic solvent (FeCo-DES) as a multifunctional reaction medium for engineering a three-dimensional (3D) coral-like FeOOH-Co₂(OH)₃Cl/NF composite via a mild one-step impregnation approach (70 °C, ambient pressure). The FeCo-DES simultaneously serves as the solvent, metal source, and redox agent, driving the controlled in situ assembly of FeOOH-Co₂(OH)₃Cl hybrids on Ni(OH)₂/NiOOH-coated nickel foam (NF). This hierarchical architecture induces synergistic enhancement through geometric structural effects combined with multi-component electronic interactions. Consequently, the FeOOH-Co₂(OH)₃Cl/NF catalyst achieves a remarkably low overpotential of 197 mV at 100 mA cm⁻² and a Tafel slope of 65.9 mV dec⁻¹, along with 98% current retention over 24 h chronopotentiometry. This study pioneers a DES-mediated strategy for designing robust composite catalysts, establishing a scalable blueprint for high-performance and low-cost OER systems. Full article

This study aimed to investigate the effect of wildfire episodes on air quality in terms of particulate matter (PM) and carbonaceous compound concentration in ambient air, and to assess deviations from typical annual patterns. The sampling was performed at a rural background site near the Adriatic coast in Croatia through 2024. To better understand contributions caused by fire events, the levels of organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), black carbon (BC), pyrolytic carbon (PyrC), optical carbon (OptC), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), levoglucosan (LG), mannosan (MNS), and galactosan (GA) were determined in PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 fractions (particles smaller than 10 µm and 2.5 µm, respectively). The annual mean concentrations of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 were 14 µg/m³ and 8 µg/m³, respectively. During the fire episode, the PM_2.5 mass contribution to the total PM₁₀ mass exceeded 65%. Total carbon (TC) and OC increased by a factor of 7, EC and BC by 12, PyrC by 8, and WSOC by 12. The concentration of LG reached 1.219 μg/m³ in the PM₁₀ fractions and 0.954 μg/m³ in the PM_2.5 fractions, representing a 200-fold increase during the fire episode. Meteorological data were integrated to assess atmospheric conditions during the fire episode, and the specific ratios between fire-related compounds were analyzed. Full article

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (P204) is widely used in extraction processes in the nuclear and rare earth industries. However, its high solubility in water results in high levels of total organic carbon and phosphorus in aqueous environments, and may also lead to radioactive contamination when it is used to combine with radionuclides. In this paper, we characterized a coconut shell activated carbon (CSAC) and a coal-based activated carbon (CBAC) for the adsorption of P204 and then evaluated their adsorption performance through batch and column experiments. The results found that, except for the main carbon matrix, CSAC and CBAC carried rich oxygen-containing functional groups and a small amount of inorganic substances. Both adsorbents had porous structures with pore diameters less than 4 nm. CSAC and CBAC showed good removal performance for P204 under low pH conditions, with removal efficiencies significantly higher than those of commonly used adsorption resins (XAD-4 and IRA900). The adsorption kinetics of P204 conformed to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and the adsorption isotherms conformed to the Langmuir model, indicating a monolayer chemical reaction mechanism. Both adsorbents exhibited strong anti-interference capabilities; their adsorption performance for P204 did not change greatly with the ambient temperature or the concentrations of common interfering ions. Column experiments demonstrated that CSAC could effectively fix dissolved P204 with a removal efficiency exceeding 90%. The fixed P204 could be desorbed with acetone. The findings provide an effective method for the recovery of P204 and the regeneration of spent activated carbon, which shows promise for practical applications in the future. Full article

This study investigates the downstream wake characteristics of a helical hydrokinetic turbine through combined experimental and numerical analyses. A four-bladed helical turbine with a 20 cm rotor diameter and blockage ratio of 53.57% was tested in an open water channel under a flow rate of 180 m³/h, corresponding to a Reynolds number of approximately 90 × 10³. Velocity measurements were collected at 13 downstream cross-sections using an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter, with each point sampled repeatedly. Standard error analysis was applied to quantify measurement uncertainty. Complementary numerical simulations were conducted in ANSYS Fluent using a steady-state k-ω Shear Stress Transport (SST) turbulence model, with a mesh of 4.7 million elements and mesh independence confirmed. Velocity deficit and turbulence intensity were employed as primary parameters to characterize the wake structure, while the analysis also focused on the recovery of cross-sectional velocity profiles to validate the extent of wake influence. Experimental results revealed a maximum velocity deficit of over 40% in the near-wake region, which gradually decreased with downstream distance, while turbulence intensity exceeded 50% near the rotor and dropped below 10% beyond 4 m. In comparison, numerical findings showed a similar trend but with lower peak velocity deficits of 16.6%. The root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) between experimental and numerical mean velocity profiles were calculated as 0.04486 and 0.03241, respectively, demonstrating reasonable agreement between the datasets. Extended simulations up to 30 m indicated that flow profiles began to resemble ambient conditions around 18–20 m. The findings highlight the importance of accurately identifying the downstream distance at which the wake effect fully dissipates, as this is crucial for determining appropriate inter-turbine spacing. The study also discusses potential sources of discrepancies between experimental and numerical results, as well as the limitations of the modeling approach. Full article

Hydrogen, as the smallest atom and a key component of water, can penetrate minerals in various forms (e.g., atoms, molecules), significantly influencing their properties. The hydrogen diffusion behavior in corundum (α-Al₂O₃) under high pressure was systematically investigated using the DFT + NEB method. The results indicate that H atoms tend to aggregate into H₂ molecules within corundum under both ambient and high-pressure conditions. However, hydrogen predominantly migrates in its atomic form (H) under both low- and high-pressure environments. The energy barriers for H and H₂ diffusion increase with pressure, and hydrogen diffusion weakens the chemical bonds nearby. Using the Arrhenius equation, we calculated the diffusion coefficient of H in corundum, which increases with temperature but decreases with pressure. On geological time scales, hydrogen diffusion is relatively slow, potentially resulting in a heterogeneous distribution of water in the lower mantle. These findings provide novel insights into hydrogen diffusion mechanisms in corundum under extreme conditions, with significant implications for hydrogen behavior in mantle minerals at high pressures. Full article

Three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations have been performed to investigate the complex flow features and stripping of fluid materials from a cylindrical water drop at the late-stage in a Shock Liquid Drop Interaction (SLDI) process when the drop’s downstream end experiences compression after it is impacted by a supersonic shock wave ($Ma$ = 1.47). The drop trajectory/breakup has been simulated using a Lagrangian model and the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) approach has been employed for simulating the ambient airflow. The Kelvin–Helmholtz Rayleigh–Taylor (KHRT) breakup model has been used to capture the liquid drop fragmentation process and a coupled level-set volume of fluid (CLSVOF) method has been applied to investigate the topological transformations at the air/water interface. The predicted changes of the drop length/width/area with time have been compared against experimental measurements, and a very good agreement has been obtained. The complex flow features and the qualitative characteristics of the material stripping process in the compression phase, as well as disintegration and flattening of the drop are analyzed via comprehensive flow visualization. Characteristics of the drop distortion and fragmentation in the stripping breakup mode, and the development of turbulence at the later stage of the shock drop interaction process are also examined. Finally, this study investigated the effect of increasing $Ma$ on the breakup of a water drop by shear stripping. The results show that the shed fluid materials and micro-drops are spread over a narrower distribution as $Ma$ increases. It illustrates that the flattened area bounded by the downstream separation points experienced less compression, and the liquid sheet suffered a slower growth. Full article

Deployment of nature-based systems for mine water treatment is constrained by system size, and the evidence suggests decreasing hydraulic conductivity (K_sat) of organic substrates over time compromises performance. In lab-scale continuous-flow reactors, we investigated (1) the geochemical and hydraulic performance of organic substrates used in nature-based systems for metals removal (via bacterial sulfate reduction) from mine water, and then (2) the potential to operate systems modestly contaminated with Zn (0.5 mg/L) at reduced hydraulic residence times (HRTs). Bioreactors containing limestone, straw, and wood chips, with and without compost and/or sewage sludge all achieved 88%–90% Zn removal, but those without compost/sludge had higher K_sat (929–1546 m/d). Using a high K_sat substrate, decreasing the HRT from 15 to 9 h had no impact on Zn removal (92.5% to 97.5%). Although the sulfate reduction rate decreased at a shorter HRT, microbial analysis showed high relative abundance (2%–7%) of sulfate reducing bacteria, and geochemical modelling pointed to ZnS(s) precipitation as the main attenuation mechanism (mean ZnS saturation index = 3.91–4.23). High permeability organic substrate treatment systems operated at a short HRT may offer potential for wider deployment of such systems, but pilot-scale testing under ambient environmental conditions is advisable. Full article

Fly ash and slag are widely used as mineral admixtures to partially replace cement in low-carbon concrete. However, such composite concretes often exhibit a greater carbonation depth than plain Portland concrete with the same 28-day strength, increasing the risk of steel reinforcement corrosion. Previous mix design methods have overlooked this issue. This study proposes an optimized design method for fly ash–slag composite concrete, considering carbonation exposure classes and CO₂ concentrations. Four exposure classes are addressed—XC1 (completely dry or permanently wet environments such as indoor floors or submerged concrete), XC2 (wet but rarely dry, e.g., inside water tanks), XC3 (moderate humidity, e.g., sheltered outdoor environments), and XC4 (cyclic wet and dry, e.g., bridge decks and exterior walls exposed to rain). Two CO₂ levels—0.04% (ambient) and 0.05% (elevated)—were also considered. In Scenario 1 (no durability constraint), the optimized designs for all exposure classes were identical, with 60% slag and 75% total fly ash–slag replacement. In Scenario 2 (0.04% CO₂ with durability), the designs for XC1 and XC2 remained the same, but for XC3 and XC4, the carbonation depth became the controlling factor, requiring a higher binder content and leading to compressive strengths exceeding the target. In Scenario 3 (0.05% CO₂), despite the increased carbonation depth, the XC1 and XC2 designs were unchanged. However, XC3 and XC4 required further increases in binder content and actual strength to meet durability limits. Overall, compressive strength governs the design for XC1 and XC2, while carbonation durability is critical for XC3 and XC4. Increasing the water-to-binder ratio reduces strength, while higher-strength mixes emit more CO₂ per cubic meter, confirming the proposed method’s engineering validity. Full article

Improving photovoltaic (PV) panel performance under extreme climatic conditions is critical for advancing sustainable energy systems. In hyper-arid regions, elevated operating temperatures significantly reduce panel efficiency. This study investigates and compares three cooling techniques—air cooling, water cooling, and porous media cooling—using thermal and electrical modeling based on CFD simulations in ANSYS. The numerical model replicates a PV system operating under peak solar irradiance (900 W/m²) and realistic ambient conditions in Adrar, Algeria. Simulation results show that air cooling leads to a modest temperature reduction of 6 °C and a marginal efficiency gain of 0.25%. Water cooling, employing a top-down laminar flow, reduces cell temperature by over 35 °C and improves net electrical output by 30.9%, despite pump energy consumption. Porous media cooling, leveraging passive evaporation through gravel, decreases panel temperature by around 30 °C and achieves a net output gain of 26.3%. Mesh sensitivity and validation against experimental data support the accuracy of the model. These findings highlight the significant potential of water and porous material cooling strategies to enhance PV performance in hyper-arid environments. The study also demonstrates that porous media can deliver high thermal effectiveness with minimal energy input, making it a suitable low-cost option for off-grid applications. Future work will integrate long-term climate data, real diffuser geometries, and experimental validation to further refine these models. Full article

Stray-current and soft-water leaching can induce severe corrosion in reinforced concrete structures and buried metal pipelines within subway environments. The effects of water-to-binder ratio (W/C), modulus of sodium silicate (Ms), and alkali content (AC) on the mechanical properties of fly-ash-based geopolymer (FAG) at various curing ages were investigated. The influence of curing temperature and high-temperature curing duration on the development of mechanical performance were examined, and the optimal curing regime was determined. Furthermore, based on the mix design of FAG resistant to coupled erosion from stray-current and soft-water, the effects of stray-current intensity and erosion duration on the coupled erosion behavior were analyzed. The results indicated that FAG exhibited slow strength development under ambient conditions. However, thermal curing at 80 °C for 24 h markedly improved early-age strength. The compressive strength of FAG exhibited an increase followed by a decrease with increasing W/B, Ms, and AC, with optimal ranges identified as 0.28–0.34, 1.0–1.6, and 4–7%, respectively. Soft-water alone caused limited leaching, while the presence of stray-current significantly accelerated degradation, with corrosion rates increasing by 4.1 and 7.2 times under 20 V and 40 V, respectively. The coupled corrosion effect was found to weaken over time and with increasing current intensity. Under coupled leaching conditions, compressive strength loss of FAG was primarily influenced by AC, with lesser contributions from W/B and Ms. The optimal mix proportion for corrosion resistance was determined to be W/B of 0.30, Ms of 1.2, and AC of 6%, under which the compressive strength after corrosion achieved the highest value, thereby significantly improving the durability of FAG in harsh environments such as stray-current zones in subways. Full article

This study systematically investigates microplastic (MP) release from polypropylene (PP) and polylactic acid (PLA) straws across beverage matrices (deionized water, cola, and skim milk) under thermal variations. A laboratory simulation system was developed to quantify MP release at ambient temperature (25 °C) and characterize size reduction across thermal gradients (25 °C, 45 °C, and 65 °C). The integrated analytical approaches combining Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), micro-FTIR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and optical microscopy were employed to systematically quantify and characterize MPs in terms of abundance, morphological features, and polymer composition. The findings reveal that PP straws released significantly higher MP quantities (26–28 particles/straw) than PLA counterparts (18–26 particles/straw) at 25 °C, with a pronounced burst release phase occurring within the initial 5 min of usage of straws. Thermal escalation experiments demonstrated progressive MP size reduction for both PP and PLA groups, with elevated temperatures inducing particles into smaller particles. Full article