Search Results (62)

Acute chest syndrome (ACS) is among the most serious complications of sickle cell disease (SCD). While the pathogenesis of ACS is incompletely understood, endothelial damage and microvascular occlusion are critical components. Our previous studies have implicated small extracellular vesicles in the plasma of subjects with SCD in causing endothelial dysfunction. This suggested that microRNAs within these small EVs might be responsible for endothelial damage. The sequencing of microRNAs in small EVs from the plasma of subjects with SCD revealed that several miRNAs were differentially expressed between subjects with and without ACS history, including let-7c-5p. In a replication cohort, plasma let-7c-5p levels were quantified via RT-qPCR. The baseline plasma let-7c-5p level was twofold higher in patients without previous ACS. Furthermore, we observed a positive correlation between let-7c-5p levels and time to subsequent ACS events. These findings suggest a role for let-7c-5p in endothelial disruption underlying ACS pathogenesis. It may also serve as a novel biomarker for ACS detection and the prediction of disease progression. Full article

Genetic polymorphisms have a great impact on enhancing quantitative traits in cattle. In this study, Fatty acid synthase (FASN) g. 16024 (A>G), Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) g. 10329 (C>T), and pleomorphic adenoma gene (PLAG1) g. 25003338 (C>G) genotypic and allelic polymorphisms were evaluated, along with their associations with fatty acid composition, adipogenic gene expression, and carcass characteristics (carcass weight, yield grade, backfat thickness, and marbling score) in Hanwoo steers. A total of 128 Hanwoo steers were selected for this study and the Polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method was used to identify polymorphism of these genes. The AG genotype and G allele in FASN g. 16024 (A>G), CT genotype and T allele in SCD g. 10329 (C>T), and GG genotype and G allele in PLAG1 g. 25003338 (C>G) showed higher frequency and positively correlated with carcass traits, yield, and quality grades. Fatty acid composition results indicate that C18:3n-6, C20:1, and C20:2n-6 were significantly higher in the AA genotype of FASN gene, C14:1 and C18:3n-6 in the CC genotype, and C16:1 in the TT genotype of SCD gene. C12:0, C14:0, C16:1, C18:0, and C20:0 were higher in the CC genotype of PLAG1 gene. Furthermore, RT-qPCR analysis of adipogenesis-related genes (AMP-activated protein kinase-α (AMPKα), Carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1β (CPT1), G-coupled protein receptor-43 (GPR43), and SCD) across different SNP genotypes suggests a systemic interaction between genetic factors and adipogenesis in beef cattle. This study emphasizes the significance of FASN g. 16024 (A>G), SCD g. 10329 (C>T), and PLAG1 g. 25003338 (C>G) SNPs for genetic selection to enhance beef quality and elucidate lipid metabolic pathways in Hanwoo cattle. Full article

Background/Objectives: Our lab has previously reported that Grifola frondosa (maitake mushroom) GF5000 has antidiabetic potential owing to its ability to improve insulin resistance. This study aimed to gain insight into the system-level hypoglycemic mechanisms of GF5000 using transcriptomics, proteomics, and network pharmacology. This study provides new insights into the hypoglycemic mechanisms of GF5000, identifying key molecular targets involved in mitigating insulin resistance in T2DM. Methods: Liver protein and gene expression in normal control (NC), diabetic control (DC), and GF5000-treated (GF5000) rats were analyzed via iTRAQ and RNA-seq. The relationships between differentially expressed genes (DEGs), differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) disease targets were studied using Metascape and the Cytoscape GeneMANIA plug-in. Results: One hundred and fifty-two DEGs and sixty-two DEPs were identified; twenty DEGs/DEPs exhibited the same trend in mRNA and protein expression levels when comparing the GF5000 vs. DC groups. The Metascape analysis revealed that the T2DM disease targets included four DEGs—Gck, Scd, Abcb4, and Cyp3a9—and two DEPs—glucokinase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2. A Cytoscape–GeneMANIA analysis of thirteen DEGs/DEPs related to T2DM showed that Apoa1/Apolipoprotein A-I, Gckr/glucokinase regulatory protein, and Gck/glucokinase had the highest connectivity and centrality in the topological network. The qPCR results confirmed that GF5000 increased the mRNA expression of GCK in GCK-knockdown HepG2 cells. Conclusions: These results provide theoretical evidence for the use of GF5000 as a potential active nutritional ingredient for the prevention and treatment of T2DM. Our findings suggest that GF5000 targets multiple pathways implicated in T2DM, offering a multi-faceted approach to disease management and prevention. Full article

Inflammatory bowel disease is a risk factor for brain dysfunction; however, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, we aimed to explore the potential molecular mechanisms through which intestinal inflammation affects brain function and to verify these mechanisms. Mice were treated with multiple cycles of 1% w/v dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in drinking water to establish a chronic colitis model. Behavioral tests were conducted using the open field test (OFT), tail suspension test (TST), forced swimming test (FST), and Morris water maze test (MWM). Brain metabolomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics analyses were performed, and key target proteins were verified using qPCR and immunofluorescence. Four cycles of DSS administration induced colitis, anxiety, depression, and spatial memory impairment. The integrated multi-omics characterization of colitis revealed decreased brain chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) levels as well as reduced stearoyl-CoA desaturase (Scd1) gene and protein expression. Transplantation of the colitis microbiome resulted in anxiety, depression, impaired spatial memory, reduced CDCA content, decreased Scd1 gene and protein expression, and lower concentrations of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), palmitoleate (C16:1), and oleate (C18:1) in the brain. In addition, CDCA supplementation improved DSS-induced colitis, alleviated depression and spatial memory impairment, and increased Scd1 gene and protein expression as well as MUFA levels in the brain. The gut microbiome induced by colitis contributes to neurological dysfunction, possibly through the CDCA–Scd1 signaling axis. CDCA supplementation alleviates colitis and depressive behavior, likely by increasing Scd1 expression in the brain. Full article

Dietary interventions with food-derived natural products have emerged as a promising strategy to alleviate obesity. This study aims to investigate the anti-obesity effect of Hericium erinaceus protein (HEP) and its underlying mechanism. Our results demonstrated that HEP exhibited excellent radical scavenging activity in vitro. In vivo, HEP intervention reduced pancreatic lipase activity in the intestine and enhanced fat excretion, thereby inhibiting the absorption of dietary fats. Meanwhile, HEP ameliorated the body weight and organ indexes, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, and liver oxidative stress injuries in obese mice. The results of real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blot analyses indicated that HEP upregulated the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), subsequently upregulated the expression of liver fatty acid oxidation-related genes (lipoprotein lipase (LPL), carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a (CPT-1a), and acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (ACOX1)) and downregulated the expression of lipogenesis-related genes (sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1 (SCD-1), and fatty acid synthase (FASN)), thereby ameliorating lipid metabolism disorders. Therefore, these findings demonstrated that HEP exerted protective effects on lipid metabolism disorders by activating the PPARα pathway, indicating its potential as a dietary supplement for the prevention and amelioration of obesity. Full article

Our recent study revealed that continuous prenatal low-dose-rate irradiation did not induce cellular changes in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus in male B6C3F1 mice exposed to gamma rays during prenatal development. However, changes in body weight, body mass index (BMI), locomotor ability, and mRNA and miRNA expressions in the hippocampus and blood were observed. To investigate potential sex differences in the effects of prenatal gamma irradiation, we conducted a parallel study on female B6C3F1 mice. The results showed significant reductions in the weight of the lungs and left kidney in prenatally irradiated female offspring, accompanied by significantly increased fat deposits in the mesentery, retroperitoneal, and left perigonadal areas. Despite these systemic changes, no cellular alterations were observed in the subgranular zone (immature neurons) or the hilus of the dentate gyrus (mature neurons and glial cells, including astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells). However, significant increases in hippocampal mRNA expression were detected for genes such as H2bc24, Fos, Cd74, Tent5a, Traip, and Sap25. Conversely, downregulation of mRNAs Inpp5j and Gdf3 was observed in whole blood. A Venn diagram highlighted the differential expression of two mRNAs, Ttn and Slc43a3, between the hippocampus and whole blood. Comparisons between prenatally irradiated male and female B6C3F1 mice revealed sex-specific differences. In whole blood, 4 mRNAs (Scd1, Cd59b, Vmn1r58, and Gm42427) and 1 miRNA (mmu-miR-8112) exhibited differential expression. In the hippocampus, 12 mRNAs and 2 novel miRNAs were differentially expressed between the sexes. qRT-PCR analysis validated the upregulation of H2bc24, Fos, Cd74, and Tent5a in the female hippocampus. These gene expression changes may be associated with the increased fat deposition observed following chronic low-dose-rate gamma irradiation exposure. This study underscores the importance of investigating sex-specific biological responses to prenatal gamma irradiation and highlights potential molecular pathways linked to observed physiological changes. Full article

The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects and potential mechanisms of Tetrahydrocurcumin (THC) on methionine–choline-deficient diet (MCD)-induced MASH in C57BL/6 mice by using multi-omics techniques. The C57BL/6 mice were fed with the MCD for 8 weeks to establish a MASH model, while THC (100 mg·kg⁻¹·d⁻¹) and obeticholic acid (6.5 mg·kg⁻¹·d⁻¹) were administered via gavage to the THC group and the positive control group, respectively. The biochemical indexes of the serum and liver were detected using kits. Liver tissue sections were taken to observe the pathomorphological changes. Serum lipid and bile acid contents were measured via LC-MS, and the changes in ileal intestinal flora were detected by 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing technology. The results revealed that THC significantly attenuated oxidative stress and lipid accumulation in NCTC-1469 cells and relieved hepatic injury and oxidative stress, reduced hepatic TG content, and improved hepatic steatosis in mice. THC alleviated 34 lipid abnormalities caused by the MCD; increased the abundance and diversity of intestinal flora, the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidota, and the abundance of the probiotic (Verrucomicrobiota, Christensenellaceae, Akkermansiaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Desulfovibrionaceae); and reduced the abundance of obesity-associated pathogenic flora such as Firmicutes. Bile acid analysis showed that THC administration reduced the levels of serum toxic bile acid 7-KDCA and CA. In addition, RT-qPCR studies showed that THC down-regulated the transcript levels of the hepatic lipogenesis-related genes Srebp1c, Acc1, Scd1, and Fas, and up-regulated the transcript levels of the hepatic bile acid secretion-related genes Mrp2 and Bsep. The above results suggest that THC may alleviate MCD-induced MASH by downregulating liver Srebp1c, Acc1, Scd1, and Fas levels to inhibit lipid synthesis, upregulating Mrp2 and Bsep levels to regulate serum toxic BA levels, up-regulating the abundance of intestinal probiotic flora, and down-regulating the abundance of intestinal harmful bacterial flora. The multi-omics findings from the above study identified potential new mechanisms by which THC alleviates MASH, providing new reference targets for the development of anti-MASH drugs. These results also offer a basis for screening clinical diagnostic biomarkers for MASH and provide new directions for personalized diagnosis and treatment. Full article

Background/Objectives: Abnormalities in lipid metabolism and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress are strongly associated with the development of a multitude of pathological conditions, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), diabetes mellitus, and obesity. Previous studies have indicated a potential connection between thyroid hormone responsive (THRSP) and lipid metabolism and that ER stress may participate in the synthesis of key regulators of adipogenesis. However, the specific mechanisms remain to be investigated. Methods: In this study, we explored the roles of THRSP in lipid metabolism by interfering with THRSP gene expression in mouse mesenchymal stem cells, comparing the effects on adipogenesis between control and interfered groups, and by combining transcriptomic and proteomic analysis. Results: Our results showed that the number of lipid droplets was significantly reduced after interfering with THRSP, and the expression levels of key regulators of adipogenesis, such as LPL, FABP4, PLIN1, and CIDEC, were significantly downregulated. Both transcriptomic and proteomic results showed that the differential genes (proteins) were enriched in the processes of lipolytic regulation, ER stress, cholesterol metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, PPAR signaling pathway, and glycerophospholipid metabolism. The ER stress marker gene, ATF6, was the most significantly downregulated transcription factor. In addition, RT-qPCR validation indicated that the expression levels of PPAR signaling pathway gene SCD1; key genes of lipid droplet generation including LIPE, DGAT1, and AGPAT2; and ER stress marker gene ATF6 were significantly downregulated. Conclusions: These suggest that THRSP is involved in regulating ER stress and the PPAR signaling pathway, which is closely related to lipid synthesis and metabolism. Interfering with the expression of THRSP may be helpful in ameliorating the occurrence of diseases related to abnormalities in lipid metabolism. Full article

Background/Objectives: Genetic newborn screening (NBS) has already entered the phase of common practice in many countries. In Germany, spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) and sickle cell disease (SCD) are currently a mandatory part of NBS. Here, we describe the experience of six years of genetic NBS including the prevalence of those three diseases in Germany. Methods: Samples and nucleic acids were extracted from dried blood spot cards, commonly used for NBS. A qPCR assay was used to detect disease-causing variants for SMA and SCD, and the detection of T-cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) was performed for SCID screening. Results: The results of the NBS of over 1 million newborns for SMA, approximately 770,000 for SCID and over 410,000 for SCD are discussed in detail. In these newborns, we have identified 121 cases of SMA, 15 cases of SCID and syndrome-based immunodeficiencies and 77 cases of SCD or β-thalassemia. Conclusions: The flexibility of multiplex qPCR is assessed as an effective tool for incorporating different molecular genetic markers for screening. The processing of dried blood spot (DBS) filter cards for molecular genetic assays and the assays are described in detail; turn-around times and cost estimations are included to give an insight into the processes and discuss further options for optimization. The identified cases are in the range expected for the total number of screened newborns, but present a more exact view on the actual prevalences for Germany. Full article

Background: This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the association between dietary diversity and risk of subjective cognitive decline (SCD), a precursor of dementia, in middle-aged and elderly Chinese populations residing in eastern China. Methods: Participants aged ≥ 45 years were recruited from a community in an eastern Chinese city after excluding potential objective cognitive impairment using the Mini-Cognitive Assessment Instrument (Mini-Cog). SCD was assessed using the Subjective Cognitive Decline Questionnaire-9 (SCD-Q9). Dietary data were collected using the Dietary Quality Questionnaire (DQQ), and the Food Group Diversity Score (FGDS) and the Consumed All Five Recommended Food Score (All-5) were calculated as indicators of dietary diversity. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed to evaluate the associations of FGDS and All-5 scores with SCD after adjusting for age, sex, socioeconomic status, lifestyle factors, and health status. Results: Among the 871 participants, 358 (41.1%) were classified as having SCD. Compared with participants with the highest FGDS (≥8) and those with the highest All-5 score (5), those with the lowest FGDS (≤4) and the lowest All-5 score (≤3) exhibited 85% (OR = 1.85; 95% CI: 1.10–3.13; p = 0.02) and 90% (OR = 1.90; 95% CI: 1.21–2.97; p < 0.01) higher risk of SCD, respectively, after adjusting for all covariates. Fruits were the only food group among the All-5 components that demonstrated a significant association with SCD risk. Conclusions: Poor dietary diversity was associated with an elevated risk of SCD in middle-aged and older adults, and fruits were the food group with the most substantial effect. Full article

Goat milk is abundant in nutrients, particularly in milk fats, which confer health benefits to humans. Exploring the regulatory mechanism of fatty acid synthesis is highly important to understand milk composition manipulation. In this study, we used chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) on goat mammary glands at different lactation stages which revealed a novel lactation regulatory factor: cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector B (CIDEB). RT-qPCR results revealed that CIDEB was significantly upregulated during lactation in dairy goats. CIDEB overexpression significantly increased the expression levels of genes involved in fatty acid synthesis (ACACA, SCD1, p < 0.05; ELOVL6, p < 0.01), lipid droplet formation (XDH, p < 0.05), and triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis (DGAT1, p < 0.05; GPAM, p < 0.01) in goat mammary epithelial cells (GMECs). The contents of lipid droplets, TAG, and cholesterol were increased (p < 0.05) in CIDEB-overexpressing GMECs, and knockdown of CIDEB led to the opposite results. In addition, CIDEB knockdown significantly decreased the proportion of C16:0 and total C18:2. Luciferase reporter assays indicated that X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) promoted CIDEB transcription via XBP1 binding sites located in the CIDEB promoter. Furthermore, CIDEB knockdown attenuated the stimulatory effect of XBP1 on lipid droplet accumulation. Collectively, these findings elucidate the critical regulatory roles of CIDEB in milk fat synthesis, thus providing new insights into improving the quality of goat milk. Full article

Background/Objectives: Patients with endometriosis still respond poorly to progestins due to progesterone resistance associated with microRNAs (miRNAs). The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of selected miRNAs, estrogen receptor (ER)α, ERβ, progesterone receptor (PR)-A and PR-B and to determine the target genes of upregulated miRNAs in endometriosis. Methods: In this study, 18 controls, 18 eutopic and 18 ectopic samples were analysed. Profiling and validation of miRNAs associated with functions of endometriosis were performed using next-generation sequencing (NGS) and qRT-PCR. At the same time, the expression of ERα, ERβ, PR-A and PR-B was also determined using qRT-PCR. Target prediction was also performed for miR-199a-3p, miR-1-3p and miR-125b-5p using StarBase. Results: In this study, NGS identified seven significantly differentially expressed miRNAs, of which six miRNAs related to the role of endometriosis were selected for validation by qRT-PCR. The expression of miR-199a-3p, miR-1-3p, miR-146a-5p and miR-125b-5p was upregulated in the ectopic group compared to the eutopic group. Meanwhile, ERα and ERβ were significantly differentially expressed in endometriosis compared to the control group. However, the expressions of PR-A and PR-B showed no significant differences between the groups. The predicted target genes for miR-199a-3p, miR-1-3p and miR-125b-5p are SCD, TAOK1, DDIT4, LASP1, CDK6, TAGLN2, G6PD and ELOVL6. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrated that the expressions of ERα and ERβ might be regulated by miRNAs contributing to progesterone resistance, whereas the binding of miRNAs to target genes could also contribute to the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Therefore, miRNAs could be used as potential biomarkers and for targeted therapy in patients with endometriosis. Full article

Background and Objectives: In sickle cell disease (SCD), hepatopathy is a cumulative consequence of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury from a vaso-occlusive crisis, tissue inflammation, and iron overload due to blood transfusion. Hepatopathy is a major contributing factor of shortened life span in SCD patients. We hypothesized that the voxelotor, a hemoglobin allosteric modifier, ameliorates sickle hepatopathy. Materials and Methods: Townes SCD mice and their controls were treated with either chow containing GBT1118, a voxelotor analog, or normal chow. We evaluated inflammation, fibrosis, apoptosis and ferroptosis in their livers using qPCR, ELISA, histology, and immunohistochemistry. Results: GBT1118 treatment resulted in reduced hemolysis, iron overload and inflammation in the liver of SCD mice. There were significant reductions in the liver enzyme levels and bile acids. Furthermore, GBT1118-treated mice exhibited reduced apoptosis, necrosis, and fibrosis. Increased ferroptosis as evident from elevated 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) staining, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and expression of Ptgs2 and Slc7a11 mRNAs, were also significantly reduced after GBT1118 treatment. To explain the increased ferroptosis, we evaluated iron homeostasis markers in livers. SCD mice showed decreased expression of heme oxygenase-1, ferritin, hepcidin, and ferroportin mRNA levels. GBT1118 treatment significantly increased expressions of these genes. Conclusions: Our results suggest GBT1118 treatment in SCD confers the amelioration of sickle hepatopathy by reducing inflammation, fibrosis, apoptosis, iron overload and ferroptosis. Full article

As a class of regulatory factors, microRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in regulating normal muscle development and fat deposition. Muscle and adipose tissues, as major components of the animal organism, are also economically important traits in livestock production. However, the effect of miRNA expression profiles on the development of muscle and adipose tissues in yak is currently unknown. In this study, we performed RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) on Tianzhu white yak longissimus dorsi muscle tissue obtained from calves (6 months of age, M6, n = 6) and young (30 months of age, M30, n = 6) and adult yak (54 months of age, M54, n = 6) to identify which miRNAs are differentially expressed and to investigate their temporal expression profiles, establishing a regulatory network of miRNAs associated with the development of muscle and adipose. The results showed that 1191 miRNAs and 22061 mRNAs were screened across the three stages, of which the numbers of differentially expressed miRNAs (DE miRNAs) and differentially expressed mRNAs (DE mRNAs) were 225 and 450, respectively. The expression levels of the nine DE miRNAs were confirmed using a reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) assay, and the trend of the assay results was generally consistent with the trend of the transcriptome profiles. Based on the expression trend, DE miRNAs were categorized into eight different expression patterns. Regarding the expression of DE miRNAs in sub-trends Profile 1 and Profile 2 (p < 0.05), the gene expression patterns were upregulated (87 DE miRNAs). Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes Genomes (KEGG) analyses showed that the identified DE miRNAs and DE mRNAs were enriched in pathway entries associated with muscle and intramuscular fat (IMF) growth and development. On this basis, we constructed a DE miRNA–mRNA interaction network. We found that some DE mRNAs of interest overlapped with miRNA target genes, such as ACSL3, FOXO3, FBXO30, FGFBP4, TSKU, MYH10 (muscle development), ACOX1, FADS2, EIF4E2, SCD1, EL0VL5, and ACACB (intramuscular fat deposition). These results provide a valuable resource for further studies on the molecular mechanisms of muscle tissue development in yak and also lay a foundation for investigating the interactions between genes and miRNAs. Full article

The thermotolerant yeast Pichia kudriavzevii (previously known as Issatchenkia orientalis), can produce ethanol from a variety of carbon sources and grows at around 45 °C. Thus, this yeast is considered a useful biocatalyst for producing ethanol from lignocellulose through simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF). SSF has several advantages, such as a simplified manufacturing process, ease of operation and reduced energy input. Using P. kudriavzevii NBRC1279 and NBRC1664, we previously succeeded in producing ethanol through SSF; however, the extent to which inhibitors by-produced from lignocellulose hydrolysis affect the growth and ethanol productivity of the two strains remains to be investigated. In this study, to better understand the inhibitor tolerance capacity of the two strains, spot assay, growth experiment, real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis and multiple sequence alignment analysis were carried out. When P. kudriavzevii NBRC1279 and NBRC1664, as well as Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4742 as a control, were cultured on SCD plates containing 17% ethanol, 42 mM furfural, 56 mM 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) or 10 mM vanillin, only P. kudriavzevii NBRC1664 was able to grow under all conditions. Moreover, the inhibitor tolerance capacity of P. kudriavzevii NBRC1664 was greater than those of other strains using SCD medium containing the same concentrations of various inhibitors. When an RT-qPCR analysis of seven gene sequences from aldehyde dehydrogenase and the aldehyde dehydrogenase family protein (ADHF) was performed using P. kudriavzevii NBRC1664 cultivated in the presence of 56 mM HMF, ADHF1 and ADHF2 were up-regulated in the early logarithmic growth phase. Moreover, a multiple sequence alignment of the amino acid sequences of ADHF1, ADHF2 and the known ADH suggested that ADHF1 and ADHF2 may catalyze the reversible NAD⁺-dependent oxidation of HMF. Our data may be useful for future studies on the metabolic engineering of more useful strains for ethanol production from lignocellulose. Full article