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19 pages, 2954 KiB  
Article
Maximum Power Extraction of Photovoltaic Systems Using Dynamic Sliding Mode Control and Sliding Observer
by Ali Karami-Mollaee and Oscar Barambones
Mathematics 2025, 13(14), 2305; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13142305 - 18 Jul 2025
Viewed by 194
Abstract
In this paper, a robust optimized controller is implemented in the photovoltaic generator system (PVGS). The PVGS is composed of individual photovoltaic (PV) cells, which convert solar energy to electrical energy. To optimize the efficiency of the PVGS under variable solar irradiance and [...] Read more.
In this paper, a robust optimized controller is implemented in the photovoltaic generator system (PVGS). The PVGS is composed of individual photovoltaic (PV) cells, which convert solar energy to electrical energy. To optimize the efficiency of the PVGS under variable solar irradiance and temperatures, a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller is necessary. Additionally, the PVGS output voltage is typically low for many applications. To achieve the MPPT and to gain the output voltage, an increasing boost converter (IBC) is employed. Then, two issues should be considered in MPPT. At first, a smooth control signal for adjusting the duty cycle of the IBC is important. Another critical issue is the PVGS and IBC unknown sections, i.e., the total system uncertainty. Therefore, to address the system uncertainties and to regulate the smooth duty cycle of the converter, a robust dynamic sliding mode control (DSMC) is proposed. In DSMC, a low-pass integrator is placed before the system to suppress chattering and to produce a smooth actuator signal. However, this integrator increases the system states, and hence, a sliding mode observer (SMO) is proposed to estimate this additional state. The stability of the proposed control scheme is demonstrated using the Lyapunov theory. Finally, to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method and provide a reliable comparison, conventional sliding mode control (CSMC) with the same proposed SMO is also implemented. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Mathematics and Intelligent Control in Electrical Engineering)
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24 pages, 3848 KiB  
Article
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Herceptin-Conjugated Liposomes Loaded with Lipocalin-2 siRNA for the Treatment of Inflammatory Breast Cancer
by Marienid Flores-Colón, Mariela Rivera-Serrano, Esther A. Peterson-Peguero, Pablo E. Vivas-Rivera, Fatima Valiyeva and Pablo E. Vivas-Mejía
Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(7), 1053; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18071053 - 17 Jul 2025
Viewed by 264
Abstract
Background: Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is a rare and aggressive subtype of breast cancer that accounts for 1–5% of BC patients and regularly affects women under 40 years of age. Approximately 50% of IBC cases are HER2+ and can be treated with the [...] Read more.
Background: Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is a rare and aggressive subtype of breast cancer that accounts for 1–5% of BC patients and regularly affects women under 40 years of age. Approximately 50% of IBC cases are HER2+ and can be treated with the monoclonal antibody-based therapy Herceptin (trastuzumab). However, resistance to Herceptin develops within a year, and effective second-line targeted therapies are currently unavailable for IBC patients. Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is a promising therapeutic target for IBC due to its role in promoting tumor invasiveness, angiogenesis, and the inflammatory tumor microenvironment characteristic of IBC. Objective: We developed Herceptin-conjugated liposomes loaded with LCN2-targeted small-interference RNA (siRNA) for HER2+ IBCs. Methods: We synthesized DSPE-PEG(2000)-maleimide-Herceptin in a three-step process and formulated the liposomes together with DOPC, PEG(2000)-PE, cholesterol, and siRNA. Results: Dynamic light scattering confirmed the liposome size distribution, which was 66.7 nm for the Herceptin-conjugated liposome versus 43.0 nm in a non-functionalized liposome. Here, we report efficient internalization of this formulation into HER2+ IBC cells, reducing LCN2 levels by 30% and disrupting tumor emboli formation. RNA sequencing revealed 139 genes that were differentially expressed upon LCN2 knockdown, with 25 canonical pathways identified through Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Conclusions: These findings suggest that LCN2-targeted siRNA within Herceptin-targeted liposomes represents a promising therapeutic strategy for IBC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Medicinal Chemistry)
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11 pages, 338 KiB  
Article
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Neoadjuvant Therapy in Her2-Positive Invasive Breast Cancer: A Comprehensive Analysis of 167 Cases in Romania
by Bogdan Pop, Carmen Popa, Nicoleta Zenovia Antone, Patriciu-Andrei Achimas-Cadariu, Ioan-Cătălin Vlad, Gabriela Morar-Bolba, Daniela Laura Martin, Carmen Lisencu, Călin Cainap, Roxana Pintican, Annamaria Fulop, Cosmin Ioan Lisencu, Codruț Cosmin Nistor-Ciurba, Maximilian Vlad Muntean, Andreea Cătană and Bogdan Fetica
Cancers 2025, 17(14), 2312; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17142312 - 11 Jul 2025
Viewed by 323
Abstract
Pathological complete response (pCR) following neoadjuvant therapy for IBC has shown a strong correlation with event-free survival and overall survival. Over the past three decades, the five-year net survival rate for breast cancer has generally increased; however, several Eastern European countries exhibit lower [...] Read more.
Pathological complete response (pCR) following neoadjuvant therapy for IBC has shown a strong correlation with event-free survival and overall survival. Over the past three decades, the five-year net survival rate for breast cancer has generally increased; however, several Eastern European countries exhibit lower survival rates. Data from Romania, specifically regarding Her2-positive breast cancer response to therapy, are notably limited. Background/Objectives: The aim of our study was to evaluate the response to NAT using chemotherapy and Her2-targeted therapy in a cohort of 167 patients diagnosed with invasive breast cancer in our institution. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 167 consecutive cases diagnosed with IBC in our institution between January 2020 and September 2024 with Stages II and III Her2-positive IBC. The overall pCR rates and several factors cited in the literature as predictors of pCR were analyzed. Results: Overall, the pCR rate was 50.29%, with higher values in 3+ cases (62.28%) compared to 2+ cases/ISH amplified (24.53%). Higher pCR rates were observed in hormone-negative cases, Stage II cases, estrogen receptor-negative cases, and high Ki-67 values. Patient age, ISH group, Her2 copy number, Her2:CEP17 ratio, and clinical lymph node involvement did not seem to influence pCR rates in our study. Conclusions: The data presented in our study represent, to the best of our knowledge, the largest cohort of patients diagnosed with Her2-positive IBC from Romania. The presented results and the pCR predictive factors were comparable to those cited in other studies on Her2-positive IBC cases. Full article
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18 pages, 7101 KiB  
Article
Clinical Significance and Prognostic Value of TLR4 and AGER in Inflammatory Breast Cancer
by Luiza Darla Aguiar Silva Paiva, Ana Carolina Filgueiras Teles, Jeferson dos Santos Souza, Pedro Ruan Amorim Oliveira, Bianca Elen Souza Alves, Mariana Timbaúba Benício Coelho, Aurilene Gomes Cajado, Isabelle Fátima Vieira Camelo Maia, Paulo Goberlânio Barros Silva, Diane Isabelle Magno Cavalcante, Maria do Perpétuo Socorro Saldanha Cunha, Larissa Mont’Alverne Arruda, Roberto César Pereira Lima-Júnior, Silvia Regina Rogatto and Deysi Viviana Tenazoa Wong
Cancers 2025, 17(13), 2182; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17132182 - 28 Jun 2025
Viewed by 489
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Inflammatory breast carcinoma (IBC) is an aggressive and rare neoplasm, accounting for 1–5% of all breast cancers. Toll-like receptor type 4 (TLR4) and Advanced Glycation End Products Receptor (AGER/RAGE) have been implicated in breast cancer, and have been shown to promote [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Inflammatory breast carcinoma (IBC) is an aggressive and rare neoplasm, accounting for 1–5% of all breast cancers. Toll-like receptor type 4 (TLR4) and Advanced Glycation End Products Receptor (AGER/RAGE) have been implicated in breast cancer, and have been shown to promote tumor growth, metastasis, and resistance to therapy by modulating the tumor microenvironment and inflammatory pathways. However, the role of TLR4 and AGER in IBC has not been elucidated. Methods: TLR4 and AGER immunofluorescence expression were evaluated in 27 IBC and 24 non-IBC samples. The expression data and clinicopathological parameters, including the prognostic values of these biomarkers, were compared. TLR4 and AGER gene expression were investigated using the microarray transcriptomic dataset of IBC and non-IBC samples (Gene Expression Omnibus repository—GEO). Results: IBC samples showed higher TLR4 and AGER immunoexpression than the non-IBC group and were associated with obesity and Ki-67 expression (p < 0.05). AGER expression in IBC versus non-IBC was also statistically associated with triple-negative molecular subtypes. Non-IBC subjects with AGER immunoexpression above the cutoff (106.1%, sensitivity of 92.3%, and specificity of 56.2%) showed reduced metastasis-free survival (p = 0.032). In the multivariate analysis, high TLR4 immunostaining increased the risk of metastasis-free survival by 1.029-fold. Analyzing three external GEO datasets confirmed that TLR4 and AGER expression increased in IBC compared to non-IBC samples. Conclusions: Overall, IBC samples showed higher TLR4 and AGER expressions than other breast cancer types, shedding light on the significance of these markers on IBC biology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Breast Cancer: Biomarkers of Diagnosis and Prognosis)
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24 pages, 10077 KiB  
Article
Highly Accurate Numerical Method for Solving Fractional Differential Equations with Purely Integral Conditions
by Hany M. Ahmed
Fractal Fract. 2025, 9(7), 407; https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract9070407 - 24 Jun 2025
Viewed by 786
Abstract
The main goal of this paper is to present a new numerical algorithm for solving two models of one-dimensional fractional partial differential equations (FPDEs) subject to initial conditions (ICs) and integral boundary conditions (IBCs). This paper builds a modified shifted Chebyshev polynomial of [...] Read more.
The main goal of this paper is to present a new numerical algorithm for solving two models of one-dimensional fractional partial differential equations (FPDEs) subject to initial conditions (ICs) and integral boundary conditions (IBCs). This paper builds a modified shifted Chebyshev polynomial of the second kind (MSC2Ps) basis function that meets homogeneous IBCs, named IMSC2Ps. We also introduce two types of MSC2Ps that satisfy the given ICs. We create two operational matrices (OMs) for both ordinary derivatives (ODs) and Caputo fractional derivatives (CFDs) connected to these basis functions. By employing the spectral collocation method (SCM), we convert the FPDEs into a system of algebraic equations, which can be solved using any suitable numerical solvers. We validate the efficacy of our approach through convergence and error analyses, supported by numerical examples that demonstrate the method’s accuracy and effectiveness. Comparisons with existing methodologies further illustrate the advantages of our proposed technique, showcasing its high accuracy in approximating solutions. Full article
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25 pages, 1083 KiB  
Article
STALE: A Scalable and Secure Trans-Border Authentication Scheme Leveraging Email and ECDH Key Exchange
by Jiexin Zheng, Mudi Xu, Jianqing Li, Benfeng Chen, Zhizhong Tan, Anyu Wang, Shuo Zhang, Yan Liu, Kevin Qi Zhang, Lirong Zheng and Wenyong Wang
Electronics 2025, 14(12), 2399; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14122399 - 12 Jun 2025
Viewed by 417
Abstract
In trans-border data (data transferred or accessed across national jurisdictions) exchange scenarios, identity authentication mechanisms serve as critical components for ensuring data security and privacy protection, with their effectiveness directly impacting the compliance and reliability of transnational operations. However, existing identity authentication systems [...] Read more.
In trans-border data (data transferred or accessed across national jurisdictions) exchange scenarios, identity authentication mechanisms serve as critical components for ensuring data security and privacy protection, with their effectiveness directly impacting the compliance and reliability of transnational operations. However, existing identity authentication systems face multiple challenges in trans-border contexts. Firstly, the transnational transfer of identity data struggles to meet the varying data-compliance requirements across different jurisdictions. Secondly, centralized authentication architectures exhibit vulnerabilities in trust chains, where single points of failure may lead to systemic risks. Thirdly, the inefficiency of certificate verification in traditional Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) systems fails to meet the real-time response demands of globalized business operations. These limitations severely constrain real-time identity verification in international business scenarios. To address these issues, this study proposes a trans-border distributed certificate-free identity authentication framework (STALE). The methodology adopts three key innovations. Firstly, it utilizes email addresses as unique user identifiers combined with a Certificateless Public Key Cryptography (CL-PKC) system for key distribution, eliminating both single-point dependency on traditional Certificate Authorities (CAs) and the key escrow issues inherent in Identity-Based Cryptography (IBC). Secondly, an enhanced Elliptic Curve Diffie–Hellman (ECDH) key-exchange protocol is introduced, employing forward-secure session key negotiation to significantly improve communication security in trans-border network environments. Finally, a distributed identity ledger is implemented, using the FISCO BCOS blockchain, enabling decentralized storage and verification of identity information while ensuring data immutability, full traceability, and General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) compliance. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method exhibits significant advantages in authentication efficiency, communication overhead, and computational cost compared to existing solutions. Full article
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17 pages, 9133 KiB  
Article
FICTION Technique—A Candidate for the Assessment of HER2 Status in Breast Invasive Carcinomas
by Bogdan Fetica, Mihaiela Luminita Blaga, Adrian Pavel Trifa, Cosmina Maria Bocean, Ovidiu Balacescu, Annamaria Fulop and Bogdan Pop
Medicina 2025, 61(6), 1069; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61061069 - 11 Jun 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 490
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The assessment of HER2 status in invasive breast carcinomas (IBCs) is critical for determining treatment strategies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the FICTION technique as a potential method for assessing HER2 status and to compare it [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: The assessment of HER2 status in invasive breast carcinomas (IBCs) is critical for determining treatment strategies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the FICTION technique as a potential method for assessing HER2 status and to compare it with the standard sequential immunohistochemistry (IHC)–in situ hybridization (ISH) assays. Materials and Methods: This study included 49 patients diagnosed with invasive breast carcinomas. HER2 status was assessed using both IHC+FISH and FICTION techniques, and the results were compared. Results: Comparative analysis demonstrated an 83.67% categorical agreement between IHC and IF using the ASCO/CAP system. The percentage of cells showing any degree of HER2 protein expression was higher with IF (73.77%) than with IHC (60.71%) (p = 0.00026). The in situ hybridization assays showed an excellent agreement, with a 90% or higher concordance. The concordance of the ASCO/CAP group classification of cases using both ISH assays (FICTION and standard FISH) was high (85, 7%). Agreement was 100% for the final classification of cases (Her2 positive/negative). Conclusions: We compared standard tests for Her2 protein expression and the gene copy number with a modified FICTION protocol. The study showed moderate agreement between IHC and IF for Her2 protein and excellent agreement between FISH and FICTION ISH for the gene copy number. Final Her2 status was unaffected by low IF IHC concordance. Optimizing the FICTION protocol could improve results. Combining protein and gene assays may enhance IBC patient stratification. Full article
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16 pages, 1894 KiB  
Article
Genome-Wide Identification and Analysis of DNA Methyltransferase and Demethylase Gene Families in Sweet Potato and Its Diploid Relative
by Songtao Yang, Shuai Qiao, Yan Yang, Fang Wang, Wei Song, Wenfang Tan, Yongping Li and Youlin Zhu
Plants 2025, 14(11), 1735; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14111735 - 5 Jun 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 759
Abstract
DNA methylation is a conserved and vital epigenetic modification that plays essential roles in plant growth, development, and responses to environmental stress. Cytosine-5 DNA methyltransferases (C5-MTases) and DNA demethylases (dMTases) are key regulators of DNA methylation dynamics. However, a comprehensive characterization of these [...] Read more.
DNA methylation is a conserved and vital epigenetic modification that plays essential roles in plant growth, development, and responses to environmental stress. Cytosine-5 DNA methyltransferases (C5-MTases) and DNA demethylases (dMTases) are key regulators of DNA methylation dynamics. However, a comprehensive characterization of these gene families in sweet potato has remained elusive. In this study, we systematically identified and analyzed eight C5-MTase and five dMTase genes in the genomes of diploid (Ipomoea trifida, 2n = 2x = 30) and autohexaploid (Ipomoea batatas, 2n = 6x = 90) sweet potato. Phylogenetic, structural, and synteny analyses revealed a high degree of conservation among these genes, suggesting their essential roles during evolution. Promoter analysis uncovered multiple cis-acting elements, particularly those responsive to light and hormones. In addition, we examined the expression profiling of IbC5-MTases and IbdMTases genes during storage root development, revealing that several were highly expressed during the early and rapid expansion stages. These findings suggest that C5-MTases and dMTases may contribute to the regulation of storage root formation in sweet potato through epigenetic mechanisms, offering valuable insights for future functional studies and epigenetic breeding efforts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics, Genomics and Biotechnology)
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20 pages, 3604 KiB  
Article
LMP7-Specific Inhibitor M3258 Modulates the Tumor Microenvironment of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer and Inflammatory Breast Cancer
by Xuemei Xie, Jangsoon Lee, Ganiraju C. Manyam, Troy Pearson, Gina Walter-Bausch, Manja Friese-Hamim, Sheng Zhao, Julia Jabs, Angela A. Manginelli, Nadine Piske, Thomas Mrowiec, Corinna M. Wolf, Bharat S. Kuntal, Debu Tripathy, Jing Wang, Michael P. Sanderson and Naoto T. Ueno
Cancers 2025, 17(11), 1887; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17111887 - 4 Jun 2025
Viewed by 2085
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) are the most aggressive molecular subtypes of breast cancer. Poor clinical outcomes highlight the pressing need to discover novel targets for the effective treatment of these diseases. LMP7 (β5i/PSMB8), a proteolytic subunit of the [...] Read more.
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) are the most aggressive molecular subtypes of breast cancer. Poor clinical outcomes highlight the pressing need to discover novel targets for the effective treatment of these diseases. LMP7 (β5i/PSMB8), a proteolytic subunit of the immunoproteasome, is implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, and inflammation-related cancers. However, the role of LMP7 in TNBC and IBC remains poorly characterized. Here, we evaluated the function of LMP7 in TNBC and IBC using the selective LMP7 inhibitor M3258. In human TNBC patient samples, LMP7 expression correlated strongly with CD8+ T cell infiltration and activation markers. M3258 inhibited LMP7 activity, reduced viability, and induced apoptosis in TNBC/IBC cell lines in vitro. In a novel immunocompetent in vivo model of TNBC/IBC, M3258 reduced tumor growth and the tumor abundance of M2 macrophages. Additionally, M3258 activated tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells and suppressed the expression of specific inflammatory pathway gene signatures in immune cells. Co-culture with M2 macrophages enhanced the invasiveness of TNBC/IBC cells, which was effectively suppressed by M3258 treatment. Our results demonstrate for the first time that LMP7 shapes the pro-tumorigenic microenvironment of TNBC/IBC, in part by modulating the pathogenic role of M2 macrophages. These findings suggest that LMP7 may represent a novel target for therapeutic intervention in TNBC/IBC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics)
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15 pages, 2005 KiB  
Article
Multi-Level Thermal Modeling and Management of Battery Energy Storage Systems
by Zhe Lv, Zhonghao Sun, Lei Wang, Qi Liu and Jianbo Zhang
Batteries 2025, 11(6), 219; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11060219 - 2 Jun 2025
Viewed by 646
Abstract
With the accelerating global transition toward sustainable energy, the role of battery energy storage systems (ESSs) becomes increasingly prominent. This study employs the isothermal battery calorimetry (IBC) measurement method and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation to develop a multi-domain thermal modeling framework for [...] Read more.
With the accelerating global transition toward sustainable energy, the role of battery energy storage systems (ESSs) becomes increasingly prominent. This study employs the isothermal battery calorimetry (IBC) measurement method and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation to develop a multi-domain thermal modeling framework for battery systems, spanning from individual cells to modules, clusters, and ultimately the container level. Experimental validation confirms the model’s accuracy, with the simulated maximum cell temperature of 36.2 °C showing only a 1.8 °C deviation from the measured value of 34.4 °C under real-world operating conditions. Furthermore, by integrating on-site calibrated thermodynamic parameters of the container, a battery system energy efficiency model is established. Combined with the battery aging engineering model, a coupled lifetime–energy efficiency model is constructed. Six different control strategies are simulated and analyzed to quantify the system’s comprehensive lifecycle benefits. The results demonstrate that the optimized control strategy enhances the overall energy storage station revenue by 2.63%, yielding an additional cumulative profit of CNY 13.676 million over the entire lifecycle. This research provides an effective simulation framework and decision-making basis for the thermal management optimization and economic evaluation of battery ESSs. Full article
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15 pages, 1196 KiB  
Article
Bioactive Compounds from Dodonaea viscosa Flowers: Potent Antibacterial and Antiproliferative Effects in Breast Cancer Cells
by Achara Raksat, Daniel Yee, Young Jin Gi, Supakit Wongwiwatthananukit, Leng Kar Chang, Kumu Piilani Kaawaloa, Marisa M. Wall, Jangsoon Lee and Leng Chee Chang
Molecules 2025, 30(11), 2274; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30112274 - 22 May 2025
Viewed by 640
Abstract
Dodonaea viscosa (Sapindaceae), a Hawaiian local medicinal plant, has been traditionally used to treat rashes and skin diseases. The study aimed to discover and characterize bioactive compounds from D. viscosa flowers extract with antimicrobial and antitumor properties. Thirteen compounds were isolated from the [...] Read more.
Dodonaea viscosa (Sapindaceae), a Hawaiian local medicinal plant, has been traditionally used to treat rashes and skin diseases. The study aimed to discover and characterize bioactive compounds from D. viscosa flowers extract with antimicrobial and antitumor properties. Thirteen compounds were isolated from the methanol extract of D. viscosa flowers, and their structures were characterized using spectroscopy data, comparing their NMR spectroscopic profiles with previously reported data. Subsequent antibacterial assays revealed that one particular compound, 12, exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria. Notably, it demonstrated a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 2 μg/mL, indicating its potent antibacterial potential. In addition to antimicrobial properties, the isolated compounds demonstrated dose-dependent antiproliferative effects in breast cancer cell lines. Notably, inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) cell lines, a highly aggressive subtype, were more sensitive to compound 6, with IC50 values of 4.22 μM (BCX-010), 6.74 μM (SUM190), and 7.73 (SUM149), compared to non-IBC cell line. These findings highlight the dual antibacterial and anticancer potential of compounds from D. viscosa, emphasizing their promise as candidates for therapeutic development. Full article
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19 pages, 1736 KiB  
Article
Measurement of Building Carbon Emissions and Its Decoupling Relationship with the Construction Land Area in China from 2010 to 2020
by Fangjun Xie, Jinhua Cheng, Jianxin Yang, Li Yu, Ji Chai and Deyi Xu
Land 2025, 14(5), 1106; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14051106 - 19 May 2025
Viewed by 436
Abstract
The building sector is responsible for significant carbon emissions and energy consumption, making it a critical field for global energy-saving and emission reduction efforts to combat climate change. This study calculated the building carbon emissions (BCE) of 30 provinces in the Chinese Mainland [...] Read more.
The building sector is responsible for significant carbon emissions and energy consumption, making it a critical field for global energy-saving and emission reduction efforts to combat climate change. This study calculated the building carbon emissions (BCE) of 30 provinces in the Chinese Mainland from 2010 to 2020 using the IPCC carbon emission factor method based on the statistical data of energy consumption and building materials, and then the decoupling relationship between BCE and the construction land area (CLA) was analyzed. The results are as follows: (1) BCE exhibited an overall increase from 2010 to 2020, yet at a descending rate, with a prominent decrease in indirect BCE (IBCE); (2) BCE and direct BCE (DBCE) were higher in the north but lower in the south, while IBCE was higher along the eastern coast; (3) the provinces in North China and Northeast China possess the largest areas of construction land, but the growth of CLA was the slowest or even declined in the later stage of the study; (4) the decoupling relationship between BCE and CLA is dominated by expansive negative decoupling or strong negative decoupling. The growth of BCE is generally much faster than the expansion of construction land. The findings will have important reference for achieving energy-saving and “dual carbon” strategic development goals in China. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Land Innovations – Data and Machine Learning)
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32 pages, 1368 KiB  
Review
On the X-Ray Emission from Supernovae, and Implications for the Mass-Loss Rates of Their Progenitor Stars
by Vikram V. Dwarkadas
Universe 2025, 11(5), 161; https://doi.org/10.3390/universe11050161 - 15 May 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 456
Abstract
We summarize the X-ray emission from young SNe. Having accumulated data on most observed X-ray SNe, we display the X-ray lightcurves of young SNe. We also explore the X-ray spectra of various SN types. The X-ray emission from Type Ib/c SNe is non-thermal. [...] Read more.
We summarize the X-ray emission from young SNe. Having accumulated data on most observed X-ray SNe, we display the X-ray lightcurves of young SNe. We also explore the X-ray spectra of various SN types. The X-ray emission from Type Ib/c SNe is non-thermal. It is also likely that the emission from Type IIP SNe with low mass-loss rates (around 10−7 M yr−1) is non-thermal. As the mass-loss rate increases, thermal emission begins to dominate. Type IIn SNe have the highest X-ray luminosities, and are clearly thermal. We do not find evidence of non-thermal emission from Type IIb SNe. The aggregated data are used to obtain approximate mass-loss rates of the progenitor stars of these SNe. Type IIP have progenitors with mass-loss rates <105M yr−1, while Type IIn progenitors generally have mass-loss rates >103M yr−1. However, we emphasize that the density of the ambient medium is the important parameter, and if it is due to a non-steady outflow solution, it cannot be translated into a mass-loss rate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Multiwavelength View of Supernovae)
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17 pages, 2664 KiB  
Article
Optimization of Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis and Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation for Enhanced Ethanol Production from Sweet Stalk Sorghum
by Torpong Kreetachat, Nopparat Suriyachai, Punjarat Khongchamnan, Kowit Suwannahong, Surachai Wongcharee, Chainarong Sakulthaew, Chanat Chokejaroenrat and Saksit Imman
Catalysts 2025, 15(4), 379; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15040379 - 13 Apr 2025
Viewed by 791
Abstract
This study aims to identify the best conditions for liquid hot water pretreatment (LHW) of sweet stalk sorghum and the optimization method using the response surface method (RSM) with varying parameters, including temperature, reaction time, and acid catalysts, to enhance the enzymatic hydrolysis [...] Read more.
This study aims to identify the best conditions for liquid hot water pretreatment (LHW) of sweet stalk sorghum and the optimization method using the response surface method (RSM) with varying parameters, including temperature, reaction time, and acid catalysts, to enhance the enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated sweet stalk sorghum. This study presents a novel approach by optimizing LHW pretreatment using RSM to maximize the glucose yield and minimize sugar degradation, in contrast to the widely used method of sulfuric acid hydrolysis combined with SSF. The goal is to achieve the highest glucose yield for ethanol production under optimal conditions. The results show that after the LHW pretreatment under optimal conditions, the optimal actual values have the highest glucose yield of 91.09% in a solid fraction at a sulfuric acid catalyst concentration of 0.90% with a pretreatment temperature of 110 °C for 90 min. The results of the statistical analysis of the glucose yield show an R-squared value of 0.9964 or 99.64%, which is statistically significant. In addition, the optimized pretreatment conditions significantly improved the accessibility of the enzyme. Pretreatment for ethanol production in sweet stalk sorghum samples was carried out with an H2SO4 catalyst concentration of 0.90% using the SSF method with the yeast strain S. cerevisiae. The results show that during the fermentation period of 0–96 h, the maximum ethanol concentration of 23.1 g/L occurred at 72 h under 25 FPU/g substrate at pH 4.8 and decreased 72 h after fermentation. In conclusion, sweet stalk sorghum is a promising candidate for ethanol production due to its high glucose yield and efficient enzymatic hydrolysis, making it a viable alternative for biomass-based energy production. Full article
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17 pages, 2545 KiB  
Article
Modeling and Analysis of Intrabody Communication for Biometric Identity in Wireless Body Area Networks
by Igor Khromov, Leonid Voskov and Mikhail Komarov
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 4126; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15084126 - 9 Apr 2025
Viewed by 913
Abstract
Intrabody communication (IBC) establishes a wireless connection between devices in a Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) by utilizing the human body as a transmission medium. The characteristics of the IBC channel are significantly influenced by the geometric and biological features of the human [...] Read more.
Intrabody communication (IBC) establishes a wireless connection between devices in a Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) by utilizing the human body as a transmission medium. The characteristics of the IBC channel are significantly influenced by the geometric and biological features of the human body and tissues. This paper analyzes a dataset with experimental real subjects’ data on signal loss in a galvanic IBC channel, models IBC identification using the K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) algorithm, and proposes a novel IBC WBAN architecture incorporating an identification function. The analysis of the dataset revealed that the IBC channel gain exhibits a wide range of variations depending on individual human body characteristics such as height, weight, body mass index, and body composition. Consequently, biometric identification can be leveraged within the IBC WBAN paradigm. Through modeling IBC identification on cleaned and labeled data, we demonstrated an identification accuracy of 99.9% based on the results of our modeling. The proposed IBC WBAN architecture with an integrated identification function is anticipated to enhance the application scope and accelerate the development of IBC WBANs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement in Smart Manufacturing and Industry 4.0)
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