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Search Results (1,011)

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Keywords = RP C-18

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17 pages, 4171 KB  
Article
Biochemical Methane Potential of Potato Chip Processing Waste, Process Mechanisms, and Microbial Community Shifts
by Abdelrahman G. Goda, Gamal K. Hassan, Karim M. Aboelghait, Dong-Fang Deng, Eunsung Kan, Eman Y. Tohamy and Saber A. El-Shafai
Processes 2025, 13(10), 3120; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13103120 - 29 Sep 2025
Abstract
Anaerobic digestion (AD) is an environmentally friendly, promising solution for the recycling of agro-industrial wastes. However, overloading an anaerobic digester with substrate may cause the inhibition of the AD process. The present study investigated the effects of the substrate/inoculum (S/I) ratio on the [...] Read more.
Anaerobic digestion (AD) is an environmentally friendly, promising solution for the recycling of agro-industrial wastes. However, overloading an anaerobic digester with substrate may cause the inhibition of the AD process. The present study investigated the effects of the substrate/inoculum (S/I) ratio on the AD of potato chip processing (PCP) waste from the potato chip processing industry (PCPI). The PCP waste included expired potato chips (EPCs), recovered potato starch (RPS), and potato peel (PP). Mesophilic AD was carried out in batch-wise static reactors at 35 ± 1 °C using four different S/I ratios (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 g VS/g VS) for each type of waste. Different optimum S/I ratios were obtained for the different wastes; however, the pH ranges were comparable (7.0 to 7.5) for all batches. The optimum S/I ratios for EPCs, RPS, and PP were 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0, respectively. The cumulative biogas yields for EPCs, RPS, and PP were 367.5 ± 6.3, 310.0 ± 5.5, and 202.5 ± 4.9 mL/g VS added, respectively. The methane content of the biogas yields ranged between 60% and 70%. There was a variable remarkable shift in the microbial population at the optimum S/I ratio of each type of waste. The abundance of Firmicutes increased in the case of EPCs and RPS but decreased in the case of PP. Conversely, Proteobacteria increased when using PP as a substrate and decreased in the case of EPCs. Herein, the results of the AD of PCP wastes confirm its potential for the onsite production of renewable bioenergy and reductions in energy bills in the PCPI. In addition, this study provides guidance for optimizing the AD of PCP wastes for large-scale applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomass Treatment and Pyrolysis Processes)
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14 pages, 978 KB  
Article
In Silico and RP HPLC Studies of Biologically Active 1,3,4-Thiadiazol-2-yl)-benzene-1,3-diols
by Marek Studziński, Katarzyna Barańska, Beata Paw, Bogusław Senczyna, Tadeusz Paszko and Joanna Matysiak
Molecules 2025, 30(19), 3913; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30193913 - 28 Sep 2025
Abstract
Biologically active compounds from the 1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-benzene-1,3-diols group described earlier have been studied. Various approaches were used to determine their lipophilicity and predict pharmacokinetic properties. The lipophilicity parameters log kw were determined using isocratic column chromatography and various stationary phases. Based on the [...] Read more.
Biologically active compounds from the 1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-benzene-1,3-diols group described earlier have been studied. Various approaches were used to determine their lipophilicity and predict pharmacokinetic properties. The lipophilicity parameters log kw were determined using isocratic column chromatography and various stationary phases. Based on the standard curve and retention measurements by using an octadecyl column, the log D7.4 distribution coefficient was determined. A weak correlation was found between the experimentally determined log kw parameters and the in silico calculated log P descriptors. It was shown that the compounds partially exist in an ionized anionic form at physiological pH. The determined log D7.4 parameter indicates that most of them have lipophilic character at the level recommended for potential drugs. Full article
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15 pages, 1193 KB  
Article
Reference Gene Selection for Quantitative Gene Expression Analysis in Argynnis hyperbius
by Hong-Juan Xin, Chen-Yang Liu, Feng Yan, Lu-Dan Wang, Huan-Huan Zhang, Chen-Hui Shen and Qing Zhai
Insects 2025, 16(10), 1008; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16101008 - 28 Sep 2025
Abstract
Argynnis hyperbius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), as an important environmental indicator species, has shown a gradual decline in its species richness amid intensifying climate change and increasing environmental pressures. Screening for optimal reference genes is fundamental to studying their physiological and adaptive changes using [...] Read more.
Argynnis hyperbius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), as an important environmental indicator species, has shown a gradual decline in its species richness amid intensifying climate change and increasing environmental pressures. Screening for optimal reference genes is fundamental to studying their physiological and adaptive changes using RT-qPCR technology. In this study, 10 commonly used reference genes (ACT, α-TUB, AK, GAPDH, EF1α, BTF3, RPS3, RPL10, RPL32, and RPL27) were selected, and their expression stability under different developmental stages, genders, and temperature treatments was evaluated using the RefFinder website. The results indicated that selecting a pair of reference genes could achieve the most reliable normalization analysis under all experimental conditions. Specifically, AK and EF1α were the most stably expressed reference genes across different developmental stages; ACT and RPL32 showed the most stable expression in different adult sexes; and EF1α and RPL27 exhibited stable expression under different temperature treatments. Additionally, this study used EF1α and RPL32, the most stable reference genes from all results, to normalize and analyze the relative transcription levels of HSP90 under different temperatures, revealing significant differences between the 4 °C group and both the 26 °C and 37 °C groups. The findings of this study will significantly improve the reliability of RT-qPCR detection and lay a foundation for in-depth research on the gene expression, physiology, and biochemical mechanisms of A. hyperbius. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Molecular Biology and Genomics)
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21 pages, 3713 KB  
Article
Unraveling the Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of Geum aleppicum Jacq.: Insights from Plants Collected in Kazakhstan
by Gulnur N. Kuntubek, Martyna Kasela, Kaldanay K. Kozhanova, Wirginia Kukula-Koch, Łukasz Świątek, Kinga Salwa, Piotr Okińczyc, Aleksandra Józefczyk, Jarosław Widelski, Gulnara M. Kadyrbayeva, Aigerim Z. Mukhamedsadykova, Zuriyadda B. Sakipova and Anna Malm
Molecules 2025, 30(19), 3888; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30193888 - 26 Sep 2025
Abstract
Geum aleppicum Jacq. (yellow avens), a species traditionally used in folk medicine, remains understudied in the ethnopharmacological aspects. In this study, we comprehensively evaluated the phytochemical composition and biological activity of a hydroethanolic (50:50, v/v) extract from the aerial parts [...] Read more.
Geum aleppicum Jacq. (yellow avens), a species traditionally used in folk medicine, remains understudied in the ethnopharmacological aspects. In this study, we comprehensively evaluated the phytochemical composition and biological activity of a hydroethanolic (50:50, v/v) extract from the aerial parts of G. aleppicum collected in Kazakhstan. Using the high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS), we identified 24 compounds, predominantly phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannins, and triterpenoids. The major compound was ellagic acid (2.28 mg/g dry extract) as revealed by the reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detector (RP-HPLC-DAD). The extract exhibited a high polyphenol content (131.45 mg GAE/g) and strong antioxidant activity in Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay (3.82 ± 0.07 mmol Fe2+/g and 106.61 ± 0.89 mg GAE/g, respectively). Antimicrobial assay of the extract revealed notable antifungal activity against Candida spp., especially against C. glabrata and C. tropicalis with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of as low as 0.125 mg/mL, showing fungistatic effect. Although the extract inhibited the cytopathic effect induced by Human Herpesvirus 1 (HHV-1) in VERO cells, it did not significantly reduce viral replication. Moreover, among human cancer cell lines studied, the extract exerted moderate and selective cytotoxicity against A549 lung cancer cells (CC50 = 75.51 µg/mL, SI = 9). These findings highlight G. aleppicum as a rich source of bioactive compounds, especially phenolics, supporting its potential for development of pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological Evaluation of Plant Extracts)
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16 pages, 3998 KB  
Article
In-Process Recycling of 35% Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polyamide 6,6 Runners: Effects on Thermomechanical Properties and Viability for Diesel Injector Socket Production
by Elif Sahiner and Yasin Altin
Polymers 2025, 17(19), 2569; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17192569 - 23 Sep 2025
Viewed by 94
Abstract
Significant pre-consumer waste in the form of runners is generated during the injection molding of high-performance automotive components, representing both a substantial economic loss and an environmental burden. This study therefore comprehensively evaluated the mechanical recycling of pre-consumer 35% glass fiber-reinforced Polyamide 6,6 [...] Read more.
Significant pre-consumer waste in the form of runners is generated during the injection molding of high-performance automotive components, representing both a substantial economic loss and an environmental burden. This study therefore comprehensively evaluated the mechanical recycling of pre-consumer 35% glass fiber-reinforced Polyamide 6,6 (%35GF-PA66) runners for in-process reuse in diesel injector socket production. The effects of blending recycled polymer (RP) at 2.5%, 5%, 10%, and 15% by weight and up to 10 recycling cycles with 15 wt.% RP on the thermal, mechanical, and morphological properties were investigated. Tensile strength slightly decreased (~3% at 10% RP) compared to virgin material, while elongation at break increased with higher RP content. Multiple recycling cycles had minimal impact on tensile strength, and the heat deflection temperature (HDT) remained nearly constant (~0.7 °C variation after 10 cycles, within experimental uncertainty). The melt flow index (MFI) increased significantly with successive recycling cycles, indicating molecular weight reduction due to thermomechanical degradation. DSC analysis confirmed stable melting and crystallization temperatures (variation < 1 °C), suggesting preserved crystalline structure. SEM analysis revealed increased void formation at the fiber–matrix interface and fiber attrition with successive recycling, correlating with reduced flexural properties. In-process recycling of %35GF-PA66 runners is viable, particularly at ≤15% RP and fewer cycles, offering significant cost savings (e.g., ~EUR 344,000 annually for a large producer) and environmental benefits. Full article
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18 pages, 4515 KB  
Article
Type B Fibers: A Novel Ultrastructural Biomarker for Cognitive Impairment in Neuronal Intranuclear Inclusion Disease
by Binbin Zhou, Shaoping Zhong, Yangye Lian, Jingzhen Liang, Luyao Huang, Jing Ding and Xin Wang
Brain Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1026; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15101026 - 23 Sep 2025
Viewed by 160
Abstract
Background/Objective: Neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease (NIID) is characterized by widespread deposition of eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions in multiple systems throughout the body. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical and phenotypic features of NIID, with a focus on the potential association [...] Read more.
Background/Objective: Neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease (NIID) is characterized by widespread deposition of eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions in multiple systems throughout the body. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical and phenotypic features of NIID, with a focus on the potential association between the morphological features of fibrils formed by polyG (polyglycine) proteins and cognitive dysfunction in patients with NIID. Methods: This study involved a retrospective collection of clinical data from 15 patients with NIID harboring GGC repeat expansions in the NOTCH2NLC (Notch 2 N-Terminal Like C) gene (including symptoms, signs, biochemical markers, cranial MRI, MMSE, and MoCA cognitive scores). All patients underwent skin biopsy, with one additional autopsy of brain tissue. Some skin samples were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining with anti-p62 antibody. The remaining skin samples and brain tissue samples obtained from autopsies were analyzed using anti-p62 antibody immunofluorescence (IF) staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The number of GGC repeats was quantified using repeat primer PCR (RP-PCR). Based on ultrastructural characteristics (morphology and diameter), inclusion fibers were classified into two subtypes, and differences in the severity of cognitive impairment between subtypes were compared. Results: The majority of patients in this cohort with NIID were female (73.3%), with an average age of onset of 61.06 ± 7.67 years. The core clinical manifestations were cognitive decline (93.3%) and autonomic dysfunction (93.3%). Cranial MRI revealed characteristic DWI “ribbon sign” in 93.3% of patients, accompanied by lateral ventricle enlargement (93.3%), cerebellar atrophy (86.6%), and high T2-FLAIR signal in the corpus callosum (93.3%). All patients were found to have pathogenic GGC amplification in the NOTCH2NLC gene (median 115, range 88–210). Skin/brain tissue pathology confirmed p62-positive nuclear inclusions, and transmission electron microscopy revealed two fiber subtypes for the first time: type A (Long, thin filamentous, 202.38 ± 42.35 nm) and type B (short rod-shaped, 73.08 ± 11.56 nm). Group analysis indicated that the diameter of fibers was significantly larger in the cognitive impairment group (p < 0.05), and the type B fiber group had lower cognitive levels (p < 0.05) and larger diameters (p < 0.05), suggesting a strong association between type B fibers and severe cognitive impairment and poor prognosis. Conclusions: The presence of two different forms of fibrils, type A and type B, in the inclusion bodies of NIID patients, and the poorer cognitive level of NIID patients in the type B group than that of type A suggest that type B fibrils can be used as a novel pathological marker of severe cognitive impairment and poor prognosis in NIID. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Neuropharmacology and Neuropathology)
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22 pages, 4493 KB  
Article
A Witches’-Broom Disease of Cultivated Strawberry Associated with ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma Rubi’-Related Strains in Southern Italy
by Carmine Marcone, Carmine Palmieri and Alberto Sellitto
Plants 2025, 14(18), 2914; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14182914 - 19 Sep 2025
Viewed by 319
Abstract
In the Campania region of southern Italy, a formerly undescribed witches’-broom disease of cultivated strawberry characterized by symptoms similar to those of strawberry witches’-broom and multiplier diseases occurring in North America, has been observed. Strawberry witches’-broom and multiplier diseases are not known to [...] Read more.
In the Campania region of southern Italy, a formerly undescribed witches’-broom disease of cultivated strawberry characterized by symptoms similar to those of strawberry witches’-broom and multiplier diseases occurring in North America, has been observed. Strawberry witches’-broom and multiplier diseases are not known to occur in Europe. To elucidate the etiology of the new strawberry disease occurring in southern Italy and to determine the taxonomic position of the presumable causal agent, field observations and PCR assays using universal and group-specific phytoplasma primers followed by multigene sequence analysis were carried out. All of the symptomatic strawberry plants examined tested phytoplasma positive with universal primers and primers specific to the elm yellows (EY) phytoplasma group or 16SrV group. The percentage of diseased plants in the fields was about 30%. Data obtained from sequence and phylogenetic and virtual RFLP analyses of PCR-amplified rDNA (16S rDNA and 16S/23S rDNA spacer region), rpsV (rpl22) and rpsC (rps3), map, imp and groEL gene sequences, showed that the diseased strawberry plants harbored phytoplasma strains which were identical or nearly identical to each other and to strains of the rubus stunt (RuS) agent ‘Ca. Phytoplasma rubi’, a member of the 16SrV group, subgroup 16SrV-E. The 16S rDNA sequence similarity among the strawberry-infecting phytoplasma strains ranged from 99.1 to 99.9%. These strains shared the same range of 16S rDNA sequence similarity with RuS phytoplasma strains including the reference strain RUS of ‘Ca. Phytoplasma rubi’. This is the first report on the occurrence of RuS phytoplasma in naturally affected strawberry plants. Full article
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17 pages, 2183 KB  
Article
Anti-Obesity Effects and Changes of Fecal Microbiome by Lactic Acid Bacteria from Grains in a High-Fat Diet Mouse Model
by Chang Woo Jeon, Hyeon Yeong Lee, Hong Sik Kim, Min Ju Seo, Kye Won Park and Jung-Hoon Yoon
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(18), 9056; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26189056 - 17 Sep 2025
Viewed by 308
Abstract
Single three-lactic acid bacterial strains with anti-adipogenic effects in C3H10T1/2 cells and possessing beneficial probiotic properties were administered to mice fed a high-fat diet. Of the three strains, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum RP12, which had the lowest weight gain, was utilized for further studies, including [...] Read more.
Single three-lactic acid bacterial strains with anti-adipogenic effects in C3H10T1/2 cells and possessing beneficial probiotic properties were administered to mice fed a high-fat diet. Of the three strains, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum RP12, which had the lowest weight gain, was utilized for further studies, including a second mouse experiment lasting 10 weeks. Oral administration of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum RP12 resulted in reduced body weight gain and epididymal fat mass. Significant reductions in serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, and blood glucose were observed in the group treated with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum RP12. This strain was found to regulate the expression of genes associated with lipid metabolism in epididymal adipose tissue and liver. It induced changes in the composition of fecal microbiota. Although there is no difference in the Bacillota to Bacteroidota ratio between the HFD and RP12 groups, notable differences in the compositions at the family, genus, and species levels were evident. Specifically, differences in the proportions of some taxa reported to have an association with obesity were observed between the HFD and RP12 groups. Fecal analyses demonstrated that Lactiplantibacillus plantarum RP12 diminishes lipid absorption and augments the production of short-chain fatty acids in the intestine. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum RP12 also mitigated damage to the morphology of the ileum and colon caused by a high-fat diet and promoted the expression of Claudin-1 and Muc2. Overall, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum RP12 has potential as a useful probiotic to address metabolic disorders as well as obesity, substantiating the positive in vivo indicators and modulation of gut microbiota in a high-fat diet-induced obese mouse model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Microbiology)
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10 pages, 483 KB  
Article
Retinal and Choroidal Morphological Features Influencing Contrast Sensitivity in Retinitis Pigmentosa
by Francisco de Asís Bartol-Puyal, Beatriz Cordón Ciordia, Elisa Viladés Palomar, Carlos Santana Plata, Silvia Méndez-Martínez and Luis Pablo Júlvez
Medicina 2025, 61(9), 1681; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61091681 - 17 Sep 2025
Viewed by 241
Abstract
Background and Objectives: To find morphological features on optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT-angiography (OCTA) influencing contrast sensitivity (CS) in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional study enrolling 18 eyes of 18 patients with RP. They were examined [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: To find morphological features on optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT-angiography (OCTA) influencing contrast sensitivity (CS) in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional study enrolling 18 eyes of 18 patients with RP. They were examined with CSV1000-E (VectorVision) under mesopic conditions (logarithmic scale), spectral-domain OCT (SD-OCT, Spectralis), swept-source OCT (SS-OCT, Triton), and OCTA (Triton). Automatic thickness measurements of every retinal layer were obtained in grids of 8 × 8 and 10 × 10 cubes. Foveal avascular zone and vascular densities (VD) were also analyzed. Statistical analysis included multiple lineal regression analyses, and a correlation analysis between age, axial length, and intraocular pressure, and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness. Results: Mean age was 47.34 ± 13.77 years. Mean CS with 3, 6, 12, and 18 cycles/degree (c/d) was 1.48 ± 0.37, 1.51 ± 0.39, 1.00 ± 0.42, and 0.44 ± 0.39, respectively. The most related variables to 3 c/d frequency were nasal RFNL thickness (R2 = 0.54) and central outer plexiform layer (OPL) (R2 = 0.33). In case of 6 c/d frequency, it was central VD in deep plexus (R2 = 0.66), and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) (R2 = 0.22). As for 12 c/d frequency, it was central RNFL (R2 = 0.50), and central VD in deep plexus (R2 = 0.26). Regarding 18 c/d frequency, it was central RNFL (R2 = 0.70). Conclusions: Central and nasal RNFL thickness seem to be main predictors of CS in patients with RP, as well as VD in deep retinal plexus. Others with limited influence might be central and nasal OPL thickness, and central RPE thickness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Diagnosis and Therapies of Ocular Diseases)
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19 pages, 2106 KB  
Article
The Senotherapeutic Effects of APPA (Apocynin [AP] and Paeonol [PA]) on Senescent Human Chondrocytes
by Mercedes Fernández-Moreno, Tamara Hermida-Gómez, Carlos Vaamonde-Garcia, Sara Paniagua-Barro, Nicholas Larkins, Alan Reynolds and Francisco J. Blanco
Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(9), 1386; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18091386 - 16 Sep 2025
Viewed by 307
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a complex joint disease involving chronic inflammation, aging, and obesity, affecting nearly 6 million people worldwide. Senescent cells in OA are linked to increased inflammation, oxidative stress, and DNA damage, making them potential therapeutic targets. APPA, a combination [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a complex joint disease involving chronic inflammation, aging, and obesity, affecting nearly 6 million people worldwide. Senescent cells in OA are linked to increased inflammation, oxidative stress, and DNA damage, making them potential therapeutic targets. APPA, a combination of apocynin (AP) and paeonol (PA), has shown anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This study evaluated the effects of APPA on cellular senescence in human articular chondrocytes. Methods: Using a chondrocyte cell line (T/C-28a2) and primary human chondrocytes, senescence was induced with etoposide and Oncostatin M (Eto + OSM), followed by treatment with APPA, AP, or PA. Senescence markers (SA-β-gal, P21_CDKN1A_), apoptosis, proliferation (Ki67), and rps6 protein levels were analyzed. Results: APPA significantly reduced SA-β-gal activity and p21 expression in cell model—effects not replicated by AP or PA alone. APPA increased early apoptosis and dual-labeled senescent-apoptotic cells, along with total cell numbers and rps6 levels. It also altered Ki67 expression in different cell subpopulations, suggesting effects on proliferation. Conclusions: This study suggests that APPA exerts senotherapeutic effects on human senescent chondrocytes. A reduction in SA-β-gal together with an increase in cell numbers and the proliferation marker Ki67 suggests possible senomorphic effects, whereas a reduction in SA-β-Gal accompanied by an increase in apoptosis indicates senolytic activity. These findings support recent evidence that the distinction between senolytic and senomorphic agents is ‘fuzzy’. Full article
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15 pages, 3045 KB  
Article
Cloning and Characterization of the Mycovirus MpChrV2 from Macrophomina phaseolina
by Peimeng Sun, Luyang Song, Mengyuan Mu, Jiayi Ma, Xinyu Li, Kunni Tian, Mengyuan Zhang, Mingyue Zhang, Yuanyuan Zhang, Caiyi Wen, Jing Wang and Ying Zhao
J. Fungi 2025, 11(9), 675; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11090675 - 12 Sep 2025
Viewed by 392
Abstract
Macrophomina phaseolina is a widely distributed soilborne phytopathogenic fungus that causes destructive diseases such as charcoal rot and stem canker, posing serious threats to crop yield and quality. In recent years, mycoviruses have gained attention as potential biological control agents. In this study, [...] Read more.
Macrophomina phaseolina is a widely distributed soilborne phytopathogenic fungus that causes destructive diseases such as charcoal rot and stem canker, posing serious threats to crop yield and quality. In recent years, mycoviruses have gained attention as potential biological control agents. In this study, a novel double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus was identified from M. phaseolina strain 22C-8, isolated from sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) charcoal rot samples in Fuyang, Anhui Province, China. The viral genome comprised four dsRNA segments, each encoding a single open reading frame (ORF) predicted to encode RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), coat protein (CP), and two hypothetical proteins. Phylogenetic analysis classified the virus as a new member of the genus Betachrysovirus in the family Chrysoviridae, and it was designated Macrophomina phaseolina chrysovirus 2 (MpChrV2). Pathogenicity assays in sesame seedlings revealed that MpChrV2 infection significantly reduced the virulence of M. phaseolina strain 22C-8. In contrast, virus-free derivatives (22C-8-VF18), obtained via protoplast regeneration, caused more severe symptoms and exhibited enhanced growth rates, indicating that MpChrV2 alters fungal physiology and pathogenicity. These findings suggest that MpChrV2 possesses a typical hypovirulence phenotype and holds promise as a biocontrol agent for sesame charcoal rot. Full article
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16 pages, 4663 KB  
Article
Magnetic Properties and Strengthening Mechanism of Cu-Bearing Non-Oriented Silicon Steel
by Shi Qiu, Yuhao Niu, Kaixuan Shao, Bing Fu, Haijun Wang and Jialong Qiao
Materials 2025, 18(18), 4233; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18184233 - 9 Sep 2025
Viewed by 428
Abstract
The effects of Cu content on the microstructure, texture, precipitates, and magnetic and mechanical properties of 0.20 mm-thick non-oriented silicon steel (3.0% Si-0.8% Al-0.5% Mn) were systematically investigated using optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, electron backscatter diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. The strengthening mechanisms [...] Read more.
The effects of Cu content on the microstructure, texture, precipitates, and magnetic and mechanical properties of 0.20 mm-thick non-oriented silicon steel (3.0% Si-0.8% Al-0.5% Mn) were systematically investigated using optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, electron backscatter diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. The strengthening mechanisms of Cu-bearing high-strength non-oriented silicon steel were further elucidated. Increasing Cu content inhibited grain growth and suppressed the development of the α*-fiber texture in annealed sheets, while promoting the formation of γ-fiber texture. As a result, the P1.0/400 and B50 values deteriorated. The P1.0/400 and B50 values of 1.47% Cu non-oriented silicon steel were 13.930 W/kg and 1.614 T, respectively. However, due to the solid solution strengthening effect of 0.5% Cu and partial precipitation strengthening, the Rp0.2 increased by 43 MPa. After aging treatment at 550 °C for 20 min, the P1.0/400 values of the aged sheets slightly increased, while the B50 values remained almost unchanged. In the aged sheets containing 1.0–1.5% Cu, clustered Cu-rich precipitates with average sizes of 2.71 nm and 13.28 nm were observed. The crystal structure of these precipitates transitioned from the metastable B2-Cu to the stable FCC-Cu. These precipitates enhanced the Rp0.2 of the non-oriented electrical steel to 241 MPa and 269 MPa through cutting and bypass mechanisms, respectively. A high-strength non-oriented silicon steel with balanced magnetic and mechanical properties was developed for driving motors of new energy vehicles by utilizing nanoscale Cu-rich precipitates formed through aging treatment. The optimized steel exhibits a yield strength of 708 MPa, a magnetic induction B50 of 1.639 T, and high-frequency iron loss P1.0/400 of 14.77 W/kg. Full article
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12 pages, 5771 KB  
Article
Assessment of 10CrMo9-10 Power Engineering Steel Degradation State by Using Small Punch Test
by Kamil Majchrowicz, Barbara Romelczyk-Baishya, Monika Wieczorek-Czarnocka, Szymon Marciniak, Milena Mras, Dominik Kukla, Mateusz Kopec and Zbigniew Pakieła
Materials 2025, 18(17), 4133; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18174133 - 3 Sep 2025
Viewed by 740
Abstract
Degradation of power engineering steel structures requires constant monitoring of their mechanical properties to estimate remaining service life. Therefore, the current study aimed to develop a methodology that will enable for accurate determination of changes in mechanical properties of 10CrMo9-10 steel after long-term [...] Read more.
Degradation of power engineering steel structures requires constant monitoring of their mechanical properties to estimate remaining service life. Therefore, the current study aimed to develop a methodology that will enable for accurate determination of changes in mechanical properties of 10CrMo9-10 steel after long-term exploitation involving the Small Punch Test (SPT). Firstly, the as-received 10CrMo9-10 steel was annealed at 770 °C for different periods (1.5, 6 and 24 h) to deteriorate its strength to a level similar to its exploited counterpart. Then, mechanical properties were characterized by uniaxial tensile tests and the SPT method using miniaturized discs with a diameter of 8 mm and a thickness of 0.5 mm as recommended by the EN 10371:2021 standard. It allowed to determine a formula correlating the SPT results (i.e., elastic–plastic transition force and maximum force) with the yield and ultimate tensile strength. The βRp0.2 and βRm correlation factors were equal to 0.437 and 0.255, respectively. Finally, the exploited 10CrMo9-10 steel was tested by the SPT method. Based on the SPT results, the values of Rp0.2 = 236 ± 27 MPa and Rm = 459 ± 17 MPa were estimated, which were close to those assessed during the uniaxial tensile tests (Rp0.2 = 218 ± 3 MPa and Rm = 454 ± 4 MPa). It was shown that the application of such a relatively simple method is a promising way for determining the changes in mechanical properties of structural steels after long-term service at elevated temperature. Full article
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17 pages, 2037 KB  
Article
First Detection and Identification of Southern Tomato Virus Infecting Tomatoes in Oklahoma with Complete Genome Characterization and Insights into Global Genetic Diversity
by Salil Jindal and Akhtar Ali
Viruses 2025, 17(9), 1193; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17091193 - 30 Aug 2025
Viewed by 834
Abstract
Southern tomato virus (STV) or Amalgavirus lycopersici is a persistent virus impacting tomato crops globally. This study identified new STV isolates from Oklahoma and analyzed their evolutionary relationship to global STV isolates. Phylogenetic analyses (complete genomes or individual genes) grouped STV isolates into [...] Read more.
Southern tomato virus (STV) or Amalgavirus lycopersici is a persistent virus impacting tomato crops globally. This study identified new STV isolates from Oklahoma and analyzed their evolutionary relationship to global STV isolates. Phylogenetic analyses (complete genomes or individual genes) grouped STV isolates into two distinct clades, independent of geographic origin or host. Notably, Oklahoma isolates formed a separate cluster from previously reported isolates in the United States of America (USA). Coalescent analysis suggested the most recent common ancestor of STV fusion protein emerged around 135 years ago. Genetic diversity among STV isolates was low, with slightly more variability in the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene than the p42 gene. Both genes showed strong purifying selection. No recombination events were detected across complete genomes. Structure analysis revealed that the p42 protein, particularly its C-terminal region, displayed higher disorder, indicating a possible role in host interactions and viral adaptability. These findings deepen our understanding of STV’s evolution and highlight the need for ongoing surveillance and broader genomic sampling. Full article
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Article
Mitigation of Carbonation-Induced Corrosion in Alkali-Activated Slag Concrete Using Calcined Mg–Al Hydrotalcite: Electrochemical and Microstructural Evaluations
by Willian Aperador, Jonnathan Aperador and J. C. Caicedo
Corros. Mater. Degrad. 2025, 6(3), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd6030040 - 27 Aug 2025
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Abstract
This study investigates the effectiveness of calcined magnesium–aluminium layered double hydroxide (CLDH) as a functional additive for mitigating carbonation-induced corrosion in alkali-activated slag concrete (AASC). Mixtures incorporating different CLDH contents (0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%) were evaluated under accelerated CO2 exposure [...] Read more.
This study investigates the effectiveness of calcined magnesium–aluminium layered double hydroxide (CLDH) as a functional additive for mitigating carbonation-induced corrosion in alkali-activated slag concrete (AASC). Mixtures incorporating different CLDH contents (0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%) were evaluated under accelerated CO2 exposure (3%, 65% RH, 25 °C) for 90 days. Mechanical characterisation was carried out through 28-day compressive strength tests to assess the potential impact of CLDH on the structural performance of the material. Performance characterisation included electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to assess the corrosion of embedded steel, phenolphthalein spraying to determine the carbonation depth, and complementary techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDX) for assessments of the microstructural evolution. The results demonstrate that CLDH significantly enhances resistance to CO2 ingress, increasing the polarisation resistance (Rp) to over 55 kΩ·cm2 (at 6% CLDH) and reducing the carbonation depth by more than 50% compared to the reference mix. These improvements are attributed to the memory effect-induced regeneration of LDH-type lamellar phases, controlled release of OH and CO32− anions, and progressive densification of the microstructure, thereby limiting the ingress of aggressive agents. The optimal dosage was identified as 6%, as higher contents offered no further improvement and evidenced the formation of residual phases such as MgO. This work highlights the potential of CLDH as an effective and sustainable strategy to enhance the durability of alkali-activated cementitious materials against degradation processes driven by carbonation and corrosion. Full article
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