Saved Queries

by Mengyao Li, Ying Shen, Yonghong Liu, Hui Yao, Zhuowei Luo, Da Huo, Xiang Xu, Wenhui Zhu, Shuaibing Dong, Lei Jia, Renqing Li, Bingyi Yang and Xiaoli Wang

Vaccines 2026, 14(1), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines14010091 (registering DOI) - 17 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) remains a major public-health concern in China. While the monovalent EV-A71 vaccine has effectively reduced EV-A71–associated cases, it offers no protection against CV-A16. The introduction of a bivalent EV-A71/CV-A16 vaccine may offer broader protection, but its economic viability under different immunization strategies remains uncertain. Methods: We developed a dynamic transmission model integrated with cost-effectiveness analysis to assess the epidemiological and economic impact of a hypothetical bivalent EV-A71/CV-A16 vaccine in China. Based on the immunization program policy, seven vaccination strategies, vaccine effectiveness (VE) levels ranging from 50–95% against EV-A71/CV-A16, and coverage levels from 0–95% were evaluated. The threshold vaccine price (TVP) was derived based on incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) calculations. Cost-effectiveness was assessed using willingness-to-pay (WTP) thresholds defined as 1–3 times the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. Results: The mean cost of two doses of the monovalent EV-A71 vaccine was USD133.0 (95% CI: 126.9–139.1). Strategy 2, which targeted individuals unvaccinated with the monovalent EV-A71 vaccine, demonstrated the most favorable cost-effectiveness. At 45% coverage and 85% vaccine effectiveness, the estimated threshold price per dose was USD 107.7 (95% CI: 103.4–112.0), with threshold vaccine prices increasing as coverage declined. When vaccination coverage exceeded 80%, the threshold vaccine price decreased substantially, falling below USD 45.9 (95% CI: 43.5–48.3) per dose. Conclusions: Large-scale inclusion in the national immunization program may not be economically justified at current cost levels. Targeted voluntary vaccination of unvaccinated, susceptible populations represents a more cost-effective and practical strategy during the early stage of vaccine introduction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccine Efficacy and Disease Burden Evaluation)

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28 pages, 18551 KB

Open AccessArticle

Addressing the Advance and Delay in the Onset of the Rainy Seasons in the Tropical Andes Using Harmonic Analysis and Climate Change Indices

by Sheila Serrano-Vincenti, Jonathan González-Chuqui, Mariana Luna-Cadena and León A. Escobar

Atmosphere 2026, 17(1), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos17010098 (registering DOI) - 17 Jan 2026

Abstract

The advance and delay of the rainy season is among the most frequently cited effects of climate change in the central Ecuadorian Andes. However, its assessment is not feasible using the indicators recommended by the standardized indices of the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI), designed to detect changes in intensity, frequency, or duration of intense events. This study aims to analyze such advances and delays through harmonic analysis in Tungurahua, a predominantly agricultural province in the Tropical Central Andes, where in situ data are scarce. Daily in situ data from five meteorological stations were used, including precipitation, maximum, and minimum temperature records spanning 39 to 68 years. The study involved an analysis of the region’s climatology, climate change indices, and harmonic analysis using Cross-Wavelet Transform (XWT) and Wavelet Coherence Transform (WCT) to identify seasonal patterns and their variability (advance or delay) by comparing historical and recent time series, and Krigging for regionalization. The year 2000 was used as a study point for comparing past and present trends. Results show a generalized increase in both minimum and maximum temperatures. In the case of extreme rainfall events, no significant changes were detected. Harmonic analysis was found to be sensitive to missing data. Furthermore, the observed advances and delays in seasonality were not statistically significant and appeared to be more closely related to the geographic location of the stations than to temporal shifts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrometeorological Simulation and Prediction in a Changing Climate)

29 pages, 4487 KB

Open AccessProject Report

Designing for Health and Learning: Lessons Learned from a Case Study of the Evidence-Based Health Design Process for a Rooftop Garden at a Danish Social and Healthcare School

by Ulrika K. Stigsdotter and Lene Lottrup

Buildings 2026, 16(2), 393; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16020393 (registering DOI) - 17 Jan 2026

Abstract

This article presents a case study from a Social and Health Care School in Denmark, where a rooftop garden was designed to promote student health and support nature-based teaching across subject areas. A novel aspect of the project is the formal integration of the garden into teaching, implying that its long-term impact may extend beyond the students to the end-users they will later encounter in nursing homes and hospitals nationwide. This study applies the Evidence-Based Health Design in Landscape Architecture (EBHDL) process model, encompassing evidence collection, programming, and concept design, with the University of Copenhagen acting in a consultancy role. A co-design process with students and teachers was included as a novel source of case-specific evidence. Methodologically, this is a participatory practice-based case study focusing on the full design and construction processes, combining continuous documentation with reflective analysis of ‘process insights,’ generating lessons learned from the application of the EBHDL process model. This study identifies two categories of lessons learned. First, general insights emerged concerning governance, stakeholder roles, and the critical importance of site selection, procurement, and continuity of design responsibility. Second, specific insights were gained regarding the application of the EBHDL model, including its alignment with Danish and international standardised construction phases. These insights are particularly relevant for project managers in nature-based initiatives. The results also show how the EBHDL model aligns with Danish and international standardised construction phases, offering a bridge between health design methods and established building practice. The case focuses on the EBHDL process rather than verified outcomes and demonstrates how evidence-based and participatory approaches can help structure complex design processes, facilitate stakeholder engagement, and support decision-making in institutional projects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Harmonizing Nature and Mind: Biophilic and Neuroarchitecture Synergies for Intelligent Buildings Enhancing Human Well-Being)

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13 pages, 1574 KB

Open AccessArticle

Bridging the Compatibility Gap in Revision Hip Arthroplasty with 14/16 Tapers: Long-Term Outcomes of the Bioball™ System

by Marek Drobniewski, Bartosz Gonera, Łukasz Olewnik, Adam Borowski, Kacper Ruzik, George Triantafyllou and Andrzej Borowski

J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(2), 771; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15020771 (registering DOI) - 17 Jan 2026

Abstract

Purpose: Revision total hip arthroplasty (RTHA) in the presence of a well-fixed femoral stem is associated with increased risk, as stem removal often results in bone loss, prolonged operative time, and greater blood loss. This problem is particularly relevant for older implants with a 14/16 taper, which is incompatible with most modern femoral heads. The Bioball™ System, a modular head–neck adapter, allows for acetabular or head-only revision while preserving the femoral stem. This study aimed to evaluate long-term clinical and radiological outcomes of RTHA using the Bioball™ System in patients with 14/16 tapers. Methods: A total of 38 patients (23 women, 15 men; mean age 73.5 years) met the inclusion criteria. All procedures were carried out with a well-fixed femoral stem and a 14/16 taper. Revisions were limited to exchange of the acetabular component, liner, or both, avoiding stem removal. The primary indication was acetabular cup loosening (n = 29, 76.3%); liner-only exchange was performed in 9 patients (23.7%). Clinical outcomes were assessed using the modified Merle d’Aubigné and Postel (MAP) score, and radiological evaluation focused on fixation, migration, and loosening. Mean follow-up was 8.44 years. Results: Both the acetabular component and liner were replaced in 76.3% of patients, while 23.7% underwent liner and head exchange only. Longer adapter sizes were most frequently used, and a 7.5° offset adapter was applied in 57.9% of cases. The modified MAP score improved by a mean of 5.7 points (p < 0.05), and VAS pain scores decreased from 7.4 to 2.6 (p < 0.05). No radiological signs of loosening were observed at final follow-up. Conclusions: The Bioball™ System enables effective restoration of hip stability and offset without femoral stem removal, offering favorable long-term clinical and radiological outcomes in revisions involving older 14/16 tapers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Orthopedics)

27 pages, 2413 KB

Open AccessArticle

Edge AI in Nature: Insect-Inspired Neuromorphic Reflex Islands for Safety-Critical Edge Systems

by Pietro Perlo, Marco Dalmasso, Marco Biasiotto and Davide Penserini

Symmetry 2026, 18(1), 175; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym18010175 (registering DOI) - 17 Jan 2026

Abstract

Insects achieve millisecond sensor–motor loops with tiny sensors, compact neural circuits, and powerful actuators, embodying the principles of Edge AI. We present a comprehensive architectural blueprint translating insect neurobiology into a hardware–software stack: a latency-first control hierarchy that partitions tasks between a fast, dedicated Reflex Tier and a slower, robust Policy Tier, with explicit WCET envelopes and freedom-from-interference boundaries. This architecture is realized through a neuromorphic Reflex Island utilizing spintronic primitives, specifically MRAM synapses (for non-volatile, innate memory) and spin-torque nano-oscillator (STNO) reservoirs (for temporal processing), to enable instant-on, memory-centric reflexes. Furthermore, we formalize the biological governance mechanisms, demonstrating that, unlike conventional ICEs and miniturbines that exhibit narrow best-efficiency islands, insects utilize active thermoregulation and DGC (Discontinuous Gas Exchange) to maintain nearly constant energy efficiency across a broad operational load by actively managing their thermal set-point, which we map into thermal-debt and burst-budget controllers. We instantiate this integrated bio-inspired model in an insect-like IFEVS thruster, a solar cargo e-bike with a neuromorphic safety shell, and other safety-critical edge systems, providing concrete efficiency comparisons, latency, energy budgets, and safety-case hooks that support certification and adoption across autonomous domains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Biomimetics for Life-Sciences)

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24 pages, 588 KB

Open AccessArticle

An Improved Detection of Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) Attacks Using a Hybrid Approach Combining Convolutional Neural Networks and Support Vector Machine

by Abdissamad Ayoubi, Loubna Laaouina, Adil Jeghal and Hamid Tairi

J. Cybersecur. Priv. 2026, 6(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp6010018 (registering DOI) - 17 Jan 2026

Abstract

Cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks are among the threats facing web security, resulting from the diversity and complexity of HTML formats. Research has shown that some text processing-based methods are limited in their ability to detect this type of attack. This article proposes an approach aimed at improving the detection of this type of attack, taking into account the limitations of certain techniques. It combines the effectiveness of deep learning represented by convolutional neural networks (CNN) and the accuracy of classification methods represented by support vector machines (SVM). It takes advantage of the ability of CNNs to effectively detect complex visual patterns in the face of injection variations and the SVM’s powerful classification capability, as XSS attacks often use obfuscation or encryption techniques that are difficult to be detected with textual methods alone. This work relies on a dataset that focuses specifically on XSS attacks, which is available on Kaggle and contains 13,686 sentences in script form, including benign and malicious cases associated with these attacks. Benign data represents 6313 cases, while malicious data represents 7373 cases. The model was trained on 80% of this data, while the remaining 20% was allocated for test. Computer vision techniques were used to analyze the visual patterns in the images and extract distinctive features, moving from a textual representation to a visual one where each character is converted into its ASCII encoding, then into grayscale pixels. In order to visually distinguish the characteristics of normal and malicious code strings and the differences in their visual representation, a CNN model was used in the analysis. The convolution and subsampling (pooling) layers extract significant patterns at different levels of abstraction, while the final output is converted into a feature vector that can be exploited by a classification algorithm such as an Optimized SVM. The experimental results showed excellent performance for the model, with an accuracy of (99.7%), and this model is capable of generalizing effectively without the risk of overfitting or loss of performance. This significantly enhances the security of web applications by providing robust protection against complex XSS threats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Security Engineering & Applications)

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13 pages, 5227 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Inaugural Sixth Nerve Palsy in a Patient with Neuroborreliosis: A Case Report

by Yasmine Lahrichi, Jean-Marie Rakic and Anne-Catherine Chapelle

J. Clin. Transl. Ophthalmol. 2026, 4(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcto4010003 (registering DOI) - 17 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: We report an uncommon presentation of Lyme disease and highlight the importance of a detailed history in a patient with new-onset sixth nerve palsy. Methods: Case report and literature review. Results: A 46-year-old man receiving infliximab presented to the ophthalmology emergency department with horizontal binocular diplopia. History revealed a diffuse headache that had begun three weeks earlier. Ophthalmologic examination demonstrated a left sixth cranial nerve palsy. The workup showed positive Borrelia serum IgG, which was interpreted as a likely false-positive result given the limited specificity of serologic testing. At follow-up, the patient reported left-sided peripheral facial palsy, and worsening headache and diplopia. Further history revealed prior erythema migrans treated with doxycycline four months earlier. Considering these new findings, a lumbar puncture was performed and demonstrated intrathecal production of Borrelia antibodies. Neuroborreliosis, a neurologic involvement secondary to systemic infection by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, was diagnosed. The patient was treated with oral doxycycline for 28 days with complete resolution of symptoms. Conclusions: Lyme disease may present with progressive neuro-ophthalmologic symptoms, underscoring the crucial role of ophthalmologists in its diagnosis. Moreover, immunosuppression may delay diagnosis and allow neurological progression, highlighting the need for careful history taking and close follow-up. Full article

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26 pages, 2649 KB

Open AccessArticle

Energy-Efficient Multi-Objective Scheduling for Modern Construction Projects with Dynamic Resource Constraints

by Mudassar Rauf and Jabir Mumtaz

Buildings 2026, 16(2), 392; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16020392 (registering DOI) - 17 Jan 2026

Abstract

The rapidly evolving business landscape, driven by stringent energy conservation policies, compels construction firms to adopt energy-efficient project-centric structures, particularly in modern construction projects. These firms face a complex, multi-mode, resource-constrained, multi-project scheduling problem characterized by dynamic project arrivals and multiple resource constraints, including global, local, and non-renewable capacities. This environment pressures managers to simultaneously optimize the conflicting objectives of minimizing total project duration and total energy consumption. To address this challenge, we propose a novel multi-objective Smart Raccoon Family Optimization (SRFO) algorithm. The SRFO, a hybrid evolutionary approach, is designed to enhance global exploration and local exploitation. Its performance is boosted by integrating a non-dominated sorting mechanism, a dedicated energy-efficient search strategy, and enhanced genetic operators. The SRFO simultaneously optimizes two conflicting objectives: minimizing the total project duration and total energy consumption. This approach effectively integrates the unique constraint of off-site component production and on-site assembly within an intelligent scheduling framework. Empirical validation across benchmark problems and a real-world case study is conducted, comparing the SRFO with existing multi-objective approaches, such as NSGA-III, MOABC, and MOSMO. Performance is assessed using convergence and distribution metrics, augmented by TOPSIS-based multi-criteria decision-making. Results conclusively demonstrate that the proposed SRFO significantly outperforms existing approaches and offers a robust, high-quality solution for project management in energy-constrained environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on Intelligent Building Construction and Management)

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14 pages, 665 KB

Open AccessArticle

Algorithms for Solving Ordinary Differential Equations Based on Orthogonal Polynomial Neural Networks

by Roman Parovik

Algorithms 2026, 19(1), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/a19010082 (registering DOI) - 17 Jan 2026

Abstract

This article proposes single-layer neural network algorithms for solving second-order ordinary differential equations, based on the principles of functional connection. According to this principle, the hidden layer of the neural network is replaced by a functional expansion unit to improve input patterns using orthogonal Chebyshev, Legendre, and Laguerre polynomials. The polynomial neural network algorithms were implemented in the Python programming language using the PyCharm environment. The performance of the polynomial neural network algorithms was tested by solving initial-boundary value problems for the nonlinear Lane–Emden equation. The solution results are compared with the exact solution of the problems under consideration, as well as with the solution obtained using a multilayer perceptron. It is shown that polynomial neural networks can perform more efficiently than multilayer neural networks. Furthermore, a neural network based on Laguerre polynomials can, in some cases, perform more accurately and faster than neural networks based on Legendre and Chebyshev polynomials. The issues of overtraining of polynomial neural networks and scenarios for overcoming it are also considered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Evolutionary Algorithms and Machine Learning)

15 pages, 1890 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Liver Lipodystrophy in Barraquer–Simons Syndrome: How Much Should We Worry About?

by Doina Georgescu, Daniel Florin Lighezan, Roxana Buzas, Paul Gabriel Ciubotaru, Oana Elena Țunea, Ioana Suceava, Teodora Anca Albu, Aura Jurescu, Mihai Ioniță and Daniela Reisz

Life 2026, 16(1), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16010156 (registering DOI) - 17 Jan 2026

Abstract

Lipodystrophy is a rare group of metabolic disorders characterized by the abnormal distribution of body fat, which can lead to various metabolic complications due to the body’s inability to adequately process carbohydrates and fat. We report the case of a female, aged 53 years, who was admitted as an outpatient for progressive weight loss of the upper part of the body (face, neck, arms, and chest), dyspeptic complaints, fatigue, mild insomnia, and anxious behavior. Her medical history was characterized by the presence of dyslipidemia, hypertension, and a minor stroke episode. However, she denied any family-relevant medical history. Although the clinical perspective suggested a possible late onset of partial acquired lipodystrophy, due to the imaging exam that revealed an enlarged liver with inhomogeneous structure with multiple nodular lesions, scattered over both lobes, a lot of lab work-ups and complementary studies were performed. Eventually, a liver biopsy was performed by a laparoscopic approach during cholecystectomy, the histology consistent with metabolic disease-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). In conclusion, given their heterogeneity and rarity, lipodystrophies may be either overlooked or misdiagnosed for other entities. Barraquer–Simons syndrome (BSS) may be associated with liver disease, including cirrhosis and liver failure. Liver lipodystrophy in BSS may sometimes feature steatosis with a focal, multi-nodular aspect, multiplying the diagnostic burden. Liver lipodystrophy may manifest as asymptomatic fat accumulation but may progress to severe conditions, representing one of the major causes of mortality in BSS, apart from the cardio-vascular comorbidities. Given the potential of severe outcomes, it is mandatory to correctly assess the stage of liver disease since the first diagnosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Physiology and Pathology Research to Clinical Insights in Gastrointestinal Disorders)

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29 pages, 6513 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hydrochemical Evolution of Groundwater Under Landfill Leachate Influence: Case of the Tangier Municipal Site

by Mohamed-Amine Lahkim-Bennani, Abdelghani Afailal Tribak, Brunella Bonaccorso, Haitam Afilal and Abdelhamid Rossi

Sustainability 2026, 18(2), 965; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18020965 (registering DOI) - 17 Jan 2026

Abstract

Sustainable groundwater management is critical in semi-arid coastal regions, where municipal landfills pose a severe threat to aquifer integrity and long-term water security. However, there is still a lack of seasonally resolved hydrogeochemical monitoring around newly established landfills, particularly in rapidly urbanizing Mediterranean settings. This study assesses the hydrogeochemical impact of the newly operational Tangier Landfill and Recovery Center on local groundwater resources to inform sustainable remediation strategies. A combined approach was applied to samples collected in dry and wet seasons, using Piper and Stiff diagrams to trace facies evolution together with a dual-index assessment based on the Canadian (CCME-WQI) and Weighted Arithmetic (WAWQI) Water Quality Indices. Results show that upgradient waters remain of Good–Excellent quality and are dominated by Ca–HCO₃ facies, whereas downgradient wells display extreme mineralization, with EC up to 15,480 µS/cm and Cl⁻ and SO₄²⁻ exceeding 1834 and 2114 mg/L, respectively. At hotspot sites P4 and P8, As reaches 0.065 mg/L and Cd 0.006 mg/L, far above the WHO drinking-water guidelines. While the CCME-WQI captures the general salinity-driven degradation pattern, the WAWQI pinpoints these acute toxicity zones as Very poor–Unsuitable. The study demonstrates that rainfall intensifies toxicity through a seasonal “Piston Effect” that mobilizes stored contaminants rather than diluting them, underscoring the need for seasonally adaptive monitoring to ensure the environmental sustainability of landfill-adjacent aquifers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Water Management)

16 pages, 2847 KB

Open AccessArticle

Monetary Policy and Fiscal Conditions: Interest Rates, Nominal Growth Rates, Tax Revenues, and Government Expenditures

by Yutaka Harada and Makoto Suzuki

J. Risk Financial Manag. 2026, 19(1), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm19010075 (registering DOI) - 17 Jan 2026

Abstract

Two main perspectives exist regarding the interaction between fiscal deficits and expansionary monetary policy. The first perspective argues that fiscal deficits raise interest rates, thereby increasing interest payments and complicating monetary stabilization efforts. The second posits that expansionary monetary policy enhances nominal GDP growth, which in turn reduces the government debt-to-GDP ratio and strengthens the fiscal position. Using panel data from the IMF World Economic Outlook covering advanced economies between 1980 and 2025, this study empirically evaluates which perspective is more consistent with observed data, while accounting for the dynamics of tax revenues, government expenditures, interest rates, and nominal GDP growth. Empirical evidence indicates that moderate monetary expansion—raising nominal GDP—tends to stabilize budget deficits, as government revenues generally outpace expenditures and interest rates do not increase proportionally with nominal growth. These results are further illustrated through case studies of Greece, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monetary Policy and Debt)

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24 pages, 3070 KB

Open AccessArticle

Early Vegetation Responses to Alien Plant Clearing in Communal Rangelands: A Case from Manzini, Eswatini

by Sihle Edmund Mthethwa and Sellina Ennie Nkosi

Ecologies 2026, 7(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/ecologies7010010 (registering DOI) - 17 Jan 2026

Abstract

Invasive alien plant species pose significant threats to biodiversity and the ecological functioning of ecosystems, necessitating targeted clearing strategies. This study investigated the short-term recovery of native vegetation following the control of Lantana camara and Chromolaena odorata in communal lands of Manzini, Eswatini. Nineteen sites were sampled across cleared and uncleared areas to assess changes in species diversity and veld condition. Cleared sites showed slightly reduced heterogeneity (D′ = 0.722) and higher diversity (H′ = 2.081) compared to uncleared sites (D′ = 0.732) and diversity (H′ = 2.032). Sites free from invasive alien plants had higher species richness (EXP (H′) = 35.693) than invaded sites (EXP (H′) = 28.237). Although statistical analyses showed no significant differences in stem counts between cleared and uncleared sites, effect sizes indicated potential practical significance for C. odorata. The Veld Condition Index (VCI) revealed high spatial variability with no consistent trend associated with clearing. Findings emphasise the complexity of early post-clearing dynamics and the importance of site-specific follow-up and monitoring. Full article

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33 pages, 1456 KB

Open AccessReview

Relevance and Safe Utilization of Amino Acids in Supplements for Human Nutrition: Lessons from Clinical and Preclinical Studies

by François Blachier

Nutrients 2026, 18(2), 296; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18020296 (registering DOI) - 17 Jan 2026

Abstract

Amino acid availability is central for the synthesis of macromolecules and numerous bioactive compounds. Amino acids are also involved in ATP production, cell signaling, and the epigenetic regulation of gene expression in human cells. From clinical and experimental studies, it appears that supplementation with specific amino acids may be relevant to correct for amino acid deficiency in the case of insufficient supply from dietary proteins with regards to the amounts needed for optimal metabolism and physiological functions. Clinical and experimental arguments suggest that amino acid supplementation may be indicated in specific situations under a specific nutritional context. However, it is essential not to overdose with excessive quantities of amino acids in supplements beyond the upper levels of safe intake (ULSI). In this narrative review, I recapitulate the protein and amino acid requirements for the general population and for subgroups of the population, and these requirements are compared to the usual consumption. Typical examples of clinical trials showing the benefits from amino acid supplementation in different physiological and pathophysiological contexts are presented together with results obtained from experimental studies. Parameters such as the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) values used to determine the ULSI for amino acid supplementation are defined, and values determined in clinical trials are given and discussed. Finally, prospects for future research in the field are proposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Relevance and Safe Utilization of Amino Acids in Dietary Supplements)

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30 pages, 6895 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Three-Dimensional Analytical Model for Wind Turbine Wakes from near to Far Field: Incorporating Atmospheric Stability Effects

by Xiangyan Chen, Hao Zhang, Ziliang Zhang, Zhiyong Shao, Rui Ying and Xiangyin Liu

Energies 2026, 19(2), 467; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19020467 (registering DOI) - 17 Jan 2026

Abstract

In response to the critical demand for improved characterization of atmospheric stability effects in wind turbine wake prediction, this study proposes and systematically validates a new analytical wake model that incorporates atmospheric stability effects. In recent years, research on wake models with atmospheric stability effects has primarily followed two approaches: incorporating stability through high-fidelity numerical simulations or modifying classical analytical wake models. While the former offers clear mechanical insights, it incurs high computational costs, whereas the latter improves efficiency yet often suffers from near-wake prediction biases under stable stratification, lacks a unified framework covering the entire wake region, and relies heavily on case-specific calibration of key parameters. To overcome these limitations, this study introduces a stability-dependent turbulence expansion term with a square of a cosine function and the stability sign parameter, enabling the model to dynamically respond to varying atmospheric conditions and overcome the reliance of traditional models on neutral atmospheric assumptions. It achieves physically consistent descriptions of turbulence suppression under stable conditions and convective enhancement under unstable conditions. A newly developed far-field decay function effectively coordinates near-wake and far-wake evolution, maintaining computational efficiency while significantly improving prediction accuracy under complex stability conditions. The Present model has been validated against field measurements from the Scaled Wind Farm Technology (SWiFT) facility and the Alsvik wind farm, demonstrating superior performance in predicting wake velocity distributions on both vertical and horizontal planes. It also exhibits strong adaptability under neutral, stable, and unstable atmospheric conditions. This proposed framework provides a reliable tool for wind turbine layout optimization and power output forecasting under realistic atmospheric stability conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section A3: Wind, Wave and Tidal Energy)

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