Search Results (404)

Background and Objectives: The cytokine IL-6, methyltransferase NSD2, pro-protein convertase Furin, and growth factor receptor IGF-1R are essential factors in the proliferation of cancer cells. These proteins are involved in the tumor process by generating several cell-signaling pathways. However, the interactions of these oncogenic biomarkers, Furin, IL-6, and NSD2, and their links with the inhibitor SERPINA-1 remain largely unknown. Materials and Methods: Cell proliferation is measured by colorimetric and enzymatic methods. The genetic expressions of SERPINA-1, Furin, IL-6, and NSD2 are measured by qRT-PCR, while the expression of IGF-1R on the cell surface is measured by flow cytometry. Results: The proliferation of cells overexpressing SERPINA-1 (JP7pSer+) is decreased by more than 90% compared to control cells (JP7pSer-). The kinetics of the gene expression ratios of Furin, IL-6, and NSD2 show an increase for 48 h, followed by a decrease after 72 h for the three biomarkers in JP7pSer+ cells compared to JP7pSer- cells. The expression of IGF-1R on the cell surface in both cell lines is low, with JP7pSer- cells expressing 1.33 times more IGF-1R than JP7pSer+ cells. Conclusions: These results suggest gene correlations of SERPINA-1 overexpression with decreased cell proliferation and modulation of gene expression of Furin, IL-6, and NSD2. This study should be complemented by molecular transcriptomic and proteomic experiments to better understand the interaction of SERPINA-1 with IL-6, Furin, and NSD2, and their effect on tumor progression. Full article

Background: With increasing pharmacokinetic evidence suggesting the inadequacy of conventional dose intravenous co-amoxiclav (IVCA) 1.2 g Q8H in targeting Enterobacterales, our institution antibiotic guidelines optimised dosing recommendations for diabetic foot infection (DFI) management to 1.2 g Q6H in August 2023. In this study, we aim to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the optimised dose IVCA in DFI treatment. Methods: In this single-centre cohort study, patients ≥ 21 years with DFI, creatinine clearance ≥ 50 mL/min, and weight > 50 kg, who were prescribed IVCA 1.2 g Q8H (standard group (SG)), were compared with those prescribed IVCA 1.2 g Q6H (optimised group (OG)). Patients who were pregnant, immunocompromised, had nosocomial exposure in last 3 months, or received < 72 h of IVCA were excluded. The primary efficacy outcome was clinical deterioration at end of IVCA monotherapy. The secondary efficacy outcomes include 30-day readmission and mortality, empiric escalation of antibiotics, lower limb amputation, and length of hospitalisation. The safety outcomes include hepatotoxicity, renal toxicity, and diarrhoea. Results: There were 189 patients (94 in SG; 95 in OG) included. Patients in SG (31.9%) were twice as likely to experience clinical deterioration compared to OG (16.8%) (odds ratio: 2.31, 95% confidence interval: 1.16–4.62, p < 0.05). There were statistically more patients who had 30-day all-cause mortality in SG (5.3%) compared to OG (0%) (p < 0.05). Furthermore, 30-day readmission due to DFI in SG (26.6%) was higher compared to OG (11.6%) (p < 0.05). Empiric escalation of IV antibiotics was required for 14.9% patients in SG and 6.3% patients in OG (p = 0.06). There was no statistical difference for lower limb amputation (p = 0.72), length of hospitalisation (p = 0.13), and the occurrence of safety outcomes in both groups. Conclusions: This study suggests IVCA 1.2 g Q6H is associated with the decreased likelihood of clinical deterioration and is likely as safe as IVCA 1.2 g Q8H. The optimised dose of IVCA may help reduce the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics due to clinical deterioration. Full article

The growing mismatch between ecosystem service (ES) supply and demand underscores the importance of thoroughly understanding their spatiotemporal patterns and key drivers to promote ecological civilization and sustainable development at the regional level in China. This study investigates six key ES indicators across mainland China—habitat quality (HQ), carbon sequestration (CS), water yield (WY), sediment delivery ratio (SDR), food production (FP), and nutrient delivery ratio (NDR)—by integrating a suite of analytical approaches. These include a spatiotemporal analysis of trade-offs and synergies in supply, demand, and their ratios; self-organizing maps (SOM) for bundle identification; and interpretable machine learning models. While prior research studies have typically examined ES at a single spatial scale, focusing on supply-side bundles or associated drivers, they have often overlooked demand dynamics and cross-scale interactions. In contrast, this study integrates SOM and SHAP-based machine learning into a dual-scale framework (grid and city levels), enabling more precise identification of scale-dependent drivers and a deeper understanding of the complex interrelationships between ES supply, demand, and their spatial mismatches. The results reveal pronounced spatiotemporal heterogeneity in ES supply and demand at both grid and city scales. Overall, the supply services display a spatial pattern of higher values in the east and south, and lower values in the west and north. High-value areas for multiple demand services are concentrated in the densely populated eastern regions. The grid scale better captures spatial clustering, enhancing the detection of trade-offs and synergies. For instance, the correlation between HQ and NDR supply increased from 0.62 (grid scale) to 0.92 (city scale), while the correlation between HQ and SDR demand decreased from −0.03 to −0.58, indicating that upscaling may highlight broader synergistic or conflicting trends missed at finer resolutions. In the spatiotemporal interaction network of supply–demand ratios, CS, WY, FP, and NDR persistently show low values (below −0.5) in western and northern regions, indicating ongoing mismatches and uneven development. Driver analysis demonstrates scale-dependent effects: at the grid scale, HQ and FP are predominantly influenced by socioeconomic factors, SDR and WY by ecological variables, and CS and NDR by climatic conditions. At the city level, socioeconomic drivers dominate most services. Based on these findings, nine distinct supply–demand bundles were identified at both scales. The largest bundle at the grid scale (B3) occupies 29.1% of the study area, while the largest city-scale bundle (B8) covers 26.5%. This study deepens the understanding of trade-offs, synergies, and driving mechanisms of ecosystem services across multiple spatial scales; reveals scale-sensitive patterns of spatial mismatch; and provides scientific support for tiered ecological compensation, integrated regional planning, and sustainable development strategies. Full article

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the anticancer effects and potential synergistic interactions of quercetin (Q) and doxorubicin (Dox) on the MG-63 osteosarcoma (OS) cell line. Specifically, the effects of these agents on cell viability, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, antioxidant defense, and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt1) signaling pathway were evaluated. Material and Methods: MG-63 cells were cultured and treated with varying concentrations of Q and Dox, both individually and in combination (fixed 5:1 molar ratio), for 48 h. Cell viability was assessed using an MTT assay, and IC₅₀ values were calculated. Synergistic effects were analyzed using the Chou–Talalay combination index (CI). Apoptosis was evaluated via Annexin V-FITC/PI staining and caspase-3/7 activity. ROS levels were quantified using DCFH-DA probe, and antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPx) were measured spectrophotometrically. Gene expression (Runx2, PI3K, Akt1, caspase-3) was analyzed by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Results: Q and Dox reduced cell viability in a dose-dependent manner, with IC₅₀ values of 70.3 µM and 1.14 µM, respectively. The combination treatment exhibited synergistic cytotoxicity (CI < 1), especially in the Q50 + Dox5 group (CI = 0.23). Apoptosis was significantly enhanced in the combination group, evidenced by increased Annexin V positivity and caspase-3 activation. ROS levels were markedly elevated, while antioxidant enzyme activities declined. RT-qPCR revealed upregulation of caspase-3 and downregulation of Runx2, PI3K, and Akt1 mRNA levels. Conclusions: The combination of Q and Dox exerts synergistic anticancer effects in MG-63 OS cells by inducing apoptosis, elevating oxidative stress, suppressing antioxidant defense, and inhibiting the PI3K/Akt1 signaling pathway and Runx2 expression. These findings support the potential utility of Q as an adjuvant to enhance Dox efficacy in OS treatment. Full article

The DFT method was used to evaluate the adsorption of methyl radicals and the evolution of ethane on the M(111) (M = Co, Ni, Pd, Pt) surfaces, eight metal atoms, in aqueous medium. A maximum of five and four radicals can be adsorbed on Co(111) and Ni(111), respectively, and six on Pd(111) and Pt(111) (top site). The ethane evolution occurs via the Langmuir–Hinshelwood (LH) or Eley–Rideal (ER) mechanisms. The production of ethane through the interaction of two adsorbed radicals is thermodynamically feasible for high coverage ratios on the four surfaces; however, kinetically, it is feasible at room temperature only on Co(111) at a coverage of (5/5) and on Pd(111) at a coverage ratio of 4/6, 5/6, and 6/6. Ethane production occurs via the ER mechanism: a collision with solvated methyl radical produces either C₂H₆ or ${\mathrm{C}\mathrm{H}}_2^{\ast }+{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{H}}_{4\left(\mathrm{a}\mathrm{q}\right)}$. On Pd(111) the product is only C₂H₆, on Pt(111), both products (C₂H₆ or ${\mathrm{C}\mathrm{H}}_2^{\ast }$) are plausible, and on Co(111) and Ni(111), only ${\mathrm{C}\mathrm{H}}_2^{\ast }+{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{H}}_{4\left(\mathrm{a}\mathrm{q}\right)}$ is produced. Further reactions of ${\mathrm{C}\mathrm{H}}_2^{\ast }$ with ${\mathrm{C}\mathrm{H}}_2^{\ast }$ or ${\mathrm{C}\mathrm{H}}_3^{\ast }$ to give ${\mathrm{C}}_2{\mathrm{H}}_4^{\ast }$ or ${\mathrm{C}}_2{\mathrm{H}}_5^{\ast }$ are thermodynamically plausible only on Pt(111); however, they are very slow due to high energy barriers, 1.48 and 1.36 eV, respectively. Full article

Energy production is a global concern, encouraging the search for sustainable alternatives such as charcoal, a promising solid biofuel. This study evaluated the effects of temperature and carbonisation time on charcoal produced from Quercus wood. Carbonisation was carried out at 550 °C for 30 min, 700 °C for 30 min and under two progressive heating profiles: one starting at 550 °C for 30 min and increasing to 700 °C for a further 30 min, and another starting at 300 °C for 2 h and rising to 1000 °C for 10 min. Mass and volumetric yield, bulk density, proximate analysis, calorific value, energy yield and fuel ratio were determined. The results showed that carbonisation temperature affected charcoal properties. Mass and volumetric yields were highest at 550 °C (30.10% and 4.81 m³ t⁻¹) in Q. convallata and Q. urbanii. At higher temperatures, bulk density (0.56 g cm⁻³), fixed carbon (91.51%) and calorific value (32.82 MJ kg⁻¹) increased in Q. urbanii. Lower temperatures led to lower moisture levels (2.46%) and a higher energy yield (48.02%). Overall, temperatures above 700 °C improved energy properties, while those below 550 °C favoured higher yields. Species’ characteristics also influenced charcoal quality. These findings offer valuable insights into optimising the carbonisation of Quercus species and supporting the development of more efficient, sustainable charcoal production methods. Full article

Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), an important forage and turfgrass species, can establish a mutualistic symbiosis with the fungal endophyte Epichloë festucae var. lolii. Although the physiological and ecological impacts of endophyte infection on ryegrass have been extensively investigated, the response of the soil microbial community and nitrogen-cycling gene to this relationship has received much less attention. The present study emphasized abundance and diversity variation in the AOB-amoA, nirK and nosZ functional genes in the rhizosphere soil of the endophyte–ryegrass symbiosis following litter addition. We sampled four times: at T₀ (prior to first litter addition), T₁ (post 120 d of 1st litter addition), T₂ (post 120 d of 2nd litter addition) and T₃ (post 120 d of 3rd litter addition) times. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qPCR) and PCR amplification and sequencing were used to characterize the abundance and diversity of the AOB-amoA, nirK and nosZ genes in rhizosphere soils of endophyte-infected (E+) plants and endophyte-free (E−) plants. A significant enhancement of total Phosphorus (P), Soil Organic Carbon (SOC), Ammonium ion (NH₄⁺) and Nitrate ion (NO₃⁻) contents in the rhizosphere soil was recorded in endophyte-infected plants at different sampling times compared to endophyte-free plants (p ≤ 0.05). The absolute abundance of the AOB-amoA gene at T₀ and T₁ times was higher, as was the absolute abundance of the nosZ gene at T₀, T₁ and T₃ times in the E+ plant rhizophere soils relative to E− plant rhizosphere soils. A significant change in relative abundance of the AOB-amoA and nosZ genes in the host rhizophere soils of endophyte-infected plants at T₁ and T₃ times was observed. The experiment failed to show any significant alteration in abundance and diversity of the nirK gene, and diversity of the AOB-amoA and nosZ genes. Analysis of the abundance and diversity of the nirK gene indicated that changes in soil properties accounted for approximately 70.38% of the variation along the first axis and 16.69% along the second axis, and soil NH₄⁺ (p = 0.002, 50.4%) and soil C/P ratio (p = 0.012, 15.8%) had a strong effect. The changes in community abundance and diversity of the AOB-amoA and nosZ genes were mainly related to soil pH, N/P ratio and NH₄⁺ content. The results demonstrate that the existence of tripartite interactions among the foliar endophyte E. festucae var. Lolii, L. perenne and soil nitrogen-cycling gene has important implications for reducing soil losses on N. Full article

Studying normative values for muscle activation in the vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis (VM), and biceps femoris (BF), as well as the hamstrings/quadriceps (H:Q) ratio during the Countermovement Jump (CMJ). Determine whether there were differences between the CMJ and the trial of 5 consecutive CMJs (5 CMJ) and between the take-off and landing phases. A cross-sectional descriptive study. Thirty-one participants (20 females and 11 males, 22.52 ± 3.295 years, BMI 24.32, weight 58.23 ± 4.32 Surface electromyography has been used to determine muscle activation during the CMJ and 5 CMJ. Muscle activation in the VL, VM, and BF, as well as the hamstrings/quadriceps ratio in take-off and landing phases of the CMJ and 5 CMJ. The results show normative values in the VL, VM, and BF during both the CMJ and 5 CMJ, with the exception of the BF during the landing phase of the 5 CMJ. In conclusion, the activation in the take-off phase of the VM and VL is greater than during the landing phase. The BF shows similar activation in both the take-off and landing phases. The 5 CMJ does not induce greater muscular fatigue than the CMJ. Full article

Background: Quantitative Flow Ratio (QFR) is a novel, wire-free, and hyperemia-free physiological assessment for guiding Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI), which may offer advantages over traditional angiography-guided PCI. This systematic review with meta-analysis compares clinical outcomes after one year in patients who underwent QFR-guided versus angiography-guided PCI. Methods: This study was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and was registered on 4 November 2024 in PROSPERO (ID: CRD42024609799). A systematic search was performed across multiple databases to identify clinical trials comparing QFR-guided and angiography-guided PCI. Random-effects models were used to assess one-year outcomes of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), revascularization, and rehospitalization, with heterogeneity measured using I², H², and Cochran’s Q statistics. Study quality was evaluated using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 (RoB 2) tool. Results: Compared to traditional angiography-guided PCI, QFR-guided PCI was associated with numerically lower but statistically non-significant risks of MACEs (risk difference: −0.08, 95% CI: −0.20 to 0.04), revascularization (risk difference: −0.02, 95% CI: −0.08 to 0.03), and rehospitalization (risk difference: −0.02, 95% CI: −0.08 to 0.04) over one year. Substantial heterogeneity was observed for MACEs (I² = 84.95%, H² = 6.64) and revascularization (I² = 94.18%, H² = 17.18), whereas rehospitalization exhibited low heterogeneity (I² = 17.17%, H² = 1.21). The risk of bias was assessed by the RoB 2 tool, which revealed low to some concern risk of bias across key domains. Conclusions: Quantitative Flow Ratio (QFR) has demonstrated comparable one-year clinical outcomes to traditional angiography for PCI guidance, with a trend toward improved results. However, the high heterogeneity among studies and the risk of bias necessitate the need for larger, high-quality trials to validate these findings. Full article

Research on the supply–demand relationships of ecosystem services (ESs) in alpine pastoral regions remains relatively scarce, yet it is crucial for regional ecological management and sustainable development. This study focuses on the Sanjiangyuan Region, a typical alpine pastoral area and significant ecological barrier, to quantitatively assess the supply–demand dynamics of key ESs and their spatial heterogeneity from 2000 to 2020. It further aims to elucidate the underlying driving mechanisms, thereby providing a scientific basis for optimizing regional ecological management. Four key ES indicators were selected: water yield (WY), grass yield (GY), soil conservation (SC), and habitat quality (HQ). ES supply and demand were quantified using an integrated approach incorporating the InVEST model, the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), and spatial analysis techniques. Building on this, the spatial patterns and temporal evolution characteristics of ES supply–demand relationships were analyzed. Subsequently, the Geographic Detector Model (GDM) and Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression (GTWR) model were employed to identify key drivers influencing changes in the comprehensive ES supply–demand ratio. The results revealed the following: (1) Spatial Patterns: Overall ES supply capacity exhibited a spatial differentiation characterized by “higher values in the southeast and lower values in the northwest.” Areas of high ES demand were primarily concentrated in the densely populated eastern region. WY, SC, and HQ generally exhibited a surplus state, whereas GY showed supply falling short of demand in the densely populated eastern areas. (2) Temporal Dynamics: Between 2000 and 2020, the supply–demand ratios of WY and SC displayed a fluctuating downward trend. The HQ ratio remained relatively stable, while the GY ratio showed a significant and continuous upward trend, indicating positive outcomes from regional grass–livestock balance policies. (3) Driving Mechanisms: Climate and natural factors were the dominant drivers of changes in the ES supply–demand ratio. Analysis using the Geographical Detector’s q-statistic identified fractional vegetation cover (FVC, q = 0.72), annual precipitation (PR, q = 0.63), and human disturbance intensity (HD, q = 0.38) as the top three most influential factors. This study systematically reveals the spatial heterogeneity characteristics, dynamic evolution patterns, and core driving mechanisms of ES supply and demand in an alpine pastoral region, addressing a significant research gap. The findings not only provide a reference for ES supply–demand assessment in similar regions regarding indicator selection and methodology but also offer direct scientific support for precisely identifying priority areas for ecological conservation and restoration, optimizing grass–livestock balance management, and enhancing ecosystem sustainability within the Sanjiangyuan Region. Full article

Certifying novel VTOL aircraft handling qualities (HQs) may be challenging, relying on costly and high-risk flight testing. This paper presents a methodology to establish the credibility of flight simulation models for certification by simulation, aiming to bridge the gap between the model input uncertainty and certification confidence. The core objective is to assess if a model, despite its inherent uncertainties, can reliably predict the handling quality compliance for specific flight tasks. This is achieved by quantifying the impact of input parameter uncertainties on predicted handling qualities and, crucially, by evaluating the envelope of the resulting uncertain aircraft transfer functions—scaled by a confidence ratio—against established maximum unnoticeable added dynamics boundaries. Applied to a lift + cruise VTOL model performing a deceleration-to-hover manoeuvre, the study demonstrates that while longitudinal control dynamics largely remained within MUAD limits, indicating the model’s credibility for those aspects, vertical axis dynamics coupled with longitudinal inputs for some uncertain configurations exceeded these limits, correlating with observed flight test performance variability. Readers will find a structured, quantitative approach to model validation for HQ certification by simulation, leveraging MUAD to determine if a nominal model is sufficiently representative for certification, thereby supporting safer and more efficient VTOL development. Full article

Background/Objectives: Melanoma is an aggressive skin cancer with high metastatic potential and poor prognosis in advanced stages. Hesperidin, a natural flavonoid, has shown anticancer properties across various malignancies. This study aimed to evaluate the antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of Hesperidin, alone and in combination with Cisplatin, on the human epidermoid carcinoma cell line A431. Materials and Methods: A431 cells were cultured under standard conditions and treated with different concentrations of Hesperidin and Cisplatin for 48 h. Cell viability was assessed using the MTT assay. Apoptosis was evaluated by Annexin V-FITC/PI staining and caspase-3/7 activity assays. Expression levels of Bax, caspase-3/7, and survivin were measured by RT-qPCR. Results: Hesperidin significantly reduced cell viability at both 24 and 48 h. Annexin V/PI staining revealed increased apoptosis, with the highest apoptotic ratio in the Hesperidin + Cisplatin group (p < 0.001). Caspase-3/7 activity was markedly elevated in Hesperidin-treated cells. RT-qPCR showed upregulation of Bax and caspase-3/7 and downregulation of survivin. Conclusions: Hesperidin demonstrated significant cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic effects in A431 cells. When combined with Cisplatin, a synergistic enhancement of apoptosis was observed. These findings support the potential of Hesperidin as a complementary agent in carcinoma therapy, pending further in vivo and clinical validation. Full article

Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is more prevalent in young athletes and women. A deficit of knee flexor strength and a H/Q strength ratio below 0.6 in athletes are risk factors. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to determine if there are differences in the strength of the knee musculature, joint work, and H/Q ratio between professional and junior elite basketball players and sexes, since there are differences in the incidence of ACL injuries between these groups. Methods: Forty-three professional (27 male and 16 female) and 42 junior elite (28 male and 14 female) basketball players were evaluated. Dynamometric knee flexion and extension measurements were performed on both lower limbs at three angular velocities: 30°/s, 120°/s, and 180°/s. Concentric knee flexion and extension strength variables were measured in Newtons, the strength ratio between flexors and extensors in H/Q ratio, and muscle work (product of force times displacement) in Joules. Comparisons of the measured variables were made between categories and sexes. Results: Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found between categories (professional and junior) in all measured strength parameters as well as in joint work. No differences were found between categories in the H/Q ratios. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found between sexes in most measured strengths and joint work. However, no differences were found in most of the H/Q ratios. Female basketball players have lower values of strength and muscle work than male players, however, in the H/Q ratio data there are no differences between the two groups. The same occurs between junior and professional athletes. Conclusions: The authors conclude that flexor and extensor strength values should be analyzed in isolation and not in terms of the H/Q ratio. Full article

Background and Objectives: A prominent area of research in adolescent ACL reconstruction (ACLR) involves graft selection, with particular interest in the quadriceps tendon (QT) as an alternative to hamstring tendon (HT) autografts, although comparative studies on muscle strength outcomes and patient satisfaction in adolescents remain limited. This study aims to evaluate the influence of QT and HT autografts on muscle strength and satisfaction outcomes post-ACLR in adolescents. Methods: This prospective study was conducted at the Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, enrolling 68 patients aged 12–17. ACLRs were performed using QT or HT autografts. Muscle strength was assessed using an isokinetic dynamometer (Biodex), while patient satisfaction was evaluated through IKDC, Lysholm, and ACL-RSI surveys preoperatively and 12 months postoperatively. Results: 54 patients (24 QT and 30 HT) completed the study. The data are non-parametric and are presented as median (IQR). Isokinetic measurements indicated that QT harvesting led to significantly lower extension strength compared to HT 6 months (p = 0.019) and 12 months post-op (p < 0.001) but showed better H/Q ratios 6 months (p = 0.019) and 12 months post-op (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference between the QT and HT groups in ACL-RSI and Lysholm scores. IKDC scores were significantly higher in the HT group (p = 0.009). Conclusions: QT autografts provide favorable H/Q ratios, yet they exhibit weaker extension strength and lower satisfaction outcomes compared to HT. These results suggest a need for individualized rehabilitation protocols and further research to optimize ACLR graft selection for adolescents. Full article

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to characterize the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of polysaccharides from Aconitum pendulum Bush processed through different methods (the polysaccharide from A. pendulum (DT), the polysaccharide from A. pendulum processed with zanba (Z-DT), the polysaccharide from A. pendulum processed with highland barley wine (Q-DT), and the polysaccharide from A. pendulum processed with hezi (H-DT)). Additionally, the research focused on optimizing the hot water extraction process for DT using response surface methodology (RSM) to enhance extraction efficiency and establish a scientific basis for pharmaceutical applications. Methods: The physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of the four polysaccharides were systematically evaluated. RSM with a 17-run Box–Behnken design was employed to investigate the extraction process, examining three factors: extraction runs, liquid–solid ratio, and extraction time. Results: The physicochemical properties and antioxidant assays demonstrated that the DT exhibited significantly higher properties. The factors influencing the extraction process were ranked as extraction runs > liquid–solid ratio > extraction time. The optimal conditions for DT were a liquid–solid ratio of 25 mL/g, extraction time of 2.5 h, and four extraction runs, yielding a sugar content of 63.4%. Under these conditions, the extraction rate of DT was significantly higher than before optimization. Conclusions: The study demonstrated distinct structural features among the four polysaccharides, providing a scientific framework for their potential pharmaceutical applications. What’s more, the optimized hot water extraction protocol for DT was validated for high extraction rate and reproducibility. Full article