Search Results (2,654)

Henipaviruses (HNVs), including Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV), are highly pathogenic and often lethal zoonotic viruses with broad species tropism and no approved human vaccines. The emergence of genetically divergent HNVs—including Ghana virus (GhV), Langya virus (LayV), and Mojiang virus (MojV)—emphasizes the need for broadly protective countermeasures. Here, we evaluated the antibody (Ab) responses to sequential mRNA vaccines encoding the membrane-bound attachment glycoprotein (gG) from NiV, GhV, and/or LayV in a pilot study with Indian rhesus macaques. Serum binding Ab responses were quantified by ELISA against five soluble gG antigens (NiV, HeV, GhV, LayV, MojV). Functional activity was assessed by neutralization assays using NiV, HeV, and GhV pseudoviruses, and by receptor-blocking ELISA. Sequential vaccination induced high-titer IgG binding against all five HNV gGs with increasing breadth after each dose. Pan-genus regimens elicited moderate neutralizing Ab titers against NiV, HeV, and GhV, whereas the NiV-only regimen elicited potent but narrow neutralization against NiV and HeV. Conversely, the GhV-LayV-GhV regimen elicited strong binding to GhV, LayV, and MojV gG and robust neutralization of GhV pseudovirus, but limited cross-reactivity to NiV and HeV. In this pilot study, we demonstrated that mRNA vaccination can elicit broadly reactive binding and neutralizing Ab responses across phylogenetically distant HNVs. Additionally, we show GhV pseudovirus neutralization for the first time. Collectively, these data provide a foundation for the development of next-generation pan-genus HNV vaccines capable of mitigating future HNV outbreaks. Full article

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a life-threatening condition with high morbidity among survivors. Emerging evidence suggests that acute biochemical hypothalamic–pituitary axis disturbances, resulting from disruption of neuroendocrine regulation, are an underrecognized complication in the acute phase of aSAH. However, its correlation with clinical severity remains insufficiently explored. To investigate whether clinical severity of aSAH predicts acute biochemical pituitary-axis abnormalities and identify which hormonal axes are most affected in the acute phase. A prospective observational study was conducted at The National Institute of Neurology and Neurovascular Diseases, Bucharest (October 2024–March 2025) on 38 patients confirmed aSAH admitted within 48 h of symptom onset, of which 20 patients were included. Hormonal panels assessing adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), growth hormone (GH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) were obtained prior to surgical intervention. Clinical severity was evaluated using the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), the Hunt and Hess (HH) scale, and the Modified Fisher Scale. Correlations between hormonal deficiencies and severity scores were analyzed using the Spearman correlation. Biochemical abnormality of the ACTH axis was most prevalent (75%), followed by ADH (50%) and TSH (40%), while GH deficiency was rare (5%). ACTH-axis biochemical abnormality correlated significantly with lower GCS (ρ = −0.61, p = 0.004) and higher HH scores (ρ = 0.59, p = 0.006). Multiple-axis abnormalities demonstrated the strongest correlations with all severity metrics (GCS: ρ = −0.68, p = 0.001; HH: ρ = 0.72, p < 0.001; Fisher: ρ = 0.57, p = 0.009). Greater clinical severity in aSAH is associated with a higher prevalence of acute biochemical endocrine abnormalities, particularly involving the ACTH axis and multiple hormonal pathways. These findings are exploratory and hypothesis-generating. Early hormonal assessment in patients with severe aSAH may help identify individuals at risk for acute endocrine abnormality, but validation in larger prospective studies is required before influencing clinical practice. Full article

Fully compressible two-phase flow configurations present many challenges for numerical modelling, requiring the development of Real Fluid Models (RFMs) able to simulate flows in subcritical, transcritical and supercritical regimes. Such an RFM has been recently developed at IFPEN based on physical properties lookup tables, mainly for binary and ternary chemical systems. This paper proposes an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) approach to overcome the limitations of lookup tables of thermodynamic properties and to apply RFM to multi-species combustion. A methodology for generating an optimized data set by combining a vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) thermodynamic solver and the in situ adaptive tabulation (ISAT) method is developed. It aims to improve the neural network training process for two-phase combustion simulations where many species are present. This ANN methodology has been implemented in the CONVERGE CFD solver and validated using a mixing layer (LOX/GH₂) benchmark from the literature relevant to rocket conditions, and an academic gaseous (H₂/O₂) case relevant to hydrogen combustion. The results show that this ANN approach makes H₂ combustion simulation possible when coupled to the RFM framework and using a 10-species kinetic mechanism. Full article

The increasing demand for sustainable pest management has positioned essential oils (EOs) as viable bio-based alternatives to synthetic pesticides. This study investigates the insecticidal potential of Haplopappus foliosus EO, a Chilean endemic medicinal plant, against Drosophila melanogaster as a key toxicological model for fruit fly control. Chemical characterization identified 56 compounds, with 4-terpineol (27.27%) and α-bisabolol (10.40%) as the primary constituents, marking the first report of α-bisabolol in this species. To enhance bioavailability and overcome EO volatility, a nanoemulsion was developed, achieving an exceptionally small and stable particle size of 2.10 nm that remained consistent for over 90 days. Nanoencapsulation significantly optimized the EO’s efficacy, reducing the median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) from 120.26 µg/mL to a potent 54.57 µg/mL. While in vitro assays showed the free oil as a more potent acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, molecular docking confirmed the high affinity of 4-terpineol and α-bisabolol for the enzyme’s active site, elucidating the neurotoxic mechanism at a molecular level. In silico analysis predicted a favorable human safety profile within GHS classes 4 and 5. Overall, this stable nanoformulation represents a sustainable biotechnological strategy for agricultural pest management, leveraging the synergistic effects and enhanced delivery of natural products. Full article

Mineral substrates for indoor horticulture systems critically determine plant water availability and irrigation demand. However, integrative assessments linking pore structure, water retention, and evaporation dynamics of commonly used mineral growing media remain scarce. A total of nine distinct mineral substrates were investigated: expanded clay, expanded slate, pumice, perlite, zeolite, vermiculite, lava granules, brick chips, and clay granules. To assess the impact of granulometry, pumice was tested in three different grain sizes (1–3 mm, 4–7 mm, 7–14 mm), resulting in a total of 11 experimental samples. Samples were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), suction experiments, and evaporation tests at 30%, 50%, and 70% relative humidity (RH) at 23 °C. Bulk density ranged from <0.12 g·cm⁻³ (perlite, vermiculite) to >0.99 g·cm⁻³ (zeolite, brick chips), while volumetric water content varied from 11.0 vol.% (expanded clay) to 46.6 vol.% (vermiculite). Plant-available water content (AWC) ranged from 2.7 vol.% (expanded clay) to 30.9 vol.% (clay granules). These results demonstrate that pore interconnectivity, rather than total porosity, is the decisive driver of hydraulic performance. Finer pumice fractions increased water retention by ~16% compared to coarser fractions. All substrates exhibited a two-phase evaporation profile, with initial rates ranging from 1.9 to 5.6 g·h⁻¹ at 30% RH. Clay granules showed the most temporally stable evaporation, with only a 37% rate reduction over 48 h, compared to 66% for perlite. While conducted under controlled laboratory conditions, these findings provide a quantitative basis for targeted substrate selection and blending to optimize root-zone hydration, irrigation efficiency, and hygrothermal performance in permanent indoor horticulture systems. Full article

Grain quality in bread wheat is a complex trait determined by multiple genetic factors and their interaction with environmental conditions. This study investigated the genetic architecture of key grain quality traits in the Avalon × Cadenza double haploid (DH) population under contrasting climatic conditions in Kazakhstan. A set of 101 spring-type DH lines was evaluated over three years in three major wheat-growing regions of Kazakhstan, representing northern, central, and southern environments. Grain yield and nine grain quality traits were assessed, including amylose content (Amc, %), test weight per liter (TWL, g/L), grain protein content (GPC, %), gliadin content (Gli, %), glutenin content (Glu, %), grain hardness (GH, %), grain vitreousness (GV, %), falling number (FN, s), and sedimentation value determined in a 2% acetic acid solution (SV, mL). The objectives were to characterize phenotypic variation, examine trait relationships, and identify major and environmentally stable quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling grain quality. QTL mapping identified 89 QTLs associated with the nine studied traits, including 82 major QTLs explaining more than 10% of phenotypic variation and 16 stable QTLs detected in two or more environments. The largest numbers of QTLs were found for GPC, SV, and TWL. Stable QTLs were distributed across all three wheat genomes, with important regions detected on chromosomes 1A, 1B, 2D, 4A, 4D, 5A, 6A, and 7D. Several stable QTLs co-localized with genomic regions previously associated with grain quality and developmental regulation, including loci near Wx-B1, Rht-D1, and Ppd-D1, suggesting biologically meaningful links among gluten composition, starch biosynthesis, plant development, and grain physical properties. These results improve understanding of the genetic control of wheat grain quality across diverse environments in Kazakhstan and provide promising targets for marker-assisted selection to combine improved end-use quality with wide environmental adaptation. Full article

The increasing consumption of pharmaceuticals associated with global population growth has intensified concerns regarding their release into aquatic environments and potential ecotoxicological effects. In this context, this study evaluated the ecotoxicity and biodegradation of the widely used corticosteroid prednisone. Ecotoxicity assays were performed using aquatic organisms representing different trophic levels: Artemia salina (microcrustacean), Aliivibrio fischeri (marine bacterium), and the cyanobacterium Microcystis novacekii. Biodegradation assays were conducted using M. novacekii. Prednisone was tested at concentrations ranging from 5 to 100 mg/L, corresponding to its maximum solubility in water. All experiments were carried out in accordance with standardized protocols (ABNT NBR 16530, ABNT NBR 15411-3, ISO 11348-3, and OECD 201). No toxic effects were observed for prednisone in any of the tested organisms, as responses at all tested concentrations, including the highest, were not significantly different from the control. Therefore, it was not possible to estimate EC50 values within the tested concentration range. According to the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), substances with effect concentrations above 100 mg/L are considered non-toxic to aquatic organisms. During biodegradation assays, a reduction in prednisone concentration was observed during the growth of M. novacekii, which was associated with an increase in the pH of the culture medium. These results suggest that prednisone degradation occurred indirectly through pH changes caused by cyanobacterial growth rather than through direct metabolic pathways. Full article

Liquid hydrogen (LH₂) fuel system architectures for aviation remain at low Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs) due to limited experimental data and the challenges of modelling cryogenic hydrogen’s behavior. This paper presents a computationally efficient framework for sensitivity analysis that integrates cryogenic thermodynamics, tank geometry, external heat ingress, engine mass flow demands, and pressurization control strategies. A set of operational scenarios was modeled to demonstrate how tank pressure and temperature evolve under various control and geometric conditions, delivering five key insights: (1) Passive tank self-pressurization leads to continuous pressure rise and subcooled liquid. (2) LH₂ withdrawal alone may not fully stop pressurization with high heat ingress. (3) Gaseous hydrogen (GH₂) injection stabilizes pressure only up to moderate heat ingress during LH₂ extraction. (4) The addition of venting enables full pressure control. (5) Tank geometry and heat flux govern transient behavior. Spherical tanks show slower pressure and temperature rise than cylindrical ones, and both geometries maintain near-constant pressure at low heat flux. These insights offer practical guidance for designing reliable and thermally stable LH₂ storage systems for future aircraft applications, paving the way towards sustainable and zero-emission aviation. Full article

Background: Early postoperative changes in creatinine-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) after bariatric surgery can be misread as a kidney injury. During rapid weight loss, indexing eGFR to a fixed body surface area (BSA) of 1.73 m² may alter apparent trajectories. We compared absolute (mL/min) and BSA-indexed (mL/min/1.73 m²) eGFR changes after sleeve gastrectomy, stratified by baseline glomerular hyperfiltration (GH). Methods: In this retrospective cohort of 145 adults undergoing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, serum creatinine was obtained at baseline (≤30 days pre-op) and 3 months (post-op days 75–105). Indexed eGFR was calculated with the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) 2021 creatinine equation; BSA with the Mosteller formula; and absolute eGFR as indexed eGFR × (BSA/1.73). GH was defined as indexed eGFR ≥ 120 mL/min/1.73 m². A REML mixed-effects model (Group, Time, Group × Time) with patient-cluster bootstrap inference was used. An age-adjusted sensitivity model including Age and Age × Time was also fitted. Results: Fifty-four participants (37%) met the GH criteria. Absolute eGFR declined by −26.6 mL/min in GH versus −17.3 mL/min in non-GH (difference-in-differences [DiD] −9.3 mL/min; 95% CI −13.9 to −4.7; p < 0.001). The indexed eGFR changes were smaller (−4.2 vs. −0.5 mL/min/1.73 m²; DiD −3.7; 95% CI −7.3 to −0.03; p = 0.048; bootstrap p_sign = 0.052). In the age-adjusted sensitivity model, the Group × Time interaction for absolute eGFR attenuated but remained statistically significant (−6.57 mL/min; 95% CI, −13.09 to −0.06; p = 0.048), whereas the corresponding interaction for indexed eGFR was attenuated and no longer statistically significant (−3.99 mL/min/1.73 m²; 95% CI −9.15 to 1.16; p = 0.129). Conclusions: Within three months after sleeve gastrectomy, participants with higher baseline indexed filtration showed a larger decline in absolute eGFR but only a small change in indexed eGFR. These results show that early postoperative creatinine-based eGFR trajectories are scale dependent and should be interpreted cautiously during rapid weight loss. Because postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) was not adjudicated and direct kidney function markers were unavailable, this study does not distinguish physiological hemodynamic change from structural kidney injury. Reporting both absolute and indexed eGFR may improve early postoperative interpretation and help align dosing decisions with rapid changes in body size. Full article

Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler, also known as Shiitake, is one of the most popular edible mushroom species containing high contents of polysaccharides, proteins and unique aroma, widely cultivated in China, Japan and Korea. A series of studies has been carried out on the extraction and active effect of the L. edodes polysaccharides, but the molecular mechanisms involved in the protein expression profiles during the whole life cycle are relatively unclear. This study employed an iTRAQ-MS/MS proteomic approach, combined with real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) and enzyme activity assays, to systematically analyze the protein expression profiles and their relationship with lignocellulose degradation in L. edodes across four key developmental stages: mycelia (SF), brown film formation (BF), primordia (YF), and fruiting bodies (MF). A total of 2043 proteins were identified, with 1188 being differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses revealed that metabolic processes, carbohydrate metabolism, and related pathways were significantly active during development. The study specifically focused on carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), identifying 197 CAZyme proteins classified into 78 families. Key families such as glycoside hydrolases (GHs) and carbohydrate esterases (CEs) played crucial roles in lignocellulose degradation. The enzymatic activities of major lignin-degrading enzymes (laccase, manganese peroxidase, and lignin peroxidase) were dynamically regulated across the developmental stages. qRT-PCR results largely corroborated the proteomic data, confirming the reliability of the protein expression profiles. This study provides a comprehensive, stage-resolved proteomic landscape of lignocellulose degradation during L. edodes development, revealing species-specific temporal dynamics, offering a valuable basis for understanding its growth and development, with implications for edible fungus cultivation and biomass conversion applications. Full article

Accurate prediction of transient melt pool thermal fields in Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) is essential for understanding melt pool geometry and defect formation mechanisms, yet conventional finite element methods (FEM) impose prohibitive computational costs for parametric process exploration. A variational physics-informed neural network (VPINN) framework is presented for 3D transient thermal modeling of a GH3536 single-track LPBF scan. The framework incorporates a continuously differentiable Goldak double-ellipsoid moving heat source, temperature-dependent thermophysical property surrogates, and an effective heat-capacity treatment of latent heat associated with solid–liquid phase change and vaporization. These components are embedded in a weak-form residual-minimization scheme with octree-adaptive domain decomposition, hierarchical Legendre test functions, and sequential sliding-window time marching. Effective absorptivity is inferred jointly with the network parameters, using sparse experimental melt pool profiles as supervision. Within a parametric study covering laser powers from 100 to 140 W and scan speeds from 1000 to 1500 mm/s, the predicted melt pool width, depth, and aspect ratio agree closely with FEM benchmarks and cross-sectional optical micrograph measurements across both supervised and held-out interpolation conditions, with total relative L₂ nodal temperature errors ranging from 3.23% to 6.75%. Following a one-time offline training investment of 15,323 s that simultaneously resolves the full parametric space, surrogate inference reduces per-condition query time from 3000–4000 s (FEM) to merely 4–5 s, delivering a speedup of two to three orders of magnitude and making the framework increasingly cost-effective for high-throughput parametric studies and digital-twin integration as the number of queried conditions grows. Full article

Background: Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) in childhood impairs linear growth and may affect body composition, metabolism, and quality of life; recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) therapy improves outcomes, but response is highly variable, especially in idiopathic GHD (IGHD). Objective: To summarize current evidence on predictors of growth response to rhGH therapy in children with IGHD, focusing on clinical, biochemical, and treatment-related determinants. Methods: This is a narrative review dealing with studies assessing clinical, auxological, biochemical and treatment-associated factors that may influence response to rhGH in IGHD. Results: Early treatment initiation, baseline short stature, prepubertal status, and higher early height growth velocity are strong clinical predictors; biochemical markers, including GH peak, IGF-1, and IGFBP-3, provide complementary information. Modifiable factors such as GH dose, adherence to therapy, and therapy duration also influence outcomes. Integrated predictive models improve accuracy but require further validation. Conclusions: Growth response to rhGH in IGHD is multifactorial and could be individualized: early identification of suboptimal responders and personalized treatment strategies that integrate clinical, biochemical, and treatment-related data may optimize the final outcome. Future research studies should focus on validated predictive models incorporating genetic and molecular markers. Full article

Background/Objectives: Early-phase clinical trials (EPCTs) focus on safety and preliminary efficacy, often assessed by RECIST (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours) tumour response. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is rarely evaluated in EPCTs and may not align with radiological outcomes. Methods: The PEARLER (Patient Experience in Early-Phase Cancer Clinical Trials) study evaluated the demographics, tumour response, HRQoL, and therapy type in two early-phase trial units in Australia between August 2023 and 2024. Patients completed the EORTC QLQ-C30 at baseline and follow-ups. The Global Health Status (GHS) score was selected as the primary HRQoL measure. Tumour response was assessed using RECIST 1.1. Spearman correlation and Kruskal–Wallis testing assessed the associations between RECIST, cross-sectional GHS change (ΔGHS; follow-up minus baseline), and therapy types. Multilevel models were used to evaluate longitudinal GHS values per RECIST category. Results: Of 122 patients recruited to the PEARLER study, 74 patients had paired RECIST and HRQoL data (complete response (CR) n = 0; partial response (PR) n = 15; stable disease (SD) n = 39; progressive disease (PD) n = 20). The median change in GHS was zero across RECIST groups, with broad individual variability. Notably, 18 of 54 patients (33.3%) with stable or responding disease experienced HRQoL decline. Meanwhile, 10 of 20 (50%) patients with PD experienced stable or improving HRQoL. The best RECIST response and ΔGHS showed a weak but statistically significant negative relationship (Spearman ρ = −0.28, p = 0.017), with the Kruskal–Wallis test demonstrating χ² = 6.20 (p = 0.045), indicating modest group differences driven by the deterioration in PD patients. The multilevel model demonstrated a lower GHS in patients with PD, with no statistically significant interaction of GHS change over time with the RECIST response (p = 0.226). Conclusions: HRQoL change is largely independent of radiologic tumour response and therapy type in EPCT participants. Patients experienced a HRQoL decline despite tumour response. Incorporating patient-reported outcomes alongside RECIST and safety outcomes is important to fully capture the impact of investigational therapies and guide patient-centred trial designs. Full article

Meltblown polypropylene (PP) nonwoven fabrics are widely used in medical and daily protective facemasks. However, the incorporation of nanomaterials such as titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nano-TiO₂) into meltblown PP structures remains insufficiently investigated, particularly regarding the physical and thermophysiological comfort properties of facemask materials. This study investigated the weight, thickness, morphology, air permeability, water vapour permeability, and moisture management properties of meltblown PP nonwoven fabrics incorporated with different concentrations of nano-TiO₂. A commercial 3-ply meltblown PP facemask and laboratory-fabricated 3-ply facemasks containing 5% and 10% nano-TiO₂ were tested. The 3-ply with 10% nano-TiO₂ facemask showed increases in fabric weight and thickness of 58% and 64%, respectively, compared to the commercial facemask. The SEM and EDX confirmed the deposition of TiO₂ nanoparticles on the fabric surfaces. In terms of comfort performance, the 10% nano-TiO₂ facemask demonstrated the highest air permeability with approximately 197.27 + 3.95 mm·s⁻¹, while water vapour permeability values for all samples were similar, ranging between 123 and 125 g·h⁻¹·m⁻². The moisture management tests exhibited a low liquid transport in all samples due to the hydrophobicity of polypropylene. Overall, the study shows the development of facemask material with enhanced structural properties and acceptable comfort performance. Full article

Fruit branch length in cotton is a key trait influencing plant architecture and suitability for mechanisation; elucidating its molecular regulatory mechanisms is crucial for breeding varieties with desirable plant architecture. In this study, an F₂ segregating population was established using the long-fruit-branch upland cotton line L16 and the short-fruit-branch line S14 as parents. By integrating morphological, cytological, and omics approaches, we systematically analysed the underlying mechanisms of variation in fruit branch length. Phenotypic analysis indicated that the inter-node elongation rate of the first fruit branch in L16 was significantly higher than that in S14. Tissue section observations revealed that the length of cortical parenchyma cells in L16 was significantly greater than that in S14, suggesting that the difference in fruit branch length primarily stems from variations in the extent of cortical parenchyma cell elongation. BSA-Seq analysis identified five QTL regions significantly associated with fruit branch length, encompassing 82 coding genes. Further RNA-Seq analysis of the fruit branch initiation stage (T0) and rapid elongation stage (T1) identified 3106 differentially expressed genes common to both stages. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses revealed that these genes were significantly enriched in pathways related to plant hormone signalling, the cytoskeleton, and microtubule organisation. By integrating BSA-Seq and RNA-Seq data, three candidate genes were screened that simultaneously harboured non-synonymous mutations and were significantly highly expressed in the short fruit branch line S14. Combined with bioinformatics analysis, GH_D02G0744 was predicted to be the most likely key candidate gene regulating cotton fruit branch length. This study provides important genetic resources to elucidate the molecular regulatory mechanisms of cotton fruit branch length and lays a theoretical foundation for molecular breeding to improve cotton plant architecture. Full article