Search Results (44)

Background: Currently, there is a lack of data regarding the reliability of different anthropometric, instrumental, and biochemical indexes in detecting metabolic syndrome (MetS) in pediatric patients with Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS). Therefore, this study aimed to compare the accuracy of different indices to identify the simplest and most accurate predictor of MetS in this at-risk population. Methods: We conducted a multicenter study involving 124 children and adolescents with PWS (61 males and 63 females), aged 13.6 ± 3.7 years. For each participant, we assessed all components of MetS, defined according to either the Identification and prevention of Dietary- and lifestyle-induced health EFfects In Children and infantS (IDEFICS) study or the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria, based on age. The following indexes were calculated: Body Mass Index (BMI), BMI standard deviation score (BMI-SDS), tri-ponderal mass index, body mass fat index, fat mass index, fat-free mass index, body shape index, visceral adiposity index, waist-to-height ratio, cardiometabolic index, total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio, and triglycerides/HDL-C (TG/HDL-C) ratio. Results: MetS was identified in 24 subjects (9 females and 15 males), representing 19.4% of the sample. When comparing the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, the TG/HDL-C ratio and cardiometabolic index demonstrated significantly better performance than the other indices in detecting MetS, with no difference between the two. As a result, we focused on the TG/HDL-C ratio since it is the simplest measure, requiring no additional anthropometric data compared to the cardiometabolic index. Additionally, applying age- and gender-specific thresholds can further improve its accuracy. Conclusions: The TG/HDL-C ratio, which requires only two standard biochemical markers, provides the same accuracy as more complex indexes in detecting MetS in children and adolescents with PWS, making it the optimal predictor for MetS in this population. Full article

Fetal malnutrition, characterized by inadequate fat and muscle accretion during intrauterine development, has been linked to adverse outcomes, ranging from neonatal complications to long-term developmental and metabolic disorders. Traditionally, growth curves and birth weight have guided the assessment of newborns’ nutritional status; however, these measures often do not accurately reflect changes in body composition. This review compares several evaluation methods—CAN score (Metcoff methodology), body mass index (BMI), Ponderal Index (PI), McLaren Index, mid–upper arm circumference (MUAC), and plicometry—to provide suggestions on selecting the most appropriate approach, depending on the healthcare setting and population needs. Findings from multiple international studies indicate that the CAN score and BMI are among the most accurate tools, offering better sensitivity and specificity than traditional anthropometric indicators. The CAN score, based on a clinical observation of fat deposits, skin texture, and muscle tone, has been widely used in Latin America and remains a practical and cost-effective option. Nonetheless, recent research suggests that BMI, mainly when used alongside the PI, may outperform the CAN score in certain contexts. Considering the complexity of fetal nutritional assessments, integrating multiple methods enhances the diagnostic accuracy. Early identification of malnourished newborns is essential for timely intervention and improved long-term outcomes. Standardizing these diagnostic tools globally could advance efforts to reduce neonatal morbidity and mortality by 2030. Full article

Objectives: To assess the predictive accuracy of the expected fetal weight in the third trimester (ExFW3t), based on the estimated fetal weight (EFW) at mid-trimester ultrasound scan, for the prediction of intrapartum fetal compromise (IFC) (an abnormal intrapartum fetal heart rate or intrapartum fetal scalp pH requiring urgent cesarean section). Methods: This retrospective study included 777 singleton pregnancies that underwent a 20-week study and a 3t scan. The extrapolated EFW at 20 weeks to the 3t or ExFW3t was considered a proxy of the potential growth. The percentage difference with the actual 3t EFW (%ExFW3t) was compared with other ultrasonographic and clinical parameters—EFW centile (EFWc), middle cerebral artery pulsatility index (MCA PI) in multiples of the median (MoM), umbilical artery (UA) PI MoM, cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) MoM, and maternal height—for the prediction of IFC by means of the area under the curve (AUC) and Akaike Information Criteria (AIC). Results: Pregnancies with IFC presented higher values of UA PI MoM (1.19 vs. 1.09, p = 0.0460) and lower values of population and Intergrowth EFWc (45.9 vs. 28.9, p < 0.0001, 48.4 vs. 33.6, p = 0.0004), MCA PI MoM (0.97 vs. 0.81, p < 0.0001), CPR MoM (1.01 vs. 0.79, p < 0.0001), %ExFW3t (89.9% vs. 97.5%, p = 0.0003), and maternal height (160.2 vs. 162.9, p = 0.0083). Univariable analysis selected maternal height, EFWc, %ExFW3t, and UA PI MoM as significant parameters. However, %ExFW3t did not surpass the prediction ability of cerebral Doppler. Finally, multivariable analysis showed that the best models for the prediction of IFC resulted from the combination of cerebral Doppler (MCA PI MoM or CPR MoM), fetal weight (%ExFW3t or EFWc), and maternal height (AUC 0.75/0.76, AIC 345, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Fetal weight-related parameters, including %ExFW3t, a proxy of the proportion of potential growth achieved in the 3t, were less effective than fetal cerebral Doppler for the prediction of IFC. The best performance was achieved by combining hemodynamic, ponderal, and clinical data. Full article

Background: COVID-19 is linked to multiple adverse pregnancy outcomes but with inconsistent evidence associating the disease with fetal growth restriction (FGR) and small for gestational age (SGA). There are limited data on the impact of COVID-19 on neonatal growth measurements, specifically microcephaly without SGA or low birth weight. We hypothesize that COVID-19 is associated with smaller neonatal head measurements without increasing the risk of small for gestational age. This relationship may be related to the timing of COVID-19 exposure in pregnancy. Methods: An Institutional Review Board (IRB) approved retrospective cohort study enrolled 140 COVID-19-infected and 136 COVID-19-uninfected patients. Inclusion criteria: (a) singleton birth between 28 April 2020 and 31 December 2022; and (b) maternal COVID-19 infection diagnosed via polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Exclusion criteria: Less than 12 years of maternal age, major fetal anomalies, and fetal loss < 15 weeks. The outcomes were a comparison of newborn growth measurements (length, weight, and head circumference (HC) at birth), Ponderal Index (PI), and development of SGA between SARS-CoV-2-infected and uninfected patients. Maternal and neonatal characteristics were descriptively summarized, and multivariate analyses and linear regression models were performed. Baseline maternal demographics did not differ amongst cohorts. Results: Compared to the uninfected cohort, COVID-19 diagnosed in the third trimester was associated with a lower neonatal HC compared to newborns of uninfected patients (β = −0.38 [0.38 SD lower], 95% CI −0.65 to −0.10, p = 0.024). There was no significant difference among cohorts in birth length, weight, or diagnosis of small for gestational age. Conclusions: We found that COVID-19 infection in the third trimester was associated with a lower neonatal head circumference without associated SGA. The cause underlying this association is unknown. Further research to determine the risk of neurotropic fetal infection by SARS-CoV-2, like ZIKA’s effect on the fetal immune system leading to microcephaly, is urgently needed. Full article

Background: Breastfeeding is widely regarded as the optimal method of infant nutrition. A notable benefit of breastfeeding is its potential to avert the development of childhood overweight and obesity. This assertion holds particular significance in the context of infants whose mothers have exhibited gestational diabetes, a condition that has been demonstrated to be associated with an increased risk of carbohydrate and/or fat disorders in offspring, potentially leading to the onset of overweight and obesity in later life. Objective: The objective of the present study was to examine the variations in the anthropometric dimensions of infants across three distinct time points during the initial year of life, with a particular focus on the correlation between infant feeding practices and the prevalence of gestational diabetes in maternal subjects. Additionally, this study encompassed an analysis of the disparities in anthropometric dimensions between infant males and females. Methods: The study population included 42 infants whose mothers had been diagnosed with gestational diabetes between the 24th and 28th week of pregnancy, as well as 28 infants of women without gestational diabetes. The infants’ dietary habits, including breastfeeding, mixed feeding, and formula feeding, were assessed, and their anthropometric measurements were obtained at three time points: 7 ± 1 weeks postpartum, 6 months ± 1 week postpartum, and 12 months ± 1 week postpartum. The infants were measured for weight, length, head circumference, and thickness of the subscapular skin fold. We also calculated their BMI and Ponderal Index, and the measurements were referenced to WHO centile grids. Results: At 7 ± 1 weeks postpartum, exclusively breastfed infants exhibited higher weight compared to those who were mixed-fed or formula-fed (p = 0.03). However, at 1 year of age, breastfed infants demonstrated significantly lower weight compared to formula-fed infants (p = 0.019). Furthermore, at 12 months, breastfed boys exhibited lower weight, length, BMI, and lower subscapular skinfold thickness compared to formula-fed infants. Conclusions: Breastfeeding has been shown to play a pivotal role in preventing obesity in children. In the initial postnatal period, infants who are fed breast milk exhibit a higher weight compared to those who are fed formula. However, by the age of 12 months, the weight of breastfed infants typically falls below that of formula-fed infants. Diabetes during pregnancy has been observed to have no impact on the anthropometric dimensions of infants up to the age of one. Nevertheless, further research is necessary to comprehensively assess the long-term implications of maternal GDM in their offspring. Full article

China has an existing building area of 80 billion square meters, where reinforced concrete structures have a large quantity and a wide surface area. The risk of structures being subjected to blast loading is relatively high. Reactive powder concrete has the specialties of ultra-high toughness, super strength, and a high strength to ponderance ratio. Reinforced concrete (RC) structures strengthened by RPC are called RPC-RC structures, which can easily elevate the explosive load resistance of building structures while also strengthening the building. It is a significant method used in avoiding the collapse of structures under explosive loads. The dynamic reaction and damage evaluation approaches of RPC-RC columns under explosive load have not been deeply studied. For addressing this issue, numerical simulation of RPC strengthened RC columns under explosive load was carried out by LS-DYNA (R10), and the correctness of the numerical simulation was verified by comparing it with relevant experimental results. In this paper, a finite element model of an RPC-RC column was established, and the main factors affecting the anti-explosion performance of an RPC-RC column were studied. The influence of the RPC reinforcement layer parameters (RPC thickness, RPC strength, longitudinal reinforcement ratio, and stirrup ratio) on the dynamic reaction and damage degree of RPC-RC columns was examined. The consequences indicated that the failure mode of the columns after RPC reinforcement can alter from bending shear damage to bending damage. As the thickness and strength of the RPC increases, the longitudinal reinforcement ratio increases, the stirrup ratio increases, and the maximum horizontal deformation of the center point of the RPC reinforced RC columns decreases. For RPC-RC columns with a height of 3–4 m and a width of 300–400 mm under blast loading, columns with an axial compression ratio greater than 0.3 will collapse, while columns with an axial compression ratio less than 0.3 are less likely to collapse. In the light of the calculation outcomes, a formula for reckoning the damage index of RPC-RC columns was proposed, taking into account factors such as proportional distance, axial compression ratio, RPC thickness, longitudinal reinforcement ratio, and stirrup ratio. Full article

The key role of soil quality improvement in achieving sustainable agricultural development based on highly intensive use of farmland is increasingly being recognized, as is the ponderance of suitable evaluation of the soil quality. The overarching goal of this study was to determine an accurate assessment framework by the comparison of the scoring function (linear and non-linear) and integration method (area and weighted additive), which integrally evaluates the soil quality of an eleven-year field fertilization experiment (including CK, no fertilizer; CF, conventional fertilization; SF, formulated fertilization; SFO, SF with organic fertilizer). Thirty-three properties, including eighteen physiochemical-related and fifteen biological-related properties, associated with soil functions were measured as potential soil quality indicators, and the soil multifunctionality (SMF) was applied to validate the soil quality indices (SQIs). Principal component analysis and relationship analysis were used with indicators sensitive to management to determine a minimum data set (MDS). The results showed that the electrical conductivity, large macroaggregate-associated total nitrogen, small macroaggregate-associated organic carbon, carbon fixation, and enzyme activities of phenol oxidase and cellulase were chosen as the MDS. All the SQIs were significantly correlated with the SMF (p < 0.05). The fertilization strategies affected most indicators in different ways, and the index developed using the non-linear function and weighted additive integration method (SQI-NL) had the best sensibility and discriminability. The SQI value with the SQI-NL-MDS method was higher following the fertilization treatments than that of no fertilizer (p < 0.05), and the treatment of the organic fertilizer had the highest SQI value (0.66). Soil quality evaluation in long-term fertilized farmland suggested that the soil quality constraints between treatments of synthetic and organic fertilizer are related to the soil functions of nutrient cycling and sustain biological activity due to their higher contribution rates to the SQI in the organic fertilizer treatment, which provides insights into ways to reduce the gap in soil quality. The framework method can provide an accurate quantitative tool for the evaluation of soil quality from the target indicators by bridging management objectives and field-level actions. Full article

Background and Objectives: The repercussions of childhood overweight and obesity are multifaceted, extending beyond the realm of physiology and giving rise to psychological and emotional disturbances in affected children. The precise effects of gestational physical activity (PA) on parameters related to childhood overweight and obesity remain inadequately understood. The aim of this study (Registration CRD42022372490) was to evaluate the literature regarding the influence of PA during pregnancy on the risk of childhood overweight and obesity. Materials and Methods: Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were considered for inclusion. Determinant parameters of childhood obesity were analyzed. A total of 30 studies involving 16,137 pregnant women were examined. Five meta-analyses about the effects of PA during pregnancy on determinants of childhood overweight and obesity were conducted. Results: Although favorable trends were observed, Meta-Analyses showed no statistical differences in the effects of PA on weight at birth (Z = 0.03, p = 0.97), Ponderal Index at birth (Z = 0.64, p = 0.52), Macrosomia and Large for Gestational Age at birth (Z = 0.93, p = 0.35), children’s BMI (Z = 0.78, p = 0.44), weight (Z = 0.50, p = 0.62), and skinfold thicknesses (Z = 0.45, p = 0.65). Conclusions: The engagement in physical activity during pregnancy exhibits a favorable trend in parameters associated with childhood overweight and obesity while presenting no adverse effects on such outcomes. Full article

Between 2000 and 2022, China’s top three highest GDP provinces, Guangdong, Zhejiang, and Jiangsu, each having distinct economic structures, displayed different paths of development in their net population inflows. This prompts us to ponder how the economic patterns of the most economically developed regions impact population inflows. To answer the question, we first examine each economic pattern and use the entropy weight method to construct a comprehensive index to capture the features of each economic pattern in different regions. Then, we employ a two-way fixed effects model with panel data from the three provinces to conduct the empirical analysis. Moving forward, we expand the sample size to 10 provinces, including China’s eastern metropolitan areas, to extend the analysis beyond the previously selected regions and corroborate the consistency and robustness of our model. The results show that the Wenzhou pattern, featured primarily by the private sector, has the most impact on population inflows, followed by the Pearl River pattern, driven by an export-oriented economy. In contrast, the Sunan pattern, characterized by the collective economy, has an insignificant impact. We further dissect and determine the essential factors influencing population inflows within the three economic patterns and estimate the sustainability of the economic pattern via net population inflows. Our findings can provide insights for policy-makers to understand and utilize economic patterns in order to impact population inflows effectively. Specifically, we propose that the observable net population inflows can serve as an indicator to evaluate the sustainability of local economic patterns, thus providing another perspective on assessing the region’s economic development. Full article

The selection of a certain location for the placement of a solar facility depends on the solar resource availability, which is generally assessed though exceedance probabilities. However, the choice of the specific exceedance probability is arbitrary and the assessment will be different depending on the choice taken. Furthermore, exceedance probabilities do not reflect seasonal variability, which affects radiation availability. Therefore, in this work we present a new index, the suitability index based on Theil (SIT), which allows us to assess with a single value the degree of suitability of a site for installing a solar plant. Obtained from the Theil index, it considers the availability of the resource and its seasonal variability, based as it is on the proportion of the given radiation in each month. As we will see, the new index is clearly more sensitive to the amount of radiation expressed in terms of the 50th percentile than to the variability, as given by the interquartile range. This is a quality to be pondered since scarcity of radiation will always be a greater disadvantage for a solar installation than high variability. The results obtained in the study, grounded in the application of satellite images, show that the index adequately reflects the radiation characteristics in the study area. The territory is broken into areas associated with such characteristics through a cluster analysis, so that geographical and economic elements can be considered when choosing the final location for a solar installation. Furthermore, the new index may include the effects of energy storage during the months in which a certain demand is exceeded. Full article

Background and objective: Systemic autoimmune diseases, viral infections (COVID-19) and obesity/metabolic syndrome (MS) are all characterized by a chronic inflammatory state with some putative shared physiopathological features. Biological age and HRQoL approaches have been applied as human health and aging indices. The objective of the METAINFLAMATION study was to analyze the differences and/or similarities between subjects with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), long-COVID and obesity/metabolic syndrome, which are all recognized inflammatory conditions, and to compare metabolic age and HRQoL depending on weight status in those patients. Methods: A total of 232 participants (≥18 years) were recruited whose anthropometric data were collected (height, weight, bioelectrical impedance analysis, waist circumference, hip circumference and blood pressure). The patients answered different questionnaires related to socio-demographic data, metabolic history, lifestyle (physical activity, sleep habits and nutrition) and HRQoL. Metabolic age and HRQoL (SF-12) were assessed with validated tools. Differences and interactions among the three types of diseases and body mass index (BMI) as stratified by p50 were studied using a 3 × 2 (diseases × adiposity) factorial ANOVA design and with appropriate post hoc contrasts. Results: The analyses revealed significant differences in biological age (p < 0.001) between each disease and BMI (high vs. low). Interestingly, the type of disease and BMI showed an interaction concerning biological age (p < 0.05). Regarding HRQoL, significant differences (p < 0.01) were found between each pro-inflammatory condition and between both BMI groups for the PCS (Physical Component Summary), while only the MCS (Mental Component Summary) showed statistical differences among diseases (p < 0.001) but not for BMI (p = 0.42). Additionally, the PCS evidenced a statistically significant modification of the effect (p < 0.01) depending on the type of disease as conditioned by the BMI (high vs. low) but not for the MCS (p = 0.13). Discussion. Featuring precision indices such as biological age and HRQoL in patients with SLE, long-COVID, and obesity/metabolic syndrome and interactions with ponderal status enables better monitoring of these inflammatory diseases. Metabolic individualization and the early prevention of associated complications can be achieved by using validated biomarkers and scores, seeking the personalization of therapeutic management with clinical precision. Full article

The literature shows how sarcopenia often occurs along with different phenotypes based either on the concomitant presence of adipose tissue excess (i.e., sarcopenic obesity, SO), or osteopenia/osteoporosis (osteosarcopenia, OS), or the combination of the two conditions, so-called osteosarcopenic obesity (OSO). This research aimed to assess the prevalence of sarcopenia phenotypes (SO, OS, OSO), their associated risk factors and their health impact in a population of out- and inpatients living in the North of Italy. Male and female subjects aged ≥18 years were enrolled for the study. A blood sample was collected to measure targeted blood makers. A comprehensive anthropometric clinical assessment (height, weight, Body Mass Index, BMI and Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry, DXA) was performed to measure ponderal, bone, fat, and muscle status. A total of 1510 individuals participated to the study (females, n = 1100; 72.85%). Sarcopenia was the most prevalent phenotype (17%), followed by osteosarcopenia (14.7%) and sarcopenic obesity. Only 1.9% of the sample was affected by OSO. According to logistic regression analysis, sarcopenia was associated with age, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP) (positively) and BMI, Iron (Fe), Total Cholesterol, albumin (%), albumin (g), and gamma proteins (negatively). Sarcopenic obesity was associated with age, ferritin, ESR, CRP (positively) and BMI, Fe, and albumin (%) (negatively). Osteosarcopenia was associated with age, ESR (positively) and BMI, Total Cholesterol, albumin (%), albumin (g), and Ca (negatively). Osteosarcopenic obesity was associated with glycemia and gamma-glutamyl transferase (gGT) (positively). According to random forest analysis, a higher BMI was the most important protective factor for sarcopenia, for sarcopenic obesity (along with Iron) and for osteosarcopenia (along with albumin). Moreover, osteosarcopenic obesity was positively associated with GgT and glycaemia. The possibility of gaining such information, especially in the younger population, could help to prevent the onset of such diseases and best fit the patient’s needs, according to a precision-medicine approach. Full article

Body fat (BF) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) are important health markers that ought to be considered in screening exams. The aim of this study was to assess the value of six indicators, i.e., tri-ponderal mass index (TMI), relative fat mass (RFM), waist–BMI ratio, waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and body mass index (BMI) in predicting CRF in school-aged children. The analysis was based on the data coming from the examination of 190 children participating in school physical education (PE) classes. Their body weight (BW) and height (BH), waist and hip circumference (WC; HC) and percentage of body fat (%BF) were measured; the CRF test was performed with the use of the 20 m shuttle run test (20 mSRT); peak heart rate (HRpeak) was measured; TMI, relative fat mass pediatric (RFMp), waist–BMI ratio, WHtR, BMI and WHR were calculated. Statistical analysis was mainly conducted using regression models. The developed regression models, with respect to the sex and age of the children, revealed RFMp as the strongest CRF indicator (R² = 51.1%) and WHR as well as waist–BMI ratio as the weakest ones (R² = 39.2% and R² = 40.5%, respectively). In predicting CRF in school-aged children, RFMp turned out to be comparable to body fat percentage obtained by means of the bioimpedance analysis (BIA) (R² = 50.3%), and as such it can be used as a simple screening measure in prophylactic exams of school children. All of these models were statistically significant (p < 0.001). Full article

The controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) measurement obtained from FibroScan^® is a low-risk method of assessing fatty liver. This study investigated the association between the FibroScan^® CAP values and nine anthropometric indicators, including the abdominal volume index (AVI), body fat percentage (BFP), body mass index (BMI), conicity index (CI), ponderal index (PI), relative fat mass (RFM), waist circumference (WC), waist–hip ratio (WHR), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), and risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (fatty liver). We analyzed the medical records of adult patients who had FibroScan^® CAP results. CAP values <238 dB/m were coded as 0 (non- fatty liver) and ≥238 dB/m as 1 (fatty liver). An individual is considered to have class 1 obesity when their body mass index (BMI) ranges from 30 kg/m² to 34.9 kg/m². Class 2 obesity is defined by a BMI ranging from 35 kg/m² to 39.9 kg/m², while class 3 obesity is designated by a BMI of 40 kg/m² or higher. Out of 1763 subjects, 908 (51.5%) had fatty liver. The BMI, WHtR, and PI were found to be more strongly correlated with the CAP by the cluster dendrogram with correlation coefficients of 0.58, 0.54, and 0.54, respectively (all p < 0.0001). We found that 28.3% of the individuals without obesity had fatty liver, and 28.2% of the individuals with obesity did not have fatty liver. The BMI, CI, and PI were significant predictors of fatty liver. The BMI, PI, and WHtR demonstrated better predictive ability, indicated by AUC values of 0.72, 0.68, and 0.68, respectively, a finding that was echoed in our cluster group analysis that showed interconnected clustering with the CAP. Therefore, of the nine anthropometric indicators we studied, the BMI, CI, PI, and WHtR were found to be more effective in predicting the CAP score, i.e., fatty liver. Full article

This study aimed to characterize dietary protein patterns (DPPs) in a sample pool of 298 well-nourished pregnant women and explore potential associations between DPPs and neonatal anthropometrics. Maternal dietary data were collected using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Neonatal anthropometrics were abstracted from health booklets. A hierarchical cluster analysis identified three DPPs: “Dairy-focused”, “Med-fusion”, and “Traditional-inspired”. The “Dairy-focused” DPP exhibited the highest protein intake (p < 0.001), predominantly animal protein (p < 0.001), while the “Traditional-inspired” DPP presented higher plant protein (p < 0.001) and fiber intakes (p < 0.001), and, therefore, a reduced carbohydrate-to-fiber quotient (p < 0.001). The “Med-fusion” DPP had the lowest protein-to-fat ratio (p < 0.001). Infants of women following the “Dairy-focused” DPP had the highest birth height centiles (p = 0.007) and the lowest ponderal index (p = 0.003). The NMR-metabolomics approach was implemented on a subset of women that provided amniotic fluid (AF) specimens (n = 62) to elucidate distinct metabolic signatures associated with DPPs. PCA and OPLS-DA models verified the adherence to three DPPs, revealing that the levels of several amino acids (AAs) were the highest in “Dairy-focused”, reflecting its protein-rich nature. The “Traditional-inspired” DPP showed decreased AAs and glucose levels. This knowledge may contribute to optimizing maternal dietary recommendations. Further research is needed to validate these findings and better understand the relationships between maternal diet, AF metabolic signature, and neonatal anthropometrics. Full article