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Water
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Safe Application of Reclaimed Water in Agriculture
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Safe Application of Reclaimed Water in Agriculture

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Wastewater Treatment and Reuse".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 August 2024 | Viewed by 2912

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Zhongyang Li

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Farmland Irrigation, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453002, China
Interests: reclaimed municipal wastewater use; soil remediation; heavy metals; emerging contaminates; irrigation; livestock wastewater reuse; greenhouse gas emission
Dr. Yuan Liu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Farmland Irrigation, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453002, China
Interests: reclaimed water irrigation; antibiotic resistance; rhizosphere electrochemistry; soil chemistry; greenhouse effect; plant nutrition; soil health

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Water shortage and water pollution are a double whammy facing all countries in the world. As agricultural use accounts for 69% of water consumption, improving water use efficiency and seeking alternative irrigation water resources are the ways to ameliorate these challenges.

The waters recovered annually from wastewater are estimated to increase from the current 380 billion m3 to 574 billion m3 in 2050. Reclaimed waters contain nutrients, but they also contain known and unknown organic and inorganic contaminants, not all of which can be removed in wastewater treatment plants. While these contaminants will undergo a multitude of physical and biogeochemical processes, their safety for irrigation remains obscure despite decades of practice. This Special Issue aims to report the progress we have made over the past decades in the application of reclaimed water for irrigation, including the associated environmental issues and their remediations in areas ranging from fundamental research to practical management. Topics of particular interest include, but are not limited to, the following areas:

  • Safe reuse of reclaimed water
  • Emerging contaminates in reclaimed water
  • Reclaimed water irrigation effects on soil health
  • Improvement of reclaimed water quality
  • Reclaimed water irrigation effect on greenhouse gas emissions
  • Reclaimed water irrigation effect on soil and water pollution

Prof. Dr. Zhongyang Li
Dr. Yuan Liu
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • reclaimed water management
  • reclaimed water quality
  • emerging contaminates in reclaimed water
  • reclaimed water irrigation methods
  • reclaimed water and public health
  • reclaimed water and environmental safety
  • reclaimed water and soil quality
  • reclaimed water and climate change

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 4320 KiB  
Article
Reclaimed Water Use Regulations in the U.S.: Evaluating Changes and Regional Patterns in Patchwork State Policies from 2004–2023
by Elizabeth Anne Thilmany, Serena Newton, Paul Goeringer and Rachel E. Rosenberg Goldstein
Water 2024, 16(2), 334; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16020334 - 19 Jan 2024
Viewed by 1301
Abstract
Water reuse, the beneficial use of highly treated municipal wastewater (reclaimed water), is expanding throughout the United States (U.S.); however, there are currently no federal reclaimed water use regulations, only guidelines. As a result, state policies on reclaimed water vary widely, emphasizing the [...] Read more.
Water reuse, the beneficial use of highly treated municipal wastewater (reclaimed water), is expanding throughout the United States (U.S.); however, there are currently no federal reclaimed water use regulations, only guidelines. As a result, state policies on reclaimed water vary widely, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive understanding to facilitate coordinated national planning. Our systematic literature review, utilizing an online legal research database, presents an updated overview of U.S. reclaimed water policies from 2004 to 2023. A novel categorization scheme tracks policy changes, highlighting a 38% increase in states regulating reclaimed water between 2004 and 2023. We also created maps of current reclaimed water use regulations across the U.S. including: (1) a national overview of the reclaimed water policy landscape; and (2) documentation of non-food crop and food crop irrigation policies. As of November 2023, 74% of states (37/50) intentionally regulated reclaimed water use. Regions with historically low water scarcity, such as the Midwest, exhibited lower participation rates in reclaimed water regulation than water-scarce regions in the West. Of the 37 states regulating direct reclaimed water use in 2023, all allowed for at least some agricultural uses; 23 permitted non-food and food crop production use, while 14 states have statutory allowances for direct reclaimed water use on non-food crop production. As climate change stresses freshwater resources, our work provides up-to-date information for policymakers to navigate existing reclaimed water use policies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Safe Application of Reclaimed Water in Agriculture)
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14 pages, 1704 KiB  
Article
Effects of Reclaimed Water Irrigation on Grain Quality and Endogenous Estrogen Concentrations of Winter Wheat
by Yu Chen, Honglu Liu, Taotao Lu, Yan Li, Zhenhao Zheng and Yitong Wang
Water 2023, 15(20), 3671; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15203671 - 20 Oct 2023
Viewed by 1007
Abstract
Reclaimed water irrigation can effectively alleviate the shortage of water resources in arid and semi-arid areas; however, reclaimed water contains organic pollutants that may enter the agricultural production environment through irrigation, such as endogenous estrogens, so people have always paid attention to the [...] Read more.
Reclaimed water irrigation can effectively alleviate the shortage of water resources in arid and semi-arid areas; however, reclaimed water contains organic pollutants that may enter the agricultural production environment through irrigation, such as endogenous estrogens, so people have always paid attention to the safety of reclaimed water irrigation. In this paper, we studied the effects of reclaimed water irrigation, groundwater irrigation, and alternating irrigation of the two water sources on grain quality, as well as endogenous estrogen concentrations of winter wheat and topsoil in the North China Plain during 2015–2016. The results show that the concentrations of crude protein, total soluble sugar, crude ash, crude starch, and reduction-type vitamin C (reduction-type VC) in the winter wheat grains were 12.5–16.4%, 0.85–2.15%, 1.85–3.28%, 61.5–75.0%, and 4.9–16.0 mg/kg, respectively. There were no significant differences in these quality indexes among the irrigation treatments (p > 0.05). The concentrations of endogenous estrogen in the surface soil and winter wheat grain under all irrigation treatments were 0.34–4.01 μg/kg and below the limits of detection (ND)–3.71 μg/kg, respectively. There were no significant differences in the concentrations of endogenous estrogen in the soil and wheat grain among the different irrigation treatments (p > 0.05). The bioconcentration factor (BCF) of the endogenous estrogen in the soil–winter wheat system was 0.08–1.90, and there was no significant difference in the BCF among the irrigation treatments (p > 0.05). Compared with groundwater irrigation, reclaimed water irrigation did not significantly affect endogenous estrogen concentrations in the soil and winter wheat, as well as the bioconcentration factors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Safe Application of Reclaimed Water in Agriculture)
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