Special Issue "Enteric and Respiratory Viruses in Animals"

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Animal Viruses".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2021).

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Tohru Suzuki
E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Ibaraki, Japan
Interests: animal coronaviruses; animal rotaviruses; pathogenicity; reverse genetics
Special Issues and Collections in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The main topic of this Special Issue is enteric and respiratory viruses, which cause severe and acute diarrhea and pneumonia in animals, especially in the agricultural and veterinary industries. Enteric and respiratory viruses include mainly Coronaviruses (PEDV, TGEV, PDCoV, SADS-CoV, Bovine CoV, and Equine CoV), Rotaviruses (RVA, RVB, RVC and RVH), and Caliciviruses (Norovirus, and Sapovirus), Toroviruses, Adenoviruses, Herpesviruses (BHV, and ADV), and Pestiviruses (BVDV, and CSFV). Diarrhea and pneumonia lead to the deterioration of health, insufficient body weight gain, and deaths of young animals, resulting in huge economic losses. However, the available information is still limited regarding enteric and respiratory viruses in animals, and hence, there are few effective strategies for the control and prevention of enteric and respiratory viruses, despite their significant economic impact. Therefore, this Special Issue welcomes all types of manuscripts (e.g., reviews, research articles, and short communications), including novel findings with respect to diagnostic approaches, experimental techniques, molecular mechanisms, pathogenicity, host–virus interactions, and the treatment of enteric and respiratory viruses.

Dr. Tohru Suzuki
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • coronaviruses
  • rotaviruses
  • caliciviruses
  • toroviruses
  • adenoviruses
  • herpesviruses
  • pestiviruses
  • diagnosis
  • experimental techniques
  • pathogenicity
  • treatment

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

Article
Characteristics of Classical Swine Fever Virus Variants Derived from Live Attenuated GPE Vaccine Seed
Viruses 2021, 13(8), 1672; https://doi.org/10.3390/v13081672 - 23 Aug 2021
Viewed by 464
Abstract
The GPE strain is a live attenuated vaccine for classical swine fever (CSF) developed in Japan. In the context of increasing attention for the differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) concept, the achievement of CSF eradication with the GPE proposes it [...] Read more.
The GPE strain is a live attenuated vaccine for classical swine fever (CSF) developed in Japan. In the context of increasing attention for the differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) concept, the achievement of CSF eradication with the GPE proposes it as a preferable backbone for a recombinant CSF marker vaccine. While its infectious cDNA clone, vGPE, is well characterized, 10 amino acid substitutions were recognized in the genome, compared to the original GPE vaccine seed. To clarify the GPE seed availability, this study aimed to generate and characterize a clone possessing the identical amino acid sequence to the GPE seed. The attempt resulted in the loss of the infectious GPE seed clone production due to the impaired replication by an amino acid substitution in the viral polymerase NS5B. Accordingly, replication-competent GPE seed variant clones were produced. Although they were mostly restricted to propagate in the tonsils of pigs, similarly to vGPE, their type I interferon-inducing capacity was significantly lower than that of vGPE. Taken together, vGPE mainly retains ideal properties for the CSF vaccine, compared with the seed variants, and is probably useful in the development of a CSF marker vaccine. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enteric and Respiratory Viruses in Animals)
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Article
New Parvoviruses and Picornavirus in Tissues and Feces of Foals with Interstitial Pneumonia
Viruses 2021, 13(8), 1612; https://doi.org/10.3390/v13081612 - 14 Aug 2021
Viewed by 371
Abstract
Six foals with interstitial pneumonia of undetermined etiology from Southern California were analyzed by viral metagenomics. Spleen, lung, and colon content samples obtained during necropsy from each animal were pooled, and nucleic acids from virus-like particles enriched for deep sequencing. The recently described [...] Read more.
Six foals with interstitial pneumonia of undetermined etiology from Southern California were analyzed by viral metagenomics. Spleen, lung, and colon content samples obtained during necropsy from each animal were pooled, and nucleic acids from virus-like particles enriched for deep sequencing. The recently described equine copiparvovirus named eqcopivirus, as well as three previously uncharacterized viruses, were identified. The complete ORFs genomes of two closely related protoparvoviruses, and of a bocaparvovirus, plus the partial genome of a picornavirus were assembled. The parvoviruses were classified as members of new ungulate protoparvovirus and bocaparvovirus species in the Parvoviridae family. The picornavirus was classified as a new species in the Salivirus genus of the Picornaviridae family. Spleen, lung, and colon content samples from each foal were then tested for these viral genomes by nested PCR and RT-PCR. When present, parvoviruses were detected in both feces and spleen. The picornavirus, protoparvovirus, and eqcopivirus genomes were detected in the lungs of one animal each. Three foals were co-infected with the picornavirus and either a protoparvovirus, bocaparvovirus, or eqcopivirus. Two other foals were infected with a protoparvovirus only. No viral infection was detected in one animal. The complete ORFs of the first equine protoparvoviruses and bocaparvovirus, the partial ORF of the third equine picornavirus, and their detection in tissues of foals with interstitial pneumonia are described here. Testing the involvement of these viruses in fatal interstitial pneumonia or other equine diseases will require larger epidemiological and/or inoculation studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enteric and Respiratory Viruses in Animals)
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Article
Clinical Analysis for Long-Term Sporadic Bovine Viral Diarrhea Transmitted by Calves with an Acute Infection of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus 2
Viruses 2021, 13(4), 621; https://doi.org/10.3390/v13040621 - 04 Apr 2021
Viewed by 574
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a viral pathogen associated with serious problems in the cattle industry. Cattle persistently infected (PI) with BVDV are mild or asymptomatic; however, they become a source of BVDV transmission to other cattle. Hence, it is important to [...] Read more.
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a viral pathogen associated with serious problems in the cattle industry. Cattle persistently infected (PI) with BVDV are mild or asymptomatic; however, they become a source of BVDV transmission to other cattle. Hence, it is important to rapidly identify and remove the PI animals from cattle herds. Whereas cattle acutely infected (AI) with BVDV have various symptoms, yet they generally recover within 3 weeks. However, there is a paucity of information concerning clinical characteristics of AI cattle. Further accumulation of information would be required to accurately diagnose AI cattle with BVDV. Here, we attempted to obtain valuable information via various analyses using a case report of BVD outbreak that occurred for approximately four months in Iwate Prefecture in 2017. Using eight calves and multiple tests (real-time RT-PCR, virus isolation, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and virus neutralization assay) over 6 weeks, we diagnosed the continuous BVD outbreak as an acute infection and not a persistent one. Additionally, we revealed that the sporadic case was caused by low pathogenic BVDV2 via BVDV genotyping and phylogenetic analysis. The data suggest that BVDV2 AI animals might also be a source of transmission to susceptible calves; hence, it might persist for a long period owing to multiple AI animals. These findings provide useful information to diagnose AI and PI cattle with BVDV in the field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enteric and Respiratory Viruses in Animals)
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Article
First Outbreak of an H5N8 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus on a Chicken Farm in Japan in 2020
Viruses 2021, 13(3), 489; https://doi.org/10.3390/v13030489 - 16 Mar 2021
Viewed by 610
Abstract
On 5 November 2020, a confirmed outbreak due to an H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) occurred at an egg-hen farm in Kagawa prefecture (western Japan). This virus, A/chicken/Kagawa/11C/2020 (Kagawa11C2020), was the first HPAI poultry isolate in Japan in 2020 and had [...] Read more.
On 5 November 2020, a confirmed outbreak due to an H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) occurred at an egg-hen farm in Kagawa prefecture (western Japan). This virus, A/chicken/Kagawa/11C/2020 (Kagawa11C2020), was the first HPAI poultry isolate in Japan in 2020 and had multiple basic amino acids—a motif conferring high pathogenicity to chickens—at the hemagglutinin cleavage site. Mortality of chickens was 100% through intravenous inoculation tests performed according to World Organization for Animal Health criteria. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the hemagglutinin of Kagawa11C2020 belongs to clade 2.3.4.4B of the H5 Goose/Guangdong lineage and clusters with H5N8 HPAIVs isolated from wild bird feces collected in Hokkaido (Japan) and Korea in October 2020. These H5N8 HPAIVs are closely related to H5N8 HPAIVs isolated in European countries during the winter of 2019–2020. Intranasal inoculation of chickens with 106 fifty-percent egg infectious doses of Kagawa11C2020 revealed that the 50% chicken lethal dose was 104.63 and the mean time to death was 134.4 h. All infected chickens demonstrated viral shedding beginning on 2 dpi—before clinical signs were observed. These results suggest that affected chickens could transmit Kagawa11C2020 to surrounding chickens in the absence of clinical signs for several days before they died. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enteric and Respiratory Viruses in Animals)
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