Search Results (831)

Fermentation possesses intriguing and promising potential as a bioprocess for enhancing and/or transforming bioactive compounds derived from agricultural processing by-products. This study aimed to enhance the phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties of coffee cherry husks through the sustainable methodology of solid-state fermentation (SSF) using various Trichoderma fungi, specifically Trichoderma asperellum CB-Pin-01 and two Trichoderma isolates (NTY211 and PSUT001). The coffee cherry husks underwent fermentation at a controlled temperature of 28 ± 1 °C over a duration of 7 days. Both fermented and unfermented extracts, prepared using different solvents (water, ethanol, and acetone), were systematically evaluated concerning total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant capacities measured via DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays, as well as ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The findings indicated that SSF involving Trichoderma fungi significantly augmented the phenolic content and antioxidant activities in comparison to the unfermented samples (p < 0.05). Notably, the acetonic extract obtained from fermentation with the isolate NTY211 exhibited the highest contents of phenolic (191.48 ± 3.94 mg GAE/g extract) and flavonoid (106.61 ± 3.09 mg QE/g extract). The identification of phenolic compounds by UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS analysis revealed a predominant increase in chlorogenic acid and quercetin through SSF. Consequently, SSF utilizing Trichoderma fungi may represent a viable strategy for enhancing the value of coffee cherry husks, rendering them into bioactive ingredients with potential applications in the cosmetic and food industries. Full article

Kunzea ericoides (kanuka), a native plant of New Zealand, has a significant role in traditional medicine due to the presence of essential oils. Apart from these oils, this plant also is a source of many bioactive compounds, majority of which are polyphenols. However, there is lack of sufficient data supporting the extraction of polyphenols from kanuka plant leaves and investigating its bioactivity and phytochemical properties. The study aims to extract polyphenols from kanuka plant leaves with a conventional solvent-based method and determine the phytochemical analysis as well as bioactive potential. Extraction was performed with methanol and acetone as solvents. Polyphenolic prolife was analyzed with LC-MS. Bioactive analysis of kanuka leaf extract was carried out to determine total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. We investigated the cytotoxic effect of kanuka leaf extract on two triple-negative breast cancer cells—MDA-MB-231 and BT-549. LC-MS analysis confirmed kanuka leaf extract is a source of many polyphenols, some giving very prominent signals on TIC scan. Ten polyphenolic compounds were confirmed to be present in kanuka leaf extract based on MRM analysis. FRAP-CUPRAC analysis indicated significant antioxidant activity in the kanuka leaf extract. Antiproliferative analysis has confirmed cytotoxicity of the kanuka leaf extract on the triple-negative breast cancer cell lines. This study indicates that Kunzea ericoides leaf extract, rich in polyphenols, shows promising antioxidant and antiproliferative potential, warranting further investigation for therapeutic applications. Full article

The pomegranate peel represents an important source of secondary metabolites such as hydrolysable ellagitannins, which are recognized for their antioxidant, anticancer and neuroprotective properties. In this work, the freeze-dried pomegranate peel was extracted by a combined mild maceration at room temperature and ultrasonication at 45 °C using ethanol and acetone as green solvents. The ethanol extract, with an extraction yield of 29%, and IC50 (mg/mL) 0.1067 and 0.0414 for DPPH and ABTS, respectively, was incorporated into a polymer based on dextran, using a grafting reaction, to improve its bioavailability and preserve the chemical integrity. In addition, the potential antitumor activity against breast cancer was evaluated based on the existing literature. In vitro studies have demonstrated the safety and biocompatibility of both free pomegranate peel extract (SSE2-L) and its dextran conjugate (SSPD), with no adverse effects on fibroblasts, erythrocytes, or immune cells. Both formulations inhibited the proliferation of breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231) in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, with SSPD consistently showing superior efficacy. This enhanced activity was corroborated by reduced clonogenic growth, G1 cell-cycle arrest, and improved stability and bioactive retention conferred by polymer conjugation. Overall, these findings highlight dextran-conjugated pomegranate polyphenols as promising candidates for next-generation nutraceuticals and phytopharmaceuticals in cancer chemoprevention and adjunctive therapy, with potential applications extending to other biomedical fields and functional foods. Full article

The traditional chemical vapor deposition (CVD)graphene transfer process generates a large amount of solvent waste, posing a significant sustainability challenge. To address this, we designed a Cyclic Cleaning Multi-Chamber (CCMC) system. Inspired by Soxhlet extraction, the CCMC enables closed-loop solvent recycling through integrated distillation, condensation, and reflux mechanisms. Experimental results show that the system effectively removes poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) residues from transferred graphene without damaging its structural integrity, a finding confirmed by Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The CCMC system achieves a solvent recovery efficiency of over 98% across 25 cycles using acetone, significantly reducing solvent consumption compared to conventional methods. While providing this substantial environmental benefit, the energy demand remains moderate, increasing by only about 15 kWh. These results position the CCMC as a scalable, eco-friendly solution for the semiconductor and nanomaterial industries, promoting the broader adoption of sustainable manufacturing practices. Full article

Triatoma infestans is one of the primary vectors of Chagas disease. This vector has developed increasing resistance to pyrethroids, the main insecticides used for its control. Recent studies have highlighted the repellent and lethal effects of Cannabis sativa on insects, suggesting its potential use in pest management. Based on this, we hypothesize that C. sativa could be a viable bioactive for controlling T. infestans. To test this hypothesis, acetone and ethanol extracts were obtained from the inflorescences of C. sativa L. (Deep Mandarine variety) using sonication. These extracts were analyzed through gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. The repellent and lethal effects of the extracts were evaluated on fifth-instar nymphs of T. infestans from a laboratory colony, as well as on the beneficial non-target species, Apis mellifera. The most abundant terpenes identified were β-caryophyllene and β-pinene, with concentrations exceeding 100 ppm in both extracts. Cannabidiol and Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol were the predominant cannabinoids. Both extracts exhibited maximum lethal activity 48 h after insect contact, with the acetone extract demonstrating a potency five times greater than the ethanolic extract. Binary combinations of C. sativa extracts with major terpenes showed dose-dependent interactions against T. infestans, ranging from strong synergy (e.g., AE + β-caryophyllene, CI = 0.06–0.17) to marked antagonism (e.g., AE + E-ocimene, CI = 1.60–4.80). Furthermore, the acetone extract showed a more effective repellent action compared to the ethanol extract, even outperforming N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET, positive control). At a concentration of 25 µg/cm² for 60 min, the acetone extract achieved a 100% repellent effect, whereas DEET required a concentration of 50 µg/cm² to achieve the same effect. Unlike imidacloprid (positive control), neither extract showed toxicity to adult A. mellifera at the evaluated doses. Full article

Electrospun fibers serve as a medium for the targeted release of active compounds, facilitating the desired therapeutic effects in drug administration. The point of this study was to find the best conditions for making electrospun fibers from cellulose acetate (CA) and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), mixed with pure oxyresveratrol extract from Artrocarpus lakoocha Roxberg (Moraceae). Additionally, the study focused on evaluating the antioxidant properties, antityrosinase activity, and freeze–thaw stability of the resulting fibers. We incorporated a concentration of oxyresveratrol at 0.1% w/w into various mass ratios of CA/PCL blended fiber sheets (1:0, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3), utilizing mixed solvents of acetone/DMF (2:1% v/v) and chloroform/DMF (9:1% v/v) for preparation. The fiber sheets displayed a continuous and uniform structure, with fiber diameters ranging from 300 to 1000 nanometers. We investigated the release kinetics of oxyresveratrol from the fibrous substrates using the total immersion technique, specifically in phosphate-buffered saline at a pH of 7.4. The results showed that the fiber sheet with a 3:1 w/w ratio of CA to PCL and a 0.1 w/w loading of oxyresveratrol showed the most significant release of oxyresveratrol at the 2 h mark, and it continued to release consistently at this peak value for up to 24 h. The antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase properties of oxyresveratrol in fiber sheets were more stable than those of free oxyresveratrol at the same concentrations. The fiber sheet presents a promising avenue for a user-friendly transdermal patch application. Full article

Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are known to potentially impact both marine organisms and human health through the consumption of fish and seafood. In this study, the concentrations of 12 priority PAHs and 6 PAEs were analyzed in the tissues of 76 samples of five farmed fish species, including Litopenaeus vannamei (crustacean), Babylonia areolata, Marcia hiantina (mollusk), Trachinotus blochii, and Epinephelus lanceolatus (fish), collected from four coastal sites in Khanh Hoa province. Freeze-dried tissue was extracted using water bath ultrasonication with an acetone/n-hexane mixture. A triple quadrupole gas chromatograph–mass spectrometer (GC-MS/MS) was used for the analyses. The results showed that the total PAHs had low contamination levels. Among the PAEs, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) exhibited the highest concentrations. The calculated hazard index (HI) for PAEs suggested no significant health risk. Six PAHs were detected, ranging from 9.14 µg kg⁻¹ in Pacific white shrimp to 47.34 µg kg⁻¹ in cockle. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) values for PAHs in some samples exceeded the acceptable safety threshold. In the future, natural fish, environmental samples (seawater and marine sediment), and other information on natural conditions will be collected for analyses. This is the first report on the levels and health risks of PAEs and PAHs in farmed fishes along the Khanh Hoa coast. Full article

Bigels are promising delivery systems for bioactive compounds, combining the properties of hydrogels and oleogels. Pequi carotenoids, characterized by their natural yellow fluorescence, hold potential to replace the artificial dye tartrazine in foods while simultaneously enhancing their functional properties. This study developed food-grade bigels with varying oleogel-to-hydrogel ratios (40%, 60%, 80% OG) to assess the pigmentation capacity of pequi carotenoid extracts. Hydrogel contained agar and xanthan gum, while oleogel comprised beeswax, lecithin, sunflower oil, and 400 μg/100 g carotenoid extract. Bigel color was analyzed using the CIELAB system. Linear and multiple regression models were applied to assess the influence of crosslinking time (1 vs. 12 h), extraction solvent (acetone vs. [BMIM][BF4]), saponification, and oleogel ratio on color parameters. The color of the carotenoid-enriched bigels was mainly influenced by the extraction solvent and the oleogel ratio, while saponification and crosslinking time had only minor impacts. Although changes in L*, a*, and b* were observed across samples, ΔE* values generally reflected low perceptibility. Notably, more evident color differences were associated with variations in solvent type and oleogel ratio. These findings contribute to a better understanding of how formulation parameters influence the pigmentation behavior and support the development of natural, visually appealing functional foods. Full article

Traditional sample preparation for terpene analysis includes distillation, solvent extraction, and solid phase extraction and is followed by using gas chromatography with a mass spectrometer (GC-MS) to complete identification and quantification. The preparations rely on the volatility and low polarity of terpenes which exist in free form. However, terpenes in bound form are still largely retained in the extracted residues because, by binding with sugar moiety, they have high polarity and water solubility and low volatility. In this study, distributions and profiles of free and bound form terpenes in different fruit and crop byproducts were evaluated by using different extraction media followed by acid hydrolysis. The acid hydrolysis significantly broke down the binding between terpene and sugar moiety and freed the bound terpene. The concentration of bound terpenes in fruit peel or corn silk was much higher than that of originally existing free terpenes. For example, the terpene concentration in watermelon peel increased from 47.0 to 101 μg/g after hydrolysis. The profile of bound terpenes was also more diverse than that of free terpenes. Among the three extraction media, water, ethanol, and acetone, acetone was the best media to extract bound terpenes with over one and a half times higher total bound terpene extraction yield than ethanol or water extract. The findings of this study explored the bound form terpenes in agricultural products which are usually underexplored in current terpene research. It also demonstrated an effective sample preparation and approach for determining bound terpenes in plants. This study could be an initiating effort and work to assist in exploring rarely mindful bound terpenes in foods and plants. The odorless nature and high stability and water solubility of bound terpenes could provide them a great advantage over free terpenes in various applications requiring neutral scent. Full article

Mastic gum from Pistacia lentiscus L. has long been valued in Mediterranean medicine and food preservation, yet its bioactive potential remains underexplored in specific geographic contexts. In Morocco, the resin—locally known as Meska Horra—is abundant but insufficiently characterized. This study compared three extraction methods—cold maceration (CM), Soxhlet extraction (SE), and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE)—using sequential acetone and 70% ethanol to recover complementary phenolic compounds from defatted resin. Targeted UHPLC–ESI–MS/MS profiling identified and quantified 30 phenolics, mainly flavonoids and phenolic acids, providing the first systematic dataset for Moroccan mastic gum. UAE–EtOH extract displayed the strongest antioxidant activity (DPPH IC₅₀ = 0.029 mg/mL; ABTS•⁺ IC₅₀ = 0.026 mg/mL). SE–acetone and SE–EtOH extracts showed potent antifungal activity, particularly against Geotrichum candidum, Rhodotorula glutinis, and Aspergillus niger (MBC = 1.7%). The SE–acetone extract exhibited cytotoxicity toward MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic cancer cells (IC₅₀ = 19 µg/mL). These findings demonstrate that extraction method and solvent choice strongly influence phenolic recovery and associated bioactivities, supporting the valorization of Moroccan mastic gum as a promising source for nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications. Full article

Thymus longedentatus (Degen & Urum.) Ronniger is a Balkan endemic species valued for its essential oils and phenolic compounds, yet little is known about its phytochemistry under cultivation. This study compared the metabolite profiles of wild populations from the Eastern Rhodopes (ER) and Thracian Lowland (TL) with a cultivated population near Sofia (CA). Hydrodistillation yielded 0.2% essential oil (EO) in wild plants and 0.3% in cultivated plants. GC–MS analysis revealed citral isomers (neral and geranial) as dominant constituents, exceeding 60% in cultivated samples. Methanolic extracts and acetone exudates contained rosmarinic acid and triterpene acids consistently across all populations. Quantitative differences were observed in stress-related metabolites: arbutin and hydroquinone were enriched in wild plants, while chlorogenic and geranic acids were higher in cultivated plants. These findings demonstrate that cultivation preserves the main phytochemical profile of T. longedentatus while modulating the abundance of specific compounds, offering potential for sustainable utilization and conservation. Full article

Background/Objectives: Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the most pressing global health challenges, ranking among the leading infectious causes of mortality worldwide. Medicinal plants possess antimycobacterial potential, warranting the isolation and characterization of their bioactive compounds to address bacterial infections. The study aimed to determine five selected traditional medicinal plants’ in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activities and the isolation of active phytoconstituents. Methods: Powdered leaf material was extracted using n-hexane, dichloromethane, acetone, methanol, and water. The quantity of phytochemicals and antioxidants was determined using colorimetric assay, The antimycobacterial activity and combination effects were determined using microbroth dilution assay. Cell viability was determined using the [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] MTT reduction assay. Bioassay-guided fractionation was used to isolate bioactive compounds. Results: Polar solvents had high extraction yields, and all extracts had varying phytoconstituents. Active extracts were selected for fractionation and isolation of pure compounds using gradient elution column chromatography. Rhoicissus tridentata water extracts had the highest total phenolic (335.20 ± 8.26 mg GAE/g) and tannin (103.48 ± 7.36 mg GAE/g) content, while Rosmarinus officinalis (45.90 ± 11.04 mg QE/g) methanol extract had the highest total flavonoid. Ximenia caffra had promising antioxidant activity. R. officinalis had prominent antimycobacterial. Rhoicissus tridentata had the highest percentage cell viability. Two compounds were isolated, and they were active against Mycobacterium smegmatis with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 0.125 to 0.25 mg/mL. Conclusions: The selected medicinal plants contain phytochemicals with antioxidant and antimycobacterial activities, supporting their pharmacokinetic studies and evaluation against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. Full article

Extracting bioactives from algae is essential for sustainable solutions aimed at enhancing human health. This study pioneers a multidimensional approach that simultaneously compares ultrasound-assisted carotenoid extraction from spray-dried (SD) and solar-dried (SolD) Spirulina platensis, evaluating both food-grade and emerging green biosolvents, validated through COSMO-SAC predictions and optimized using RSM. The SD sample showed higher carotenoid yields with most solvents, consistent with particle size data indicating less aggregation than SolD. Solvent efficacy varied depending on drying method and carotenoid type; acetone was optimal for zeaxanthin and β-carotene from SD and β-carotene from SolD, while methanol and ethanol were more effective for zeaxanthin in SolD. The green solvent 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF) demonstrated excellent carotenoid affinity in COSMO-SAC predictions and ranked as the second most effective solvent in the SD sample, underscoring its potential as a sustainable alternative. RSM models using 2-MeTHF (SD) and ethanol (SolD) showed excellent prediction accuracy (R² > 98%). Optimized extraction conditions yielded ~4-fold higher total carotenoid recovery compared to non-optimized conditions. Combining computational tools and experiments offers an effective strategy to optimize sustainable extraction of health-promoting carotenoids from Spirulina. Full article

Exposure to sunlight, whose main component is UV radiation (UVR), leads to various skin damage such as sunburns, premature aging, or more severe issues such as increased symptoms of autoimmune disease and skin cancer. Therefore, there is a growing interest in developing improved photoprotective agents that can protect skin from sunlight incidence and antioxidants that counteract the oxidative stress caused by it. Lichens are a source of such agents since they adapt to extreme environments including those with high UVR by biosynthesizing metabolites with those properties. In this study, brialmontin 2 (1), physciosporin (2), and pseudocyphellarin A (3) were isolated for the first time from the lichen Pseudocyphellaria berberina (G. Forst.) D. J. Galloway & P. James, along with calycin (4) and 22-hydroxystictan-3-one (5). Their structural characterization was carried out by spectroscopy (¹H and ¹³C NMR). Sun protection factor (SPF) along with critical wavelength (λ_crit), a UVA/UVB ratio (UVA/UVB-r) of one to five, and acetone extract (AE) were evaluated spectrophotometrically as a measure of their UVB and UVA photoprotective capacities, respectively. Additionally, their antioxidant activity was measured by scavenging DPPH free radicals (RSA). Compounds 2, 4, and AE showed “medium” UVB photoprotective capacities (with SPFs between 15 and 30). Additionally, 4 and AE presented “maximum” UVA photoprotective capacities (λ_crit > 370 nm and UVA/UVB-r > 0.8), whereas this activity was “good” for 2 and 3 (λ_crit 350 to 370 nm and UVA/UVB-r 0.4 to 0.6), and “moderate” for 1 (λ_crit 335 to 350 nm and UVA/UVB-r 0.2 to 0.4). All compounds and AE showed antioxidant activity, standing out were AE and 4 with activity comparable to the controls (ca. 95 and 81 RSA %, respectively, at 1000 ppm). AE and 4 are dual agents with photoprotective (UVB-UVA) and antioxidant capacities that could help prevent skin damage associated with sunlight. In silico assays suggest that 4 spontaneously diffuses into the stratum corneum with limited absorption through the skin. Additionally, 4 lacks potential toxicity to Normal Human Epidermal Keratinocytes (showing viability ca. 70% at 100 ppm); therefore, it is a candidate for the development of sunscreen formulations. Full article

Moisturizers are key components of skincare products, and reliable test methods are essential for evaluating their barrier-repairing and hydrating efficacy. However, the viscous and waxy nature of many cosmetic moisturizers limits the applicability of conventional cell-based in vitro assays. In this study, we developed a novel in vitro dry skin model using epidermal sheets from minipig and human cadaver skin—models widely accepted in skin absorption research. To simulate dry skin conditions, various stimuli were applied, including the lipid-extracting solvent tert-butyl methyl ether (MTBE; 100%), 50/50 MTBE/Acetone solution (M/A), the irritant surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS; 1%), ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation (30 mJ/cm²), and tape stripping. Skin barrier disruption and stratum corneum damage were evaluated by assessing epidermal lipid integrity, histological alterations, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), and FITC-dextran permeation. All treatments induced significant dry skin conditions, as evidenced by disrupted lipid architecture, histological damage, and increased TEWL and FITC-dextran flux. Among them, M/A applied for 5 min produced the most consistent and reproducible changes across parameters. This protocol also yielded comparable results in human cadaver skin, supporting its applicability for evaluating the skin barrier-protective effects of cosmetic ingredients. Full article