Search Results (77)

Background: BDE-47, a pervasive environmental pollutant detected in >90% of human serum samples, is increasingly linked to metabolic disorders. This study investigates the specific impact of BDE-47 exposure on the gut microbiota in prediabetic mice and evaluates the efficacy of therapeutic interventions in mitigating these effects. Objectives: To determine whether BDE-47 exposure induces diabetogenic dysbiosis in prediabetic mice and to assess whether dietary interventions, such as grape exosomes and an antioxidant cocktail, can restore a healthy microbiota composition and mitigate diabetes risk. Methods: In this study, a prediabetic mouse model was established in 54 male SPF-grade C57BL/6J mice through a combination of high-sugar and high-fat diet feeding with streptozotocin injection. Oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) were conducted on day 7 and day 21 post-modeling to assess the establishment of the model. The criteria for successful model induction were defined as fasting blood glucose levels below 7.8 mmol/L and 2 h postprandial glucose levels between 7.8 and 11.1 mmol/L. Following confirmation of model success, a 3 × 3 factorial design was applied to allocate the experimental animals into groups based on two independent factors: BDE-47 exposure and exosome intervention. The BDE-47 exposure factor consisted of three dose levels—none, high-dose, and medium-dose—while the exosome intervention factor included three modalities—none, Antioxidant Nutrients Intervention, and Grape Exosomes Intervention. Fresh fecal samples were collected from mice two days prior to sacrifice. Cecal contents and segments of the small intestine were collected and transferred into 1.5 mL cryotubes. All sequences were clustered into operational taxonomic units (OTUs) based on defined similarity thresholds. To compare means across multiple groups, a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed. The significance level was predefined at α = 0.05, and p-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Bar charts and line graphs were generated using GraphPad Prism version 9.0 software, while statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 20.0 software. Results: The results of 16S rDNA sequencing analysis of the microbiome showed that there was no difference in the α diversity of the intestinal microbiota in each group of mice (p > 0.05), but there was a difference in the Beta diversity (p < 0.05). At the gate level, the abundances of Proteobacteria, Campylobacterota, Desulfobacterota, and Fusobacteriota in the medium-dose BDE-7 group were higher than those in the model control group (p < 0.05). The abundance of Patellar bacteria was lower than that of the model control group (p < 0.05). The abundances of Proteobacteria and Campylobacterota in the high-dose BDE-7 group were higher than those in the model control group (p < 0.05). The abundance of Planctomycetota and Patescibacteria was lower than that of the model control group (p < 0.05), while the abundance of Campylobacterota in the grape exosome group was higher than that of the model control group (p < 0.05). The abundance of Patescibacteria was lower than that of the model control group (p < 0.05), while the abundance of Firmicutes and Fusobacteriota in the antioxidant nutrient group was higher than that of the model control group (p < 0.05). However, the abundance of Verrucomicrobiota and Patescibacteria was lower than that of the model control group (p < 0.05). At the genus level, the abundances of Bacteroides and unclassified Lachnospiraceae in the high-dose BDE-7 group were higher than those in the model control group (p < 0.05). The abundance of Lachnospiraceae NK4A136_group and Lactobacillus was lower than that of the model control group (p < 0.05). The abundance of Veillonella and Helicobacter in the medium-dose BDE-7 group was higher than that in the model control group (p < 0.05), while the abundance of Lactobacillus was lower (p < 0.05). The abundance of genera such as Lentilactobacillus and Faecalibacterium in the grape exosome group was higher than that in the model control group (p < 0.05). The abundance of Alloprevotella and Bacteroides was lower than that of the model control group (p < 0.05). In the antioxidant nutrient group, the abundance of Lachnospiraceae and Hydrogenophaga was higher than that in the model control group (p < 0.05). However, the abundance of Akkermansia and Coriobacteriaceae UCG-002 was significantly lower than that of the model control group (p < 0.05). Conclusions: BDE-47 induces diabetogenic dysbiosis in prediabetic mice, which is reversible by dietary interventions. These findings suggest that microbiota-targeted strategies may effectively mitigate the diabetes risk associated with environmental pollutant exposure. Future studies should further explore the mechanisms underlying these microbiota changes and the long-term health benefits of such interventions. Full article

Snails at hydrothermal vents rely on symbiotic bacteria for nutrition; however, the specifics of these associations in adapting to such extreme environments remain underexplored. This study investigated the community structure and metabolic potential of bacteria associated with two Indian Ocean vent snails, Chrysomallon squamiferum and Gigantopelta aegis. Using microscopic, phylogenetic, and metagenomic analyses, this study examines bacterial communities inhabiting the foot and gland tissues of these snails. G. aegis exhibited exceptionally low bacterial diversity (Shannon index 0.14–0.18), primarily Gammaproteobacteria (99.9%), including chemosynthetic sulfur-oxidizing Chromatiales using Calvin–Benson–Bassham cycle and methane-oxidizing Methylococcales in the glands. C. squamiferum hosted significantly more diverse symbionts (Shannon indices 1.32–4.60). Its black variety scales were dominated by Campylobacterota (67.01–80.98%), such as Sulfurovum, which perform sulfur/hydrogen oxidation via the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle, with both Campylobacterota and Gammaproteobacteria prevalent in the glands. The white-scaled variety of C. squamiferum had less Campylobacterota but a higher diversity of heterotrophic bacteria, including Delta-/Alpha-Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes (classified as Desulfobacterota, Pseudomomonadota, Bacteroidota, and Bacillota in GTDB taxonomy). In C. squamiferum, Gammaproteobacteria, including Chromatiales, Thiotrichales, and a novel order “Endothiobacterales,” were chemosynthetic, capable of oxidizing sulfur, hydrogen, or iron, and utilizing the Calvin–Benson–Bassham cycle for carbon fixation. Heterotrophic Delta- and Alpha-Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes potentially utilize organic matter from protein, starch, collagen, amino acids, thereby contributing to the holobiont community and host nutrition accessibility. The results indicate that host species and intra-species variation, rather than the immediate habitat, might shape the symbiotic microbial communities, crucial for the snails’ adaptation to vent ecosystems. Full article

Reductive soil disinfestation (RSD) significantly alters soil characteristics, yet its combined effects with bacterial inoculation on subsequent rhizospheric microbial community composition remains poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, we investigated the effects of RSD and endophytic Brevibacillus laterosporus inoculation on the composition, network, and predicted function of peanut rhizospheric bacteria and fungi. Our results demonstrated that RSD and B. laterosporus inoculation substantially increased rhizospheric bacterial diversity while reducing fungal diversity. Specifically, B. laterosporus-enhanced RSD significantly reshaped the bacterial community, resulting in increased relative abundances of Chloroflexi, Desulfobacterota, and Myxococcota while decreasing those of Firmicutes, Gemmatimonadota, and Acidobacteriota. The fungal community exhibited a more consistent response to RSD and B. laterosporus amendment, with reduced proportions of Ascomycota and Gemmatimonadota but an increase in Chytridiomycota. Network analysis revealed that B. laterosporus inoculation and RSD enhanced the bacterial species complexity and keystone taxa. Furthermore, canonical correspondence analysis indicated strong associations between the soil bacterial community and soil properties, including Eh, EC, NO₃⁻-N, and SOC. Our findings highlight that the shifts in bacterial taxa induced by B. laterosporus inoculation and RSD, particularly the keystone taxa identified in the network, may contribute to the suppression of soil-borne pathogens. Overall, this study provides a novel insight into the shifts in rhizospheric bacterial and fungal communities and their ecological functions after bacteria inoculation and RSD treatment. Full article

This experiment aimed to investigate the appropriate level of degossypolized cottonseed protein (DGCP) in the diet of laying hens. A total of 600 49-week-old Lohmann pink laying hens were allocated to five treatments, with six replicates per treatment and 20 birds per replicate. The control group was fed a corn-soybean meal basal diet. Four experimental diets were formulated by replacing 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the soybean meal protein-equivalent capacity with DGCP, where 100% replacement corresponded to the maximum safe inclusion of DGCP. The study period lasted for 8 weeks. The results showed that the feed intake, average egg weight, egg mass, laying rate, and the albumen percentage were significantly reduced in the 100% DGCP group (p < 0.05). Plasma uric acid (UA), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and potassium (K) levels were significantly lower (p < 0.05), and depth of crypt (CD) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the 100% DGCP group. The DGCP diet linearly increased the relative abundance of Bacteroidota and Bacteroide and significantly increased the relative abundance of Desulfobacterotas in the cecum contents compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The ACE and Chao1 indices in both the control group and the 100% DGCP group were significantly decreased (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the dietary addition of DGCP can reach up to 114.6 g/kg. Full article

Background: Exploring new strategies to improve type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the frontier hotspots in the field of healthy food. Flavonoid–metal complexes have become one of the research hotspots in the field of health foods due to their unique structural and functional properties. Methods: In this study, the effect of hesperetin–copper(II) complex [Hsp–Cu(II)] on the gut microbiota of mice with T2DM was investigated by the 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing. Results: The analyses of α and β diversity indicated that the richness and diversity of gut microbiota in the T2DM mice decreased and the community structure was significantly different from the normal mice. Hsp–Cu(II) increased the abundances of the beneficial bacteria (Lactobacillus, Ligilactobacillus, Romboutsia, Faecalibaculum, and Dubosiella), and decreased the amounts of the harmful bacteria (Desulfobacterota, Corynebacterium, and Desulfovibrio) and the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (from 44.5 to 5.8) in the T2DM mice, which was beneficial for regulating the composition of intestinal microbiota. The linear discriminant analysis effect size analysis showed that the intervention of Hsp–Cu(II) made the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) producers (o_Lachnospirales, f_Lachnospiraceae, g_Faecalibaculum, g_Romboutsia, and g_Turicibacter) and the lactic acid bacteria producers (f_Lactobacillaceae and o_Lactobacillales) highly enriched, and the production of its metabolite SCFAs (acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and valeric acid) were increased in a dose-dependent manner, promoting the SCFA metabolism. Conclusions: Hsp–Cu(II) may improve glucose metabolic disorders and alleviate T2DM by modulating gut microbiota composition, promoting probiotics proliferation and SCFAs production, restoring intestinal barrier integrity, and suppressing local inflammation. These research findings may provide a theoretical basis for developing Hsp–Cu(II) as a new hypoglycemic nutritional supplement, and offer new ideas for the dietary food nutritional regulation to alleviate T2DM. Full article

Blue-green algae blooms present persistent environmental challenges in freshwater ecosystems, yet ecological interactions within the bacterial communities of Cylindrospermopsis-bloom reservoirs remain poorly understood. In this study, water samples were collected from February to May 2024 from 11 sampling sites in a Cylindrospermopsis-bloom reservoir in western Guangdong province, China. At each sampling point, a water sample was collected every month. High-throughput sequencing was applied to analyze the interaction between Cylindrospermopsis and other bacteria. As shown in our results, the phyla Actinobacteriota, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota, Verrucomicrobiota, and Cyanobacteria were revealed as dominant phyla. Bacterial communities exhibited significant seasonal differences between flood and non-flood periods (ANOSIM: R = 0.472, p = 0.001). Cylindrospermopsis (dominance index Y = 0.53) acted as the keystone in the co-occurrence network (Z_i < 2.5, P_i > 0.62) and closely interacted with other bacteria. For better management of the blue-green algae bloom reservoir, the phyla of Actinobacteriota, Dependentiae, Acidobacteriota, Armatimonadota, Gemmatimonadota, and Desulfobacterota were proposed as microbial indicators for the eutrophic process. This study provides a new insight into the interactions of Cyanobacteria with other bacteria and the management of blue-green algae outbreaks in reservoirs. Full article

Edible insects are gaining traction worldwide; however, the existing data regarding their microbiological quality remain inadequate. This study investigated the bacterial communities and microbiological quality of five types of frozen edible insects commercially available in Thailand. Amplicon sequencing revealed Firmicutes (Bacillota) and Proteobacteria (Pseudomonadota) as the main phyla across all samples; Bacteroidota was predominant in house crickets, Actinobacteriota in silkworms, and Desulfobacterota was exclusively found in house and mole crickets. Culture-based assays showed total viable counts, lactic acid bacteria, yeasts–molds, and spore-formers ranging from 3.41–6.58, 2.52–7.41, 1.83–5.62, to 2.00–4.70 log CFU·g⁻¹, respectively. In some samples, Enterobacteriaceae and Escherichia coli, key hygiene indicators, reached 5.05 and 2.70 log CFU·g⁻¹, respectively. Among foodborne pathogens, presumptive Bacillus cereus was found to vary from <1.70 to 3.93 log CFU·g⁻¹, while Clostridium perfringens and Staphylococcus aureus were under the quantitation limit, and Salmonella was absent. Overall, the results indicate significant variation in microbial diversity and quality among different insect types. The high levels of microbial hygiene indicators and foodborne pathogens in some samples raised food safety concerns and point to the need to develop or implement production guidelines and microbiological criteria for frozen edible insects to ensure food safety. Full article

Background/Objectives: High-fat-diet (HFD) consumption drives chronic liver injury via gut dysbiosis and metabolic disturban. Apple cider vinegar, rich in polyphenols and organic acids, shows potential in metabolic regulation. This study aimed to investigate whether apple cider vinegar powder (ACVP) alleviates HFD-induced liver injury by modulating the gut–liver axis. Methods: For 12 weeks, C57BL/6 J mice received daily ACVP gavage while being fed a HFD. A series of biological assessments were conducted, including systemic metabolic evaluations (body weight, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT)/aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and lipid/glucose levels), hepatic steatosis (hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining), intestinal microbiome characterization (16S rRNA gene genomic analysis), and comprehensive metabolite profiling of cecal contents (non-targeted metabolomics). Pearson correlation networks integrated multi-omics data. Results: ACVP attenuated HFD-induced weight gain by 26.3%, hepatomegaly and dyslipidemia, as well as reduced hepatic lipid vacuoles and serum ALT (48%)/AST (21.5%). ACVP restored gut microbiota diversity, enriching Muribaculaceae. Cecal metabolomics identified 38 HFD-perturbed metabolites reversed by ACVP, including indolelactate, hyocholate, and taurocholic acid. the Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed ACVP-mediated recovery of linoleic acid metabolism. Correlation networks linked Akkermansia to anti-inflammatory metabolites (e.g., trans-ferulic), while Desulfobacterota correlated with pro-inflammatory oxylipins (e.g., 12,13-dihydroxy-9Z-octadecenoic acid (DHOME)). Conclusions: ACVP mitigates HFD-induced liver injury by remodeling gut microbiota, restoring microbial metabolites, and enhancing gut–liver crosstalk. Full article

Gut microbiota influences host energetics, metabolic rate, and overall health. Optimising the diet, such as by increasing dietary fibre, is a key strategy for promoting a healthy microbiome and improving host energy balance. In this study, we compared the faecal microbiome of five zoo-housed golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia) before and after a dietary fibre increase using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Prevotella, the most abundant genus, declined significantly (FDR-corrected p < 0.05) following the introduction of a higher-fibre diet. The dietary change also significantly altered the overall gut microbial composition, including the emergence of Eisenbergiella (FDR-adjusted p < 0.05), a butyrate-producing genus whose relative abundance increased from 0% to 0.005% (FDR-adjusted p < 0.05). Given the role of Eisenbergiella in butyrate synthesis, this shift may enhance host energy metabolism and microbial interactions. Additionally, both alpha and beta diversity increased significantly (p < 0.05) after the dietary fibre intervention. A significant reduction in Desulfobacterota (FDR-adjusted p < 0.05) following dietary fibre enrichment was observed, suggesting a shift away from microbial groups that may be associated with pathogenicity or pro-inflammatory effects. Collectively, these changes represent a positive shift in the microbiome, supporting improved host energetics and metabolic health. Full article

The intestinal microbiota is vital for host immunity and metabolism, and its changes are associated with the development stage of hosts. However, little is known regarding how growth and development of anurans affect the diversity of their microbiota, which has a complex life cycle. The Tibetan toad (Bufo tibetanus) is a wild population in the high-altitude area of southwest China, which has special adaptability to the environment. Here, the microbial community of the Tibetan toad at six developmental stages (from the tadpole at Gosner stage 18 to the 8-year-old adult) was assessed using high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing. The alpha diversity index analysis showed that the Chao, Ace, and Shannon indices were highest at Gosner stage 32 and decreased as development progressed, and their alpha diversity remained unchanged over time in adult stages. Beta diversity revealed that the gut microbiota structure differed significantly from Gosner stages 18 to 31, and it became similar to adult toads from Gosner stages 45 to 46 and in juvenile groups. At the phylum level, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria were dominant phyla in tadpoles and adults. The relative abundance of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria in the adult group was significantly higher and lower than that of tadpoles, respectively. The linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analysis identified seven phyla exhibiting significant differences during life stages: Verrucomicrobiota, Bacteroidota, and Proteobacteria (Gosner 18 to 31), Cyanobateria and Chloroflexi (Gosner 32 to 41), Actinobacteriota (Gosner 45 to 46), Desulfobacterota (juvenile group), and Firmicutes (adult group). A pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the metabolism and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites were significantly enriched across all developmental stages. This research unveiled variations in the intestinal microbiota composition during development in anurans. Factors such as developmental stage, habitat type and feeding habit jointly affected the gut microbial diversity and community composition in the Tibetan toad. The findings of this study can provide information for understanding the influence of historical developments on the intestinal microbiota and provide protection information for anurans. Full article

This study investigated the effects of adding fermented mixed feed (FMF, composed of several unconventional protein feeds, such as brown rice, rice bran, rice bran meal, sunflower meal, cottonseed meal, and corn starch residue) into the diet of Longyan Shan-ma ducks on their egg quality and intestinal health. The ducks were randomly divided into two groups: one group served as the control and received a standard diet, while the other group received a diet in which 4% of the feed was substituted with FMF. Compared to unfermented feed, FMF had elevated lactic acid levels and reduced phytic acid and crude fiber, along with higher amounts of crude protein and a range of amino acids, including serine, histidine, arginine, alanine, valine, methionine, cysteine, isoleucine, and lysine. FMF significantly enhanced egg production and improved the overall egg quality, such as eggshell strength and thickness. It also enhanced total antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase concentrations in serum while reducing serum urea nitrogen and interleukin-1β levels. Histological analysis showed that FMF supplementation improved the ileal villus height-to-crypt depth ratio. Microbiota analysis demonstrated that FMF had a significant impact on β-diversity by increasing Firmicutes, Actinobacteriota, and Desulfobacterota and decreasing Proteobacteria and Myxococcota at the phylum level. The abundance of Corynebacterium, Lactobacillus, and Gallicola was found to be elevated due to FMF at the genus level, whereas Kocuria, Rothia, Helicobacter, and Escherichia-Shigella were decreased. Additionally, diets supplemented with FMF resulted in higher intestinal valeric acid levels among ducks. Our findings indicate that incorporating FMF into laying duck diets can enhance production performance, egg quality, and gut health. Full article

This study explores the spatiotemporal dynamics of SOC and microbial-mediated mechanisms in the Yellow River Delta wetlands. Using redundancy analysis and microbial community profiling, we show that vegetation drives distinct SOC storage patterns: Phragmites australis ecosystems exhibit the highest SOC sequestration, followed by Suaeda salsa and Tamarix chinensis habitats, where salt-tolerant taxa like Desulfobacterota and Halobacteriaota promote short-term carbon storage via anaerobic metabolism. The microbial community structure is shaped by both vegetation-induced microhabitats and environmental gradients: SOC and total nitrogen dominate community assembly, while electrical conductivity, pH, and sulfur/nitrogen nutrients regulate spatiotemporal differentiation. Seasonal turnover drives the reorganization of microbial community structures, shaping the dynamic equilibrium of carbon pools. Seasonal DOC dynamics, linked to tidal fluctuations and exogenous carbon inputs, highlight hydrology’s role in modulating active carbon pools. These findings reveal tight linkages among vegetation, microbial functional guilds, and soil biogeochemistry, critical for wetland carbon sequestration. Full article

The objective of this study is to isolate, identify, and describe rumen yeast strains and assess their probiotic potentials and effects on ruminal fermentation in vitro. Yeasts were isolated from ruminal fluids, yielding 59 strains from nine distinct species. A number of tests were conducted to assess their anaerobic traits, growth rate, acid tolerance, and lactate utilization ability, and a second screening in fresh ruminal fluid to evaluate in vitro pH and acid accumulation was conducted. The probiotic yeast Candida rugosa (NJ-5) was selected for in vitro culture studies on rumen fermentation. Finally, Candida rugosa (NJ-5) with good probiotic characteristics was chosen to investigate its effects on ruminal fermentation in vitro. The batch culture technique was used to explore the effects of Candida rugosa (NJ-5) yeast culture on rumen fermentation parameters. By altering the fermentation substrate to a concentrate-to-roughage ratio of 70:30, which simulated a high-concentration diet. The CON, LYC, MYC, and HYC groups were supplemented with 0%, 1%, 2%, and 5% Candida rugosa (NJ-5) yeast culture (dry matter basis), respectively. The pH value and volatile fatty acid (VFA) contents were determined at 6, 12, and 24 h after fermentation. The results showed that adding Candida rugosa (NJ-5) yeast culture successfully modulated in vitro rumen fermentation. Compared to the CON group, HYC had a significantly mitigated reduction in pH in fermentation, resulting in a significant increase in total VFAs and acetate levels (p < 0.05). Additionally, 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that Candida rugosa (NJ-5) yeast culture supplementation did not significantly alter ruminal bacterial alpha diversity (p > 0.05). At the phylum and genus taxonomic levels, Candida rugosa (NJ-5) yeast culture addition increased the relative abundance of several functionally important bacterial groups in the rumen microbial community. Compared to the CON group, the HYC group concurrently had an increased abundance of Desulfobacterota, Christensenellaceae_R-7_group, F082, and Ruminococcus (p < 0.05) but a significantly reduced abundance of Cyanobacteria, Bdellovibrionota, Succinivibrionaceae_UCG-002, Enterobacter, and Succinivibrio (p < 0.05). The in vitro fermentation experiment demonstrated that the optimal dry matter supplementation of Candida rugosa (NJ-5) into the basal diet was 5%, which could be effective for maintaining ruminal fermentation stability when ruminants were fed a high-concentrate diet. This study provides empirical support for the use of yeast as a nutritional supplement in ruminant livestock management, as well as a theoretical underpinning for further animal research. Full article

A correlation between resident non-pathogenic bacterial populations in certain natural mineral waters and their beneficial effects has been established by several research groups. This study aims to characterize the bacterial composition of the Rivanazzano salso-bromo-jodic and sulphurous mineral waters (Pavia, Italy). Water samples were collected from natural sources and dispensing systems. DNA was extracted and subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Microbial composition, as well as alpha and beta diversity, were analyzed using amplicon sequence variants and compared across sampling sites. The predominant phyla in both waters were Proteobacteria, Campylobacterota, Bacteroidota, and Desulfobacterota. However, diversity at the family taxonomic level was recorded. In terms of bacterial diversity, waters collected from the dispensing systems within the spa resort were more similar between them than those from natural sources. The therapeutic properties of the Rivanazzano mineral waters are likely to be related to their combined mineral and biological composition. Full article

Mangrove forests are intertidal ecosystems that harbor diverse microbial communities essential for biogeochemical cycles and energy flow. This study investigated the seasonal and spatial patterns of bacterial communities in the artificially introduced mangrove sediments of the Ao River estuary using 16S rRNA gene amplicon high-throughput sequencing. Alpha diversity analyses indicated that the bacterial community diversity in the mangrove sediments of the Ao River estuary was similar to those of natural-formed mangroves, with the Shannon index ranging from 5.16 to 6.54, which was significantly higher in winter compared to other seasons. The dominant bacterial phyla included Proteobacteria (43.65%), Actinobacteria (11.55%), Desulfobacterota (11.16%), and Bacteroidetes (5.52%), while beta diversity analysis revealed substantial differences in bacterial community structure across different seasons and regions. For instance, the relative abundance of Woeseiaceae and Bacteroidota during the summer was significantly higher than that observed in other seasons. And the relative abundance of Bacillaceae in autumn and winter increased by one order of magnitude compared to spring and summer. Woeseiaceae, Desulfobulbaceae, Thermoanaerobaculaceae, and Sva1033 (family of Desulfobacterota) exhibited significantly higher relative abundance in the unvegetated area, whereas Bacillaceae and S085 (family of Chloroflexi) demonstrated greater abundance in the mangrove area. Seasonal variations in bacterial community structure are primarily attributed to changes in environmental factors, including temperature and salinity. Regional differences in bacterial community structure are primarily associated with environmental stressors, such as wave action, fluctuations in salinity, and organic matter content, which are further complicated by seasonal changes. This study is significant for understanding the microbial diversity and seasonal dynamics of estuarine mangrove wetlands, and it contributes to the assessment of mangrove wetland restoration efforts in Zhejiang Province, providing important guidance for the development of strategies to maintain the health of mangrove ecosystems in the future. Full article