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19 pages, 2998 KiB  
Article
Coordination Polymers Bearing Angular 4,4′-Oxybis[N-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)benzamide] and Isomeric Dicarboxylate Ligands: Synthesis, Structures and Properties
by Yung-Hao Huang, Yi-Ju Hsieh, Yen-Hsin Chen, Shih-Miao Liu and Jhy-Der Chen
Molecules 2025, 30(15), 3283; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30153283 - 5 Aug 2025
Abstract
Reactions of the angular 4,4′-oxybis[N-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)benzamide] (L) with dicarboxylic acids and transition metal salts afforded non-entangled {[Cd(L)(1,3-BDC)(H2O)]∙2H2O}n (1,3-BDC = 1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid), 1; {[Cd(L)(1,4-HBDC)(1,4-BDC)0.5]∙2H2O}n (1,4-BDC = [...] Read more.
Reactions of the angular 4,4′-oxybis[N-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)benzamide] (L) with dicarboxylic acids and transition metal salts afforded non-entangled {[Cd(L)(1,3-BDC)(H2O)]∙2H2O}n (1,3-BDC = 1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid), 1; {[Cd(L)(1,4-HBDC)(1,4-BDC)0.5]∙2H2O}n (1,4-BDC = 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid), 2; {[Cu2(L)2(1,3-BDC)2]∙1.5H2O}n, 3; {[Ni(L)(1,3-BDC)(H2O)]∙2H2O}n, 4; {[Zn(L)(1,3-BDC)]∙4H2O}n, 5; {[Zn(L)(1,4-BDC)]∙2H2O}n, 6; and [Cd3(L)2(1,4-BDC)3]n, 7, which have been structurally characterized by using single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Complexes 15 and 7 are 2D layers, giving (64·8·10)(6)-2,4L3, (42·82·102)(42·84)2(4)2, (4·5·6)(4·55·63·7)-3,5L66, (64·8·10)(6)-2,4L3, interdigitated (84·122)(8)2-2,4L2 and (36·46·53)-hxl topologies, respectively, and 6 is a 1D chain with the (43·62·8)(4)-2,4C3 topology. The factors that govern the structures of 17 are discussed and the thermal properties of 17 and the luminescent properties of complexes 1, 2, 5 and 6 are investigated. The stabilities of complexes 1 and 5 toward the detection of Fe3+ ions are also evaluated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Functional Polymers and Their Applications)
9 pages, 497 KiB  
Article
Ultra-Weak Photon Emission from Crown Ethers Exposed to Fenton’s Reagent Fe2+-H2O2
by Michał Nowak, Krzysztof Sasak, Anna Wlodarczyk, Izabela Grabska-Kobylecka, Agata Sarniak and Dariusz Nowak
Molecules 2025, 30(15), 3282; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30153282 - 5 Aug 2025
Abstract
We hypothesized that compounds containing ether linkages within their backbone structures, when exposed to hydroxyl radicals (•OH), can generate ultra-weak photon emission (UPE) as a result of the formation of triplet excited carbonyl species (3R=O*). To evaluate this hypothesis, we investigated [...] Read more.
We hypothesized that compounds containing ether linkages within their backbone structures, when exposed to hydroxyl radicals (•OH), can generate ultra-weak photon emission (UPE) as a result of the formation of triplet excited carbonyl species (3R=O*). To evaluate this hypothesis, we investigated the UPE of four compounds, each at a final concentration of 185.2 µmol/L: EGTA (ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid), a potent chelator of divalent cations, and three crown ethers—12-crown-4, 15-crown-5, and 18-crown-6—containing two, four, five, and six ether bonds, respectively. •OH was generated using a modified Fenton reagent—92.6 µmol/L Fe2+ and 2.6 mmol/L H2O2. The highest UPE was recorded for the Fe2+–EGTA–H2O2 (2863 ± 158 RLU; relative light units), followed by 18-crown-6, 15-crown-5, and 12-crown-4 (1161 ± 78, 615± 86, and 579 ± 109 RLU, respectively; p < 0.05), corresponding to the number of ether groups present. Controls lacking either H2O2 or Fe2+ exhibited no significant light emission compared to the buffer medium. These findings support the hypothesis that ether bonds, when oxidatively attacked by •OH, undergo chemical transformations resulting in the formation of 3R=O* species, the decay of which is associated with UPE. In crown ethers exposed to Fe2+-H2O2, the intensity of UPE was correlated with the number of ether bonds in their structure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Insights into Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence)
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18 pages, 1472 KiB  
Article
Single-Dose Intranasal or Intramuscular Administration of Simian Adenovirus-Based H1N1 Vaccine Induces a Robust Humoral Response and Complete Protection in Mice
by Daria V. Voronina, Irina V. Vavilova, Olga V. Zubkova, Tatiana A. Ozharovskaia, Olga Popova, Anastasia S. Chugunova, Polina P. Goldovskaya, Denis I. Zrelkin, Daria M. Savina, Irina A. Favorskaya, Dmitry V. Shcheblyakov, Denis Y. Logunov and Alexandr L. Gintsburg
Viruses 2025, 17(8), 1085; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17081085 (registering DOI) - 5 Aug 2025
Abstract
Despite the widespread accessibility of vaccines and antivirals, seasonal influenza virus epidemics continue to pose a threat to public health. In this study, we constructed a recombinant replication-deficient simian adenovirus type 25 vector carrying the full-length hemagglutinin (HA) of the H1N1 influenza virus, [...] Read more.
Despite the widespread accessibility of vaccines and antivirals, seasonal influenza virus epidemics continue to pose a threat to public health. In this study, we constructed a recombinant replication-deficient simian adenovirus type 25 vector carrying the full-length hemagglutinin (HA) of the H1N1 influenza virus, named rSAd25-H1. Both systemic and mucosal humoral immune responses, as well as the protective efficacy, were assessed in mice immunized via the intramuscular (IM) or intranasal (IN) route. A single-dose IM or IN administration of rSAd25-H1 elicited a robust systemic IgG antibody response, including hemagglutination inhibition antibodies. As expected, only IN immunization was able to induce IgA production in serum and respiratory mucosa. Notably, a single dose of rSAd25-H1 at the highest dose (1010 viral particles) conferred complete protection against lethal homologous H1N1 challenge in mice despite the route of administration. These findings demonstrate the potential of simian adenovirus type 25-based vectors as a promising candidate for intranasal vaccine development targeting respiratory pathogens. Full article
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23 pages, 1298 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of the Quality and Nutritional Value of Modified Corn Wet Distillers’ Grains Plus Solubles (mcWDGS) Preserved in Aerobic and Anaerobic Conditions
by Mateusz Roguski, Marlena Zielińska-Górska, Andrzej Radomski, Janusz Zawadzki, Marlena Gzowska, Anna Rygało-Galewska and Andrzej Łozicki
Sustainability 2025, 17(15), 7097; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17157097 - 5 Aug 2025
Abstract
To enhance the effectiveness of sustainable preservation of modified corn wet distillers’ grains plus solubles (mcWDGS), various additives were tested under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. In Experiment I, the mcWDGS was stored under aerobic conditions for 5 days at 25 °C. Treatments included [...] Read more.
To enhance the effectiveness of sustainable preservation of modified corn wet distillers’ grains plus solubles (mcWDGS), various additives were tested under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. In Experiment I, the mcWDGS was stored under aerobic conditions for 5 days at 25 °C. Treatments included different organic acids applied at 0.3% or 0.6% of fresh matter (FM). In Experiment II, the mcWDGS was ensiled anaerobically for 8 weeks at 25 °C using organic acids, a commercial acid mixture, or a microbial inoculant at 0.2% FM. In aerobic conditions, the best preservability was achieved with propionic and formic acids at 0.6% FM, as indicated by the lowest temperature, pH, and microbial counts on days 3 and 5 (p ≤ 0.01). Under anaerobic storage, the highest lactic acid concentrations were recorded in the control, citric acid, and commercial acid mixture variants (p ≤ 0.01). Acetic acid levels were highest in the control (p ≤ 0.01). The highest NH3-N content was found in the formic acid variant and the lowest in the inoculant variant (p ≤ 0.01). Aerobic stability after ensiling was greatest in the control and propionic acid groups (p ≤ 0.01). Nutritional analysis showed that the citric acid group had the highest dry matter content (p ≤ 0.01), while the control group contained the most crude protein (p ≤ 0.01) and saturated fatty acids (p ≤ 0.05). The propionic acid and commercial acid mixture variants had the highest unsaturated fatty acids (p ≤ 0.05). Antioxidant capacity was also greatest in the control (p ≤ 0.01). In conclusion, mcWDGS can be effectively preserved aerobically with 0.6% FM of propionic or formic acid, and anaerobically via ensiling, even without additives. These findings support its potential as a stable and nutritious feed ingredient. Full article
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12 pages, 398 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Microhardness and Depth of Cure of Six Bulk-Fill Resin Composites
by Tomislav Skrinjaric, Kristina Gorseta, Jelena Bagaric, Petra Bucevic Sojcic, Jakov Stojanovic and Luc A. M. Marks
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(8), 418; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9080418 - 5 Aug 2025
Abstract
Background. Physicomechanical properties and clinical service of bulk-fill composites depend on their adequate polymerization and depth of cure. Some manufacturers claim that these composites can be adequately cured when used in bulks exceeding 4 mm. Objective. The aim of this study was to [...] Read more.
Background. Physicomechanical properties and clinical service of bulk-fill composites depend on their adequate polymerization and depth of cure. Some manufacturers claim that these composites can be adequately cured when used in bulks exceeding 4 mm. Objective. The aim of this study was to compare Vickers microhardness (VMH) and depth of cure (DOC) of six contemporary bulk-fill resin composites at depths of 4 mm and 6 mm. Material and methods. Six bulk-fill composites were evaluated in this study: 1. Tetric EvoCeram Bulk (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein), (TEC); 2. Filtek Bulk Fill Posterior (3M ESPE Dental Products Division, St. Paul, MN, USA), (FBF); 3. Filtek One Bulk Fill (3M ESPE Dental Products Division, St. Paul, MN, USA, (FOB); 4. SonicFill 2 (Kerr, Orange, CA, USA), (SF2); 5. Admira Fusion X-tra (Voco, GmbH, Cuxhaven, Germany), (AFX); 6. GrandioSO X-tra (Voco, GmbH, Cuxhaven, Germany), (GSX). The 18 specimens (3 of each composite) were prepared in split Teflon moulds of 4 mm diameter and 6 mm thickness. All composites were cured in standard mode for 20 s using LED LCU (D-Light Duo, RF-Pharmaceuticals Sarl, Geneva, Switzerland; 1200–1300 mW/cm). The VMH was measured using a digital Micro Hardness Tester Shimadzu (HMV-2T E, Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan). A 50 g (0.5 N) load force was applied for 30 s. Each specimen was measured at five places selected by chance at each level (N = 15). The hardness ratio or DOC was calculated for all samples as the ratio of bottom and surface microhardness at levels of 4 and 6 mm. Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test. Results. Significant reduction in VMH was observed for all tested materials when comparing top surface and bottom (p < 0.01). The highest VMH was obtained for GSX and AFX, and the lowest for TEC. The results show that the degree of polymerization was adequate for all tested materials at a depth of 6 mm, since the hardness ratio exceeded 0.80 in all cases. The hardness ratio at 4 mm was high for all tested composites ranging from 0.91 for TEC to 0.98 for GSX. All composites showed adequate DOC at the bottom of the 6 mm bulk samples. However, the hardness ratio was the highest for Admira Fusion X-tra (0.96) and GrandioSO X-tra (0.97). Conclusions. All tested materials showed a significant decrease in microhardness from the top surface to the bottom. The DOC was adequate for all bulk-fill composites at a depth of 6 mm cured under standard mode for 20 s. All bulk-fill resin composites evaluated in this study can be used in bulk, up to 6 mm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Direct and Indirect Dental Composite Restorations)
15 pages, 4751 KiB  
Article
Electrocatalytic Oxidation for Efficient Toluene Removal with a Catalytic Cu-MnOx/GF Electrode in a Solid-State Electrocatalytic Device
by Haozhen Liu, Mingxin Liu, Xiqiang Zhao, Ping Zhou, Zhanlong Song, Wenlong Wang, Jing Sun and Yanpeng Mao
Catalysts 2025, 15(8), 749; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15080749 (registering DOI) - 5 Aug 2025
Abstract
A series of Cu-MnOx/GF catalytic electrodes, with graphite felt (GF) pretreated via microwave modification as the catalyst carrier, were prepared under various hydrothermal conditions and characterized using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), N2 adsorption–desorption, [...] Read more.
A series of Cu-MnOx/GF catalytic electrodes, with graphite felt (GF) pretreated via microwave modification as the catalyst carrier, were prepared under various hydrothermal conditions and characterized using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), N2 adsorption–desorption, and Raman spectroscopy. The catalytic oxidation activity of catalytic Cu-MnOx/GF electrodes toward toluene was evaluated in an all-solid-state electrocatalytic device under mild operating conditions. The evaluation results demonstrated that the microwave-modified catalytic electrode exhibited high electrocatalytic activity toward toluene oxidation, with Cu-MnOx/700W-GF exhibiting significantly higher catalytic activity, indicating that an increase in catalyst loading capacity can promote the removal of toluene. Only CO2 and CO were detected, with no other intermediates observed in the reaction process. Moreover, the catalytic effect was significantly affected by the relative humidity. The catalytic oxidation of toluene can be fully realized under a certain humidity, indicating that the conversion of H2O to strongly oxidizing ·OH on the catalytic electrode is a key step in this reaction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalytic Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs))
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16 pages, 1899 KiB  
Systematic Review
Enhancing Cardiovascular Autonomic Regulation in Parkinson’s Disease Through Non-Invasive Interventions
by Aastha Suthar, Ajmal Zemmar, Andrei Krassioukov and Alexander Ovechkin
Life 2025, 15(8), 1244; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081244 - 5 Aug 2025
Abstract
Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) often involves autonomic dysfunction, most notably impaired baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), which disrupts cardiovascular homeostasis and contributes to orthostatic hypotension (OH). Pharmacological and invasive treatments, including deep brain stimulation, have yielded inconsistent benefits and carry procedural risks, highlighting the need [...] Read more.
Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) often involves autonomic dysfunction, most notably impaired baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), which disrupts cardiovascular homeostasis and contributes to orthostatic hypotension (OH). Pharmacological and invasive treatments, including deep brain stimulation, have yielded inconsistent benefits and carry procedural risks, highlighting the need for safer, more accessible alternatives. In this systematic review, we evaluated non-invasive interventions—spanning somatosensory stimulation, exercise modalities, thermal therapies, and positional strategies—aimed at improving cardiovascular autonomic function in PD. Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, MEDLINE (Ovid), Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science for studies published between January 2014 and December 2024. Eight original studies (n = 8) including 205 participants met the inclusion criteria for analyzing cardiac sympathovagal balance. Results: Five studies demonstrated significant post-intervention increases in BRS. Most reported favorable shifts in heart rate variability (HRV) and favorable changes in the low-frequency/high-frequency (LF/HF) ratio. Across modalities, systolic blood pressure (SBP) decreased by an average of 5%, and some interventions produced benefits that persisted up to 24 h. Conclusion: Although sample sizes were small and protocols heterogeneous, the collective findings support the potential of non-invasive neuromodulation to enhance BRS and overall cardiovascular regulation in PD. Future research should focus on standardized, higher-intensity or combined protocols with longer follow-up periods to establish durable, clinically meaningful improvements in autonomic function and quality of life for people living with PD. Full article
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21 pages, 896 KiB  
Article
Insights into FGFR4 (rs351855 and rs7708357) Gene Variants, Ki-67 and p53 in Pituitary Adenoma Pathophysiology
by Martyna Juskiene, Monika Duseikaite, Alvita Vilkeviciute, Egle Kariniauske, Ieva Baikstiene, Jurgita Makstiene, Lina Poskiene, Arimantas Tamasauskas, Rasa Liutkeviciene, Rasa Verkauskiene and Birute Zilaitiene
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(15), 7565; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26157565 (registering DOI) - 5 Aug 2025
Abstract
To determine the association between FGFR4 (rs351855 and rs7708357) gene variants, serum levels, and immunohistochemical markers (Ki-67 and p53) in pituitary adenoma (PA), a case-control study was conducted involving 300 subjects divided into two groups: the control group (n = 200) and [...] Read more.
To determine the association between FGFR4 (rs351855 and rs7708357) gene variants, serum levels, and immunohistochemical markers (Ki-67 and p53) in pituitary adenoma (PA), a case-control study was conducted involving 300 subjects divided into two groups: the control group (n = 200) and a group of PA (n = 100). The genotyping of FGFR4 rs351855 and rs7708357 was carried out using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method. The serum FGFR4 levels were measured using the ELISA method. Immunohistochemical analysis (Ki-67 and p53) was conducted. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 30.0 software. There were no statistically significant differences after analyzing the genotypes and alleles of FGFR4 rs351855 and rs7708357 in patients with PA and control groups (all p > 0.05). After evaluating the distribution of genotypes and alleles of FGFR4 rs351855 and rs7708357 in micro/macro, invasiveness, activity, and recurrence of PA and the control groups, the analysis showed no statistically significant differences between the groups (p > 0.05). Similarly, no significant differences in FGFR4 levels were observed between PA patients and control group (median (IQR): 3642.41 (1755.08) pg/mL vs. 3126.24 (1334.15) pg/mL, p = 0.121). Immunohistochemistry for Ki-67 revealed a labeling index (LI) of <1% in 25.5% of patients with PA, an LI of 1% in 10.9%, and an LI of >1% in 63.6% of patients. Further analyses showed no statistically significant associations with tumor size, invasiveness, activity, or recurrence. Immunohistochemistry for p53 revealed that macroadenomas had a significantly higher p53 H-score compared to microadenomas (median (IQR): 30.33 (28.68) vs. 18.34 (17.65), p = 0.005). Additionally, a moderate, statistically significant positive correlation between the Ki-67 LI and the p53 expression was found (Spearman’s ρ = 0.443, p = 0.003, n = 43). FGFR4 variants and serum protein levels were not significantly associated with PA risk or tumor features. Conversely, immunohistochemical markers Ki-67 and p53 were more informative, with higher p53 expression in macroadenomas and a moderate positive correlation between Ki-67 and p53, highlighting their potential relevance in tumor growth assessment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism)
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23 pages, 3121 KiB  
Article
Seasonal Changes in the Soil Microbiome on Chernozem Soil in Response to Tillage, Fertilization, and Cropping System
by Andrea Balla Kovács, Evelin Kármen Juhász, Áron Béni, Costa Gumisiriya, Magdolna Tállai, Anita Szabó, Ida Kincses, Tibor Novák, András Tamás and Rita Kremper
Agronomy 2025, 15(8), 1887; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15081887 - 5 Aug 2025
Abstract
Soil microbial communities are crucial for ecosystem services, soil fertility, and the resilience of agroecosystems. This study investigated how long-term (31 years) agronomic practices—tillage, NPK fertilization, and cropping system—along with measured environmental variables influence the microbial biomass and its community composition in Chernozem [...] Read more.
Soil microbial communities are crucial for ecosystem services, soil fertility, and the resilience of agroecosystems. This study investigated how long-term (31 years) agronomic practices—tillage, NPK fertilization, and cropping system—along with measured environmental variables influence the microbial biomass and its community composition in Chernozem soil under corn cultivation. The polyfactorial field experiment included three tillage treatments ((moldboard (MT), ripped (RT), strip (ST)), two fertilization regimes (NPK (N: 160; P: 26; K: 74 kg/ha), and unfertilized control) and two cropping systems (corn monoculture and corn–wheat biculture). The soil samples (0–30 cm) were collected in June and September 2023. Microbial biomass and community structure were quantified using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis, which allowed the estimation of total microbial biomass and community composition (arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, fungi, Gram-negative (GN) and Gram-positive (GP) bacteria, actinomycetes). Our results showed that microbial biomass increased from June to September, rising by 270% in unfertilized plots and by 135% in NPK-fertilized plots, due to higher soil moisture. Reduced tillage, especially ST, promoted significantly higher microbial biomass, with biomass reaching 290% and 182% of that in MT plots in June and September, respectively. MT had a higher ratio of bacteria-to-fungi compared to RT and ST, indicating a greater sensitivity of fungi to disturbance. NPK fertilization lowered soil pH by about one unit (to 4.1–4.8) and reduced microbial biomass—by 2% in June and 48% in September—compared to the control, with the particular suppression of AM fungi. The cropping system had a smaller overall effect on microbial biomass. Full article
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16 pages, 459 KiB  
Article
Ceftazidime–Avibactam in Critically Ill Patients: A Multicenter Observational Study
by Olivieri Silvia, Mazzanti Sara, Gelo Signorino Gabriele, Pallotta Francesco, Ficola Andrea, Canovari Benedetta, Di Muzio Vanessa, Di Prinzio Michele, Cerutti Elisabetta, Donati Abele, Giacometti Andrea, Barchiesi Francesco and Brescini Lucia
Antibiotics 2025, 14(8), 797; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14080797 (registering DOI) - 5 Aug 2025
Abstract
Ceftazidime–avibactam (CAZ-AVI) is a second-generation intravenous β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combination. In recent years, substantial evidence has emerged regarding the efficacy and safety of CAZ-AVI. However, data on its use in critically ill patients remain limited. Background/Objectives: This multicenter, retrospective, observational cohort study was conducted [...] Read more.
Ceftazidime–avibactam (CAZ-AVI) is a second-generation intravenous β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combination. In recent years, substantial evidence has emerged regarding the efficacy and safety of CAZ-AVI. However, data on its use in critically ill patients remain limited. Background/Objectives: This multicenter, retrospective, observational cohort study was conducted across four Intensive Care Units (ICUs) in three hospitals in the Marche region of Italy. The primary objective was to evaluate the 30-day clinical outcomes and identify risk factors associated with 30-day clinical failure—defined as death, microbiological recurrence, or persistence within 30 days after discontinuation of therapy—in critically ill patients treated with CAZ-AVI. Methods: The study included all adult critically ill patients admitted to the participating ICUs between January 2020 and September 2023 who received CAZ-AVI for at least 72 h for the treatment of a confirmed or suspected Gram-negative bacterial (GNB) infection. Results: Among the 161 patients included in the study, CAZ-AVI treatment resulted in a positive clinical outcome (i.e., clinical improvement and 30-day survival) in 58% of cases (n = 93/161), while the overall mortality rate was 24% (n = 38/161). Relapse or persistent infection occurred in a substantial proportion of patients (25%, n = 41/161). Notably, acquired resistance to CAZ-AVI was observed in 26% of these cases, likely due to suboptimal use of the drug in relation to its pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) properties in critically ill patients. Furthermore, treatment failure was more frequent among immunosuppressed individuals, particularly liver transplant recipients. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the mortality rate among ICU patients treated with this novel antimicrobial combination is consistent with findings from other studies involving heterogeneous populations. However, the rapid emergence of resistance underscores the need for vigilant surveillance and the implementation of robust antimicrobial stewardship strategies. Full article
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12 pages, 617 KiB  
Review
Developments in the Study of Inert Gas Biological Effects and the Underlying Molecular Mechanisms
by Mei-Ning Tong, Xia Li, Jie Cheng and Zheng-Lin Jiang
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(15), 7551; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26157551 (registering DOI) - 5 Aug 2025
Abstract
It has long been accepted that breathing gases that are physiologically inert include helium (He), neon (Ne), nitrogen (N2), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and hydrogen (H2). The term “inert gas” has been used to describe them due [...] Read more.
It has long been accepted that breathing gases that are physiologically inert include helium (He), neon (Ne), nitrogen (N2), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and hydrogen (H2). The term “inert gas” has been used to describe them due to their unusually high chemical stability. However, as investigations have advanced, many have shown that inert gas can have specific biological impacts when exposed to high pressure or atmospheric pressure. Additionally, different inert gases have different effects on intracellular signal transduction, ion channels, and cell membrane receptors, which are linked to their anesthetic and cell protection effects in normal or pathological processes. Through a selective analysis of the representative literature, this study offers a concise overview of the state of research on the biological impacts of inert gas and their molecular mechanisms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Biophysics)
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17 pages, 2337 KiB  
Article
Oxygen Reduction by Amide-Ligated Cobalt Complexes: Effect of Hydrogen Bond Acceptor
by Zahra Aghaei, Adedamola A. Opalade, Victor W. Day and Timothy A. Jackson
Molecules 2025, 30(15), 3274; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30153274 - 5 Aug 2025
Abstract
The ability of earth-abundant metals to serve as catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction is of increasing importance given the prominence of this reaction in several emerging technologies. It is now recognized that both the primary and secondary coordination environments of these catalysts [...] Read more.
The ability of earth-abundant metals to serve as catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction is of increasing importance given the prominence of this reaction in several emerging technologies. It is now recognized that both the primary and secondary coordination environments of these catalysts can be modulated to optimize their performance. In this present work, we describe two CoII complexes [CoII(PaPy2Q)](OTf) (1) and [CoII(PaPy2N)](OTf) (2) that catalyze chemical and electrochemical dioxygen reduction. Both 1 and 2 contain CoII centers in a N5 coordination environment, but 2 has a naphthyridine group that places a nitrogen atom in the secondary coordination sphere. Solid-state X-ray crystallography and solution-state spectroscopic measurements reveal that, apart from this second-sphere nitrogen in 2, complexes 1 and 2 have essentially identical properties. Despite these similarities, 2 performs the chemical reduction of dioxygen ~10-fold more rapidly than 1. In addition, 2 has an enhanced performance in the electrochemical reduction of dioxygen compared to 1. Both complexes yield a significant amount of H2O2 in the chemical reduction of dioxygen (>25%). The enhanced catalytic performance of 2 is attributed to the presence of the second-sphere nitrogen atom, which might enable the efficient protonation of cobalt–oxygen intermediates formed during turnover. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications)
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11 pages, 972 KiB  
Article
Rapid and Accurate Detection of the Most Common Bee Pathogens; Nosema ceranae, Aspergillus flavus, Paenibacillus larvae and Black Queen Cell Virus
by Simona Marianna Sanzani, Raied Abou Kubaa, Badr-Eddine Jabri, Sabri Ala Eddine Zaidat, Rocco Addante, Naouel Admane and Khaled Djelouah
Insects 2025, 16(8), 810; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16080810 (registering DOI) - 5 Aug 2025
Abstract
Honey bees are essential pollinators for the ecosystem and food crops. However, their health and survival face threats from both biotic and abiotic stresses. Fungi, microsporidia, and bacteria might significantly contribute to colony losses. Therefore, rapid and sensitive diagnostic tools are crucial for [...] Read more.
Honey bees are essential pollinators for the ecosystem and food crops. However, their health and survival face threats from both biotic and abiotic stresses. Fungi, microsporidia, and bacteria might significantly contribute to colony losses. Therefore, rapid and sensitive diagnostic tools are crucial for effective disease management. In this study, molecular assays were developed to quickly and efficiently detect the main honey bee pathogens: Nosema ceranae, Aspergillus flavus, Paenibacillus larvae, and Black queen cell virus. In this context, new primer pairs were designed for use in quantitative Real-time PCR (qPCR) reactions. Various protocols for extracting total nucleic acids from bee tissues were tested, indicating a CTAB-based protocol as the most efficient and cost-effective. Furthermore, excluding the head of the bee from the extraction, better results were obtained in terms of quantity and purity of extracted nucleic acids. These assays showed high specificity and sensitivity, detecting up to 250 fg of N. ceranae, 25 fg of P. larvae, and 2.5 pg of A. flavus DNA, and 5 pg of BQCV cDNA, without interference from bee DNA. These qPCR assays allowed pathogen detection within 3 h and at early stages of infection, supporting timely and efficient management interventions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Behavior and Pathology)
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10 pages, 782 KiB  
Article
Color Stability of Digital and Conventional Maxillofacial Silicone Elastomers Mixed with Nano-Sized Antimicrobials: An In Vitro Study
by Muhanad M. Hatamleh
Prosthesis 2025, 7(4), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis7040096 (registering DOI) - 5 Aug 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Maxillofacial silicone prostheses’ long-term color stability remains a challenge. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the color stability of conventional and digital maxillofacial silicone elastomers mixed with nano-sized antimicrobial additives (ZnO nanoparticles and chlorhexidine salt-CHX) at various concentrations over a [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Maxillofacial silicone prostheses’ long-term color stability remains a challenge. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the color stability of conventional and digital maxillofacial silicone elastomers mixed with nano-sized antimicrobial additives (ZnO nanoparticles and chlorhexidine salt-CHX) at various concentrations over a 10-week period. Methods: A total of nine groups (n = 10) of maxillofacial silicone elastomers were prepared. These included a control group (no additives), conventionally pigmented silicone, digitally pigmented silicone (Spectromatch system), and silicone mixed with ZnO or CHX at 1%, 3%, and 5% by weight. Specimens were fabricated in steel molds and cured at 100 °C for 1 h. Color measurements were performed at baseline and after 1, 4, 6, and 10 weeks using a Minolta Chroma Meter (CIELAB system, ΔE00 formula). Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD post hoc tests (α = 0.05). Results: Color changes (ΔE00) ranged from 0.74 to 2.83 across all groups. The conventional pigmented silicone group showed the highest color difference (ΔE00 = 2.83), while the lowest was observed in the ZnO 1% group (ΔE00 = 0.74). Digital silicone and all antimicrobial-modified groups exhibited acceptable color stability (ΔE00 < 3.1). Time significantly affected color difference, with the largest change occurring during the first four weeks (p < 0.05), followed by stabilization. Regression analysis confirmed high color stability over time for all groups except the conventional pigmented group. Conclusions: This is one of the first studies to directly compare digital and conventional pigmentation methods combined with nano-antimicrobials in maxillofacial silicones. Maxillofacial silicone elastomers mixed with up to 5% ZnO or CHX maintained acceptable color stability over 10 weeks. Digital pigmentation is similar to conventional methods. The incorporation of nano-antimicrobials offers significant microbial resistance and improved color retention. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Prosthodontics)
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18 pages, 7363 KiB  
Article
Agronomic Evaluation of Compost Formulations Based on Mining Tailings and Microbial Mats from Geothermal Sources
by María Jesús Puy-Alquiza, Miren Yosune Miranda Puy, Raúl Miranda-Avilés, Pooja Vinod Kshirsagar and Cristina Daniela Moncada Sanchez
Recycling 2025, 10(4), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling10040156 - 5 Aug 2025
Abstract
This study, conducted in Mexico, evaluates the agricultural potential of three compost formulations BFS1, BFS2, and BFS3 produced from mining tailings and thermophilic microbial mats and collected from geothermal environments. The physicochemical characterization included pH, electrical conductivity (EC), macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, [...] Read more.
This study, conducted in Mexico, evaluates the agricultural potential of three compost formulations BFS1, BFS2, and BFS3 produced from mining tailings and thermophilic microbial mats and collected from geothermal environments. The physicochemical characterization included pH, electrical conductivity (EC), macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S), micronutrients (Fe, Zn, B, Cu, Mn, Mo, and Ni), organic matter (OM), and the carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio. All composts exhibited neutral pH values (7.38–7.52), high OM content (38.5–48.4%), and optimal C/N ratios (10.5–13.9), indicating maturity and chemical stability. Nitrogen ranged from 19 to 21 kg·t−1, while potassium and calcium were present in concentrations beneficial for crop development. However, EC values (3.43–3.66 dS/m) and boron levels (>160 ppm) were moderately high, requiring caution in saline soils or with boron-sensitive crops. A semi-quantitative Compost Quality Index (CQI) ranked BFS3 highest due to elevated OM and potassium content, followed by BFS1. BFS2, while rich in nitrogen, scored lower due to excessive boron. One-way ANOVA revealed no significant difference in nitrogen (p > 0.05), but it did reveal significant differences in potassium (p < 0.01) and boron (p < 0.001) among formulations. These results confirm the potential of mining tailings—microbial mat composts are low-cost, nutrient-rich biofertilizers. They are suitable for field crops or as components in nursery substrates, particularly when EC and boron are managed through dilution. This study promotes the circular reuse of geothermal and industrial residues and contributes to sustainable soil restoration practices in mining-affected regions through innovative composting strategies. Full article
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