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Keywords = C,P-complexation

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15 pages, 3287 KB  
Article
Functionalized Polyphenols: Understanding Polymorphism of 2-Chloro-3′,4′-Diacetoxy-Acetophenone
by Roxana Angela Tucaliuc, Sergiu Shova, Violeta Mangalagiu and Ionel I. Mangalagiu
Crystals 2025, 15(9), 780; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15090780 (registering DOI) - 30 Aug 2025
Abstract
We report here an in-depth study concerning the synthesis, NMR, and X-ray structure determination of two new polymorphs of 2-chloro-3′,4′-diacetoxy-acetophenone. A new, ecologically friendly method of synthesis in the solid phase, as well as a suitable method for protecting hydroxyl functionality, is presented. [...] Read more.
We report here an in-depth study concerning the synthesis, NMR, and X-ray structure determination of two new polymorphs of 2-chloro-3′,4′-diacetoxy-acetophenone. A new, ecologically friendly method of synthesis in the solid phase, as well as a suitable method for protecting hydroxyl functionality, is presented. The 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra as well as the single crystal X-ray diffraction studies proved unambiguously the structure of the compounds: the two polymorphs of 2-chloro-3′,4′-diacetoxy-acetophenone and 2-chloro-3′-hydroxy-4′-acetoxy-acetophenone. The polymorph I crystalizes in the monoclinic P21/c space group, while polymorph II crystalizes in the Sohnke P212121 space group of the orthorhombic system, with no interstitial solvate molecules. Significant differences were observed in the supramolecular interactions in the crystal structure of the two polymorphs. Polymorph I is characterized as a parallel packing of weakly interacting supramolecular layers oriented in the 1 1 0 plane. The crystal structure of polymorph II is much more complex: each molecule is interconnected through 12 (twelve) hydrogen bonds with 9 (nine) adjacent symmetry-related molecules. The monoacetoxy derivative 2-chloro-3′-hydroxy-4′-acetoxy-acetophenone 3 crystallizes in the monoclinic P21/c space group, with one molecule in the asymmetric unit. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymorphism and Phase Transitions in Crystal Materials)
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13 pages, 4733 KB  
Article
A Rare Thermochromic Zwitterionic Nickel (II) Complex of the Bulky Alpha Ligand 1,2-Bis-(di-tbutylphosphinomethyl)Benzene
by Ian R. Butler, Peter N. Horton, Simon J. Coles, William Clegg, Kevin M. Fortune, Michael G. B. Drew and Kamil Suwada
Inorganics 2025, 13(9), 291; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13090291 (registering DOI) - 30 Aug 2025
Abstract
The reaction of the bulky ligand 1,2-bis-(di-tert-butylphosphinomethyl)benzene, 1 with [Ni(DME)Cl2], 3, DME = 1,2-dimethoxyethane, at room temperature over extended periods, affords the new blue Zwitterionic complex [2-(C6H4-CH2P(H)tBu2-1-(CH2 [...] Read more.
The reaction of the bulky ligand 1,2-bis-(di-tert-butylphosphinomethyl)benzene, 1 with [Ni(DME)Cl2], 3, DME = 1,2-dimethoxyethane, at room temperature over extended periods, affords the new blue Zwitterionic complex [2-(C6H4-CH2P(H)tBu2-1-(CH2PtBu2NiCl3)], 4, which contains a phosphonium group and an anionic nickel trichloride. This complex decomposes in alcohols such as methanol and the solution turns yellow. A discussion of the possible mechanism leading to the observed product is presented. Key to this is identification of the source of the phosphonium proton, which we speculated to arise from trace water in the initial nickel complex. To prove that trace water was present in [Ni(DME)Cl2], a sample of this precursor was reacted under similar condition with anhydrous DMF alone. In addition to the known complex [Ni(DMF)6)]2+[NiCl4]2−, 5, we identified the trans-diaqua complex [Ni(Cl)2(H2O)2(DMF)2], 6, which proved the presence of trace water. Interestingly in dimethylformamide, [2-(C6H4-CH2P(H)tBu2-1-(CH2PtBu2NiCl3)] exhibits thermochromic properties: an solution that is pale blue at ambient temperature reversibly changes colour to yellow upon cooling. This behaviour is specific to DMF and is related to the solvato-chromic behaviour exhibited by related DMF–nickel complexes. A discussion of the NMR spectra of compound 4 in a range of solvents is presented. The structures of the previously prepared molybdenum complex, [1,2-(C6H4-CH2PtBu2)2Mo(CO)4] and the bis-(phosphine sulphide) of the ligand, [1,2-(C6H4-H2P(S)tBu2)2], 5, are described for structural comparative purposes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Organometallic Chemistry)
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17 pages, 3705 KB  
Article
Construction of Yeast One-Hybrid Library of Dendrobium huoshanense and Screening of Potential Transcription Factors Regulating DhPMM Gene Expression
by Jing Wu, Shuting Wang, Shihai Xing and Daiyin Peng
Biomolecules 2025, 15(9), 1251; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15091251 - 29 Aug 2025
Abstract
Dendrobium huoshanense, an endangered orchid species, is renowned for its polysaccharides with vast pharmacological significance in stems. Phosphomannomutase (PMM) critically regulates polysaccharide accumulation. Transcriptional regulation of DhPMM remains poorly characterized. This study employed a yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) system to identify upstream regulators [...] Read more.
Dendrobium huoshanense, an endangered orchid species, is renowned for its polysaccharides with vast pharmacological significance in stems. Phosphomannomutase (PMM) critically regulates polysaccharide accumulation. Transcriptional regulation of DhPMM remains poorly characterized. This study employed a yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) system to identify upstream regulators of DhPMM. The 2.15 kb DhPMM promoter was cloned, revealing multiple stress- and hormone-responsive cis-elements (e.g., ABRE, MYC, ERF). A high-complexity Y1H library (3.60 × 109 CFU) was constructed with insert sizes averaging 1–2 kb. Screening using aureobasidin A (AbA)-resistant Y1HGold [pAbAi-DhPMM] identified 11 candidate clones, including four transcription factor families (DOF, NAC, ERF, BES1). Interactions were rigorously confirmed by pairwise Y1H showing AbA-resistant growth and dual-luciferase assays demonstrating DhPMM activation. This represents the first functional cDNA library resource for D. huoshanense and identification of TFs interacting with DhPMM. The discovery of TFs belonging to DOF, NAC, ERF, and BES1 families as DhPMM regulators elucidated the transcriptional network underlying polysaccharide biosynthesis. This establishes a transcriptional framework for engineering polysaccharide biosynthesis in D. huoshanense. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biological Factors)
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14 pages, 599 KB  
Article
Genotype-Specific Distribution of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Microbial Co-Detections in HPV-Positive Women from Southern Croatia
by Vanja Kaliterna, Tomislav Meštrović, Mirjana Čorić-Mesarić and Ivana Božičević
Biomedicines 2025, 13(9), 2100; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13092100 - 28 Aug 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is the principal etiological agent of cervical cancer, with distinct genotype-specific oncogenic potential. While HPV type 16 is most frequently implicated in carcinogenesis, the role of other genotypes and their interaction with sexually transmitted infections and cervico-vaginal [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is the principal etiological agent of cervical cancer, with distinct genotype-specific oncogenic potential. While HPV type 16 is most frequently implicated in carcinogenesis, the role of other genotypes and their interaction with sexually transmitted infections and cervico-vaginal dysbiosis is gaining recognition. This study aimed to assess the genotype-specific distribution of high-risk HPV among HPV-positive women from Southern Croatia and examine associations with age and co-infections with selected microbial pathogens. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study on 1211 HPV-positive women (out of 3098 tested) from Split and Dalmatia County between 2023 and 2024. Cervico-vaginal swabs were tested using molecular and culture-based methods for 14 high-risk HPV genotypes and several pathogens, including Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Gardnerella vaginalis, and other microorganisms. In the analysis, each detected HPV genotype was also treated as a distinct line-level observation. Genotypes were grouped by phylogenetic and carcinogenic profiles, and statistical analyses—including chi-square tests and multinomial logistic regression—were performed to evaluate associations with age and co-infections. Results: Among high-risk HPV-positive women, the most frequently detected high-risk HPV genotypes were HPV 16 (23.3%), HPV 31 (22.4%), and HPV 51 (13.5%). Notably, HPV 18 was less prevalent (8.1%) and occurred at a similar frequency to HPV 58 and 68. Although younger age was significantly associated with high-risk HPV positivity (p < 0.001), no significant differences in HPV genotype group distribution were observed between age groups; however, C. trachomatis and Streptococcus agalactiae were significantly more prevalent in women aged ≤29 years (p < 0.001 and p = 0.029, respectively). Multinomial regression revealed that C. trachomatis was negatively associated with 16-related and lower-risk genotypes, while G. vaginalis showed a positive association with 16-related types. Conclusions: There is a complex interplay between high-risk HPV genotypes and microbial co-infections, which means the broader cervico-vaginal microbiome has to be considered in HPV risk assessment. The findings highlight the need for extended genotyping and microbial screening to inform regional prevention strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Perspectives on Human Papillomavirus (HPV))
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26 pages, 29132 KB  
Article
DCS-YOLOv8: A Lightweight Context-Aware Network for Small Object Detection in UAV Remote Sensing Imagery
by Xiaozheng Zhao, Zhongjun Yang and Huaici Zhao
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(17), 2989; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17172989 - 28 Aug 2025
Abstract
Small object detection in UAV-based remote sensing imagery is crucial for applications such as traffic monitoring, emergency response, and urban management. However, aerial images often suffer from low object resolution, complex backgrounds, and varying lighting conditions, leading to missed or false detections. To [...] Read more.
Small object detection in UAV-based remote sensing imagery is crucial for applications such as traffic monitoring, emergency response, and urban management. However, aerial images often suffer from low object resolution, complex backgrounds, and varying lighting conditions, leading to missed or false detections. To address these challenges, we propose DCS-YOLOv8, an enhanced object detection framework tailored for small target detection in UAV scenarios. The proposed model integrates a Dynamic Convolution Attention Mixture (DCAM) module to improve global feature representation and combines it with the C2f module to form the C2f-DCAM block. The C2f-DCAM block, together with a lightweight SCDown module for efficient downsampling, constitutes the backbone DCS-Net. In addition, a dedicated P2 detection layer is introduced to better capture high-resolution spatial features of small objects. To further enhance detection accuracy and robustness, we replace the conventional CIoU loss with a novel Scale-based Dynamic Balanced IoU (SDBIoU) loss, which dynamically adjusts loss weights based on object scale. Extensive experiments on the VisDrone2019 dataset demonstrate that the proposed DCS-YOLOv8 significantly improves small object detection performance while maintaining efficiency. Compared to the baseline YOLOv8s, our model increases precision from 51.8% to 54.2%, recall from 39.4% to 42.1%, mAP0.5 from 40.6% to 44.5%, and mAP0.5:0.95 from 24.3% to 26.9%, while reducing parameters from 11.1 M to 9.9 M. Moreover, real-time inference on RK3588 embedded hardware validates the model’s suitability for onboard UAV deployment in remote sensing applications. Full article
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19 pages, 4271 KB  
Article
Experimental Study on a Coupled Plugging System of Nano-Enhanced Polymer Gel and Bridging Solids for Severe Lost Circulation
by Fuhao Bao and Lei Pu
Processes 2025, 13(9), 2751; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13092751 - 28 Aug 2025
Abstract
With the advancement of oil and gas exploration and development technologies into deeper and ultra-deep reservoirs, complex geological conditions here render them highly susceptible to severe lost circulation. However, conventional bridging plugging methods struggle with large-sized lost circulation channels, while chemical gel plugging [...] Read more.
With the advancement of oil and gas exploration and development technologies into deeper and ultra-deep reservoirs, complex geological conditions here render them highly susceptible to severe lost circulation. However, conventional bridging plugging methods struggle with large-sized lost circulation channels, while chemical gel plugging faces challenges such as low success rates and insufficient pressure-bearing capacity. To address this, a novel leak plugging method combining bridging and gel plugging is proposed herein. From structural stability and mechanical properties perspectives, the enhancing effect of nanomaterials on the gel system is revealed, and the synergistic mechanism of gel-bridging coupled plugging is elucidated. For the experimental setup, orthogonal experiments determined a base formulation with controllable gelation time: 10 wt% main agent, 2 wt% crosslinking agent, and a 1:3 pH regulator ratio. Introducing 1.0 wt% nanosilica enhanced gel properties, achieving 30 N strength at 120 °C aging. An optimized walnut shell bridging agent constructed the supporting skeleton, yielding a coupled plugging formulation with up to 8 MPa pressure for a 7 mm fracture. Lost circulation volume is controlled at 163 mL, outperforming single plugging methods. Research results demonstrate gel-bridging coupled plugging’s advantages for large fractures, providing new technical insights for severe lost circulation field construction. Full article
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12 pages, 249 KB  
Article
Pilot Exploratory Analysis of Serum Gonadal Hormones, Inflammatory Proteins, and Intracerebral Hemorrhage Outcomes
by Yisi Ng, Wenjing Qi, Anna Covington, Bobby Boone, Cynthia Kuhn, Andrew B. Nixon, Nicolas Kon Kam King, Peter F. Kranz, Thomas Christianson, Roshni Thakkar, Daniel T. Laskowitz, Cina Sasannejad, Miran Bhima, Vijay Krishnamoorthy, Shreyansh Shah, Amy K. Wagner and Michael L. James
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(17), 8334; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26178334 - 28 Aug 2025
Viewed by 35
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) remains the least treatable form of stroke, with inflammation implicated as a major pathophysiological feature. Hence, this study sought to associate serum proteins and hormones associated with inflammation and ICH outcomes. Patients presenting to Duke University Hospital with computed tomography-verified [...] Read more.
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) remains the least treatable form of stroke, with inflammation implicated as a major pathophysiological feature. Hence, this study sought to associate serum proteins and hormones associated with inflammation and ICH outcomes. Patients presenting to Duke University Hospital with computed tomography-verified spontaneous, supratentorial, non-traumatic ICH within 24 h of symptom onset were prospectively recruited. In this pilot study, equal numbers of men and women and Black and White individuals were included and matched by a 6-month modified Rankin Score (mRS). The primary analyses were the correlation of L-ratios (LR; Log2(Day 2/Day 1 concentrations)) of serum gonadal hormones and neuroinflammatory proteins with mRS > 3 at 6 months. A total of 40 participants were included in this pilot study. LRs were significantly higher for C-reactive protein (CRP; p = 0.013) and lower for interleukin-6 (IL-6; p = 0.026) and surfactant protein-D (p = 0.036) in participants with unfavorable outcomes at 6 months after ICH. Further, higher CRP (p = 0.02) and lower IL-6 (p = 0.035) and surfactant protein-D (p = 0.041) LRs were associated with mRS > 3 at 6 months after ICH in multiple logistic regression analyses, adjusted for race and sex. The relationship amongst gonadal hormones, neuroinflammatory proteins, and ICH outcome is complex. In this pilot study, unfavorable outcomes after ICH may have been associated with selected inflammatory biomarkers. A larger scale study is warranted to define interactions between hormones, proteins, and their effects on ICH outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Mechanisms for the Prevention and Treatment of Stroke)
40 pages, 855 KB  
Article
Integrated Equilibrium-Transport Modeling for Optimizing Carbonated Low-Salinity Waterflooding in Carbonate Reservoirs
by Amaury C. Alvarez, Johannes Bruining and Dan Marchesin
Energies 2025, 18(17), 4525; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18174525 - 26 Aug 2025
Viewed by 199
Abstract
Low-salinity waterflooding (LSWF) enhances oil recovery at low cost in carbonate reservoirs, but its effectiveness requires the precise control of injected water chemistry and interaction with reservoir minerals. This study specifically investigates carbonated low-salinity waterflooding (CLSWF), where dissolved CO2 modulates geochemical processes. [...] Read more.
Low-salinity waterflooding (LSWF) enhances oil recovery at low cost in carbonate reservoirs, but its effectiveness requires the precise control of injected water chemistry and interaction with reservoir minerals. This study specifically investigates carbonated low-salinity waterflooding (CLSWF), where dissolved CO2 modulates geochemical processes. This study develops an integrated transport model coupling geochemical surface complexation modeling (SCM) with multiphase compositional dynamics to quantify wettability alteration during CLSWF. The framework combines PHREEQC-based equilibrium calculations of the Total Bond Product (TBP)—a wettability indicator derived from oil–calcite ionic bridging—with Corey-type relative permeability interpolation, resolved via COMSOL Multiphysics. Core flooding simulations, compared with experimental data from calcite systems at 100 C and 220 bar, reveal that magnesium ([Mg2+]) and sulfate ([SO42]) concentrations modulate the TBP, reducing oil–rock adhesion under controlled low-salinity conditions. Parametric analysis demonstrates that acidic crude oils (TAN higher than 1 mg KOH/g) exhibit TBP values approximately 2.5 times higher than those of sweet crudes, due to carboxylate–calcite bridging, while pH elevation (higher than 7.5) amplifies wettability shifts by promoting deprotonated -COO interactions. The model further identifies synergistic effects between ([Mg2+]) (ranging from 50 to 200 mmol/kgw) and ([SO42]) (higher than 500 mmol/kgw), which reduce (Ca2+)-mediated oil adhesion through competitive mineral surface binding. By correlating TBP with fractional flow dynamics, this framework could support the optimization of injection strategies in carbonate reservoirs, suggesting that ion-specific adjustments are more effective than bulk salinity reduction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enhanced Oil Recovery: Numerical Simulation and Deep Machine Learning)
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13 pages, 286 KB  
Article
Nonexistence of Homogeneous Levi-Flat Hypersurfaces in CP2
by Abdel Rahman Al-Abdallah
Mathematics 2025, 13(17), 2742; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13172742 - 26 Aug 2025
Viewed by 123
Abstract
We investigate the longstanding question of whether compact Levi-flat hypersurfaces exist in the complex projective plane CP2. While the nonexistence of closed real-analytic Levi-flat hypersurfaces in CPn for n>2 is well known, the case n=2 remains [...] Read more.
We investigate the longstanding question of whether compact Levi-flat hypersurfaces exist in the complex projective plane CP2. While the nonexistence of closed real-analytic Levi-flat hypersurfaces in CPn for n>2 is well known, the case n=2 remains open. By combining techniques from the classification of homogeneous CR-manifolds with projective foliation geometry, we prove that no homogeneous Levi-flat hypersurfaces exist in CP2, thus partially resolving the problem under natural symmetry assumptions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Differential Geometry and Its Applications, 2nd Edition)
21 pages, 13392 KB  
Article
YOLO-HDEW: An Efficient PCB Defect Detection Model
by Chuanwang Song, Yuanteng Zhou, Yinghao Ma, Qingshuo Qi, Zhaoyu Wang and Keyong Hu
Electronics 2025, 14(17), 3383; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14173383 - 26 Aug 2025
Viewed by 394
Abstract
To address the challenge of detecting small defects in Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs), a YOLO-HDEW model based on the enhanced YOLOv8 architecture is proposed. A high-resolution detection layer is introduced at the P2 feature level to improve sensitivity to small targets. Depthwise Separable [...] Read more.
To address the challenge of detecting small defects in Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs), a YOLO-HDEW model based on the enhanced YOLOv8 architecture is proposed. A high-resolution detection layer is introduced at the P2 feature level to improve sensitivity to small targets. Depthwise Separable Convolution (DSConv) is used for downsampling, reducing parameter complexity. An Edge-enhanced Multi-scale Parallel Attention mechanism (EMP-Attention) is integrated to capture multi-scale and edge features. The EMP mechanism is incorporated into the C2f module to form the C2f-EMP module, and dynamic non-monotonic Wise-IoU (W-IoU) loss is employed to enhance bounding box regression. The model is evaluated on the PKU-Market-PCB, DeepPCB, and NEU-DET datasets, with experimental results showing that YOLO-HDEW achieves 98.1% accuracy, 91.6% recall, 90.3% mAP@0.5, and 61.7% mAP@0.5:0.95, surpassing YOLOv8 by 1.5%, 2.3%, 1.2%, and 1.9%, respectively. Additionally, the model demonstrates strong generalization performance on the DeePCB and NEU-DET datasets. These results indicate that YOLO-HDEW significantly improves detection accuracy while maintaining a manageable model size, offering an effective solution for PCB defect detection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Artificial Intelligence)
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22 pages, 7099 KB  
Article
Assessing the Comparability of Degradation Profiles Between Biosimilar and Originator Anti-VEGF Monoclonal Antibodies Under Thermal Stress
by Ceren Pamukcu and Ahmet Emin Atik
Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(9), 1267; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18091267 - 26 Aug 2025
Viewed by 408
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Forced degradation studies are critical for identifying potential degradation pathways of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), particularly under thermal stress. Due to their structural complexity and sensitivity to elevated temperatures, mAbs are prone to fragmentation, aggregation, and post-translational modifications. This study aimed to [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Forced degradation studies are critical for identifying potential degradation pathways of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), particularly under thermal stress. Due to their structural complexity and sensitivity to elevated temperatures, mAbs are prone to fragmentation, aggregation, and post-translational modifications. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the degradation profiles of biosimilar anti-VEGF mAb and its originator counterparts sourced from both the United States (U.S.) and the European Union (EU) under thermal stress conditions. To our knowledge, this represents one of the few studies conducting a direct head-to-head comparability assessment across biosimilar and two geographically sourced originators, integrating orthogonal analytical approaches. Methods: Biosimilar candidate and originator products (U.S. and EU) were incubated at 37 °C and 50 °C for 3, 7, and 14 days. Fragmentation profiles were assessed using validated non-reduced and reduced capillary electrophoresis–sodium dodecyl sulfate (CE-SDS) methods. Additionally, size-exclusion ultra-performance liquid chromatography (SE-UPLC) and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assays were performed on samples stressed for 14 days to provide deeper insights into degradation pathways. Results: Non-reduced CE-SDS analysis indicated a time- and temperature-dependent increase in low-molecular-weight fragments and a corresponding decrease in the intact form, with more pronounced effects observed at 50 °C. Reduced CE-SDS revealed a more rapid increase in total impurity levels at 50 °C, accompanied by a decrease in total light and heavy chain content. SE-UPLC showed enhanced aggregation under thermal stress, more pronounced at 50 °C. LC-MS/MS analysis identified increased asparagine deamidation in the PENNY peptide and pyroglutamic acid formation (pE) at the N-terminus of the heavy chain. Conclusions: The degradation profiles of the biosimilar and originator mAbs were highly comparable under thermal stress, with no significant qualitative differences detected. By applying a multi-tiered analytical characterization technique, this study provides a comprehensive comparability assessment that underscores the robustness of biosimilarity even under forced degradation conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosimilars Development Strategies)
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24 pages, 2106 KB  
Article
Synergistic Recovery of Dysprosium(III) from Water via an Emulsion Liquid Membrane at Low Concentrations of Cyanex 272–D2EHPA: Impact of Process Factors and Water Sources
by Ahlem Taamallah and Oualid Hamdaoui
Separations 2025, 12(9), 228; https://doi.org/10.3390/separations12090228 - 25 Aug 2025
Viewed by 145
Abstract
This study reports an investigation of the synergistic extraction of dysprosium (Dy(III)) from aqueous media using a low-concentration, binary carrier mixture of Cyanex 272 and D2EHPA within an emulsion liquid membrane (ELM). Within the tested formulations, the one containing 0.42% (w/ [...] Read more.
This study reports an investigation of the synergistic extraction of dysprosium (Dy(III)) from aqueous media using a low-concentration, binary carrier mixture of Cyanex 272 and D2EHPA within an emulsion liquid membrane (ELM). Within the tested formulations, the one containing 0.42% (w/w) Cyanex 272 and 0.28% (w/w) D2EHPA yielded the best results. The impact of process factors that maximize recovery efficiency and minimize emulsion breakdown was also examined. A Span 80 loading of 0.75% (w/w) achieved 97.5% extraction with minimal breakage (less than 2.1%). An external phase pH of 5.8 achieves an optimal balance of high-throughput Dy(III) recovery and membrane stability; 0.2 N HNO3 as the stripping phase strikes the optimal balance, providing strong initial uptake with minimal emulsion degradation. As the initial Dy(III) loading increases, extraction efficiency decreases. Increasing the temperature from 15 to 45 °C accelerates mass transfer, achieving near-complete extraction in under 15 min. However, above 45 °C, emulsion breakage spikes, causing a collapse in efficiency. Similarly, increasing NaCl levels suppresses Dy(III) uptake and promotes coalescence. This reduces recovery from seawater to just over 70%. Nevertheless, the balanced mineral content of Zamzam water preserves emulsion integrity and enables 100% extraction. The activation energy was found to be 26.16 kJ/mol, suggesting that mass transfer, rather than the chemical reaction at the interface, controls the process. The results of this study highlight the synergistic efficiency advantage of the ELM system at lower carrier concentrations, even in complex water sources. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Separation Engineering)
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10 pages, 474 KB  
Communication
Compound Heterozygous Complete Loss-of-Function SPINK1 Variants as a Novel Cause of Severe Infantile Isolated Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency
by Emmanuelle Masson, Marc Wangermez, David Tougeron, Vinciane Rebours, Claude Férec and Jian-Min Chen
Genes 2025, 16(9), 998; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16090998 - 25 Aug 2025
Viewed by 270
Abstract
Background/Objectives: While complete loss-of-function (LoF) SPINK1 variants in the simple heterozygous state cause chronic pancreatitis, biallelic complete LoF variants result in a rare pediatric disorder termed severe infantile isolated exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (SIIEPI). To date, only two individuals with a null SPINK1 genotype [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: While complete loss-of-function (LoF) SPINK1 variants in the simple heterozygous state cause chronic pancreatitis, biallelic complete LoF variants result in a rare pediatric disorder termed severe infantile isolated exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (SIIEPI). To date, only two individuals with a null SPINK1 genotype have been reported—one homozygous for a whole-gene deletion and the other for an Alu insertion in the 3′ untranslated region. Here, we report the genetic basis of a third SIIEPI case, presenting in early infancy with severe exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and diffuse pancreatic lipomatosis. Methods: Targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) was used to analyze the entire coding region and exon–intron boundaries of the SPINK1 gene. Copy number variant (CNV) analysis was performed with SeqNext, based on normalized amplicon coverage. Results: The proband harbored compound heterozygous complete LoF SPINK1 variants. One was the known NM_001379610.1:c.180_181del (p.(Cys61PhefsTer2)), inherited from the father. The second, initially detected as an exon 2 deletion and confirmed by quantitative fluorescent multiplex PCR (QFM-PCR), was further characterized by long-range PCR as a complex rearrangement comprising a 1185 bp deletion removing exon 2, a 118 bp templated insertion followed by a non-templated nucleotide, and an 8 bp deletion. The mutational signature is consistent with serial replication slippage or template switching involving translesion synthesis. This maternally inherited variant has not been previously reported. Conclusions: This study expands the mutational spectrum of SPINK1-related SIIEPI and suggests that this distinct pediatric disorder may be under recognized in clinical practice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetics and Genomics of Heritable Pediatric Disorders)
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16 pages, 3147 KB  
Article
Thermal Modulation of Musalais Wine Characteristics: Volatile Profiles and Chemical Composition at Different Brix Levels
by Buhailiqiemu Abudureheman, Minqiang Guo, Jianlin Zhang, Lin Chen, Qian Li, Tiantian Long, Zhuanzhuan Lv, Junli Huang, Dandan Fang, Luxi Jiang, Xingqian Ye and Haibo Pan
Foods 2025, 14(17), 2956; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14172956 - 25 Aug 2025
Viewed by 242
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of fermentation temperatures (22 °C, 25 °C, 28 °C) and concentrations of grape juice Brix (26 °, 29 °, 32 °) on the physicochemical and aroma profiles of Musalais wine, a traditional fermented alcoholic beverage from Xinjiang, China. [...] Read more.
This study investigated the effects of fermentation temperatures (22 °C, 25 °C, 28 °C) and concentrations of grape juice Brix (26 °, 29 °, 32 °) on the physicochemical and aroma profiles of Musalais wine, a traditional fermented alcoholic beverage from Xinjiang, China. The results indicated that higher fermentation temperatures (28 °C) increased total acidity (TA) and residual sugar content (RSC), whereas lower temperatures (22 °C) resulted in higher pH, phenolic content, and anthocyanin content. Ethanol content reached its peak at 25 °C, particularly in Musalais wines produced from 29 Brix of concentrated grape juice. GC-IMS analysis identified 50 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), with esters (30%), alcohols (22%), and ketones (12%) dominating the aroma profile. Wines fermented at 22 °C exhibited the most complex VOC profiles, characterized by fruity esters (ethyl propanoate) and caramel-like ketones (4-methyl-2-pentanone). In contrast, fermentation at 28 °C produced simpler alcohol-dominated aroma profiles. Multivariate analysis (PCA and PLS-DA) confirmed distinct clustering based on temperature, with 19 key markers (ethyl 2-methylpentanoate, 3-octanone) differentiating the Musalais wines. Correlation analysis revealed strong relationships between ethanol, TA, RSC, and specific VOCs. Hierarchical clustering grouped the wines into two categories: those fermented at 22 °C (fruity and rich in complexity) and those fermented at 25–28 °C (alcoholic and simpler profiles). These findings demonstrate that fermentation temperature significantly impacts Musalais wine quality, with 22 °C being optimal for aroma complexity, while 25 °C provided a balance between ethanol production and antioxidant retention. Brix levels of concentrated grape juice modulated acidity and sweetness. This study offers practical insights for optimizing Musalais wine production through controlled fermentation conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Food Biotechnology)
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Article
Iron Ions Increase the Thermal Stability In Vitro and Activity In Vivo of the 447R Mutant Form of Mouse Tryptophan Hydroxylase 2
by Polina D. Komleva, Ekatherina I. Terentieva, Arseniy E. Izyurov and Alexander V. Kulikov
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(17), 8188; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26178188 - 23 Aug 2025
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Abstract
Tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) hydroxylates L-tryptophan to L-5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) the first and rate-limiting step of serotonin (5-HT) synthesis in the mammalian brain. Some mutations in the Tph2 gene reducing TPH2 activity are associated with hereditary depressive disorders. The P447R substitution in the mouse [...] Read more.
Tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) hydroxylates L-tryptophan to L-5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) the first and rate-limiting step of serotonin (5-HT) synthesis in the mammalian brain. Some mutations in the Tph2 gene reducing TPH2 activity are associated with hereditary depressive disorders. The P447R substitution in the mouse TPH2 molecule reduces its thermal stability in vitro and its activity in the brain. The effects of iron ions on thermal stability in vitro and the activity in the brain of the mutant TPH2 were investigated. In the in vitro experiment effects of 0.01, 0.05, and 0.2 mM of FeSO4 and FeCl3 on the enthalpy (ΔH) and Gibbs free energy (ΔG) of thermal denaturation of the mutant TPH2 extracted from the midbrain of Balb/c mice were assayed. All FeSO4 concentrations and 0.05 and 0.2 mM concentrations of FeCl3 increased these thermodynamic characteristics of the mutant TPH2. Repeated (for 7 days) intramuscular administration of Fe(III) hydroxide dextran complex (15 and 30 mg/kg/day) increased TPH2 activity in the hippocampus, but not in the midbrain in Balb/c mice. Repeated (for 7 days) intramuscular administration of Fe(III) hydroxide dextran complex (15 and 30 mg/kg/day) together with thiamine (8 mg/kg/day) and cyanocobalamin (0.8 mg/kg/day) increased TPH2 activity in the hippocampus, while 30 mg/kg of Fe(III) hydroxide dextran also increased the enzyme activity in the midbrain in Balb/c mice. These results are the first evidence for chaperone-like effects of iron ions on thermal stability in vitro and activity in the brain of the mutant TPH2. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protein Stability Research: 2nd Edition)
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