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Viruses
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Aquatic Animal Viruses and Antiviral Immunity
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Aquatic Animal Viruses and Antiviral Immunity

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Animal Viruses".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 August 2025 | Viewed by 3265

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Mark Polinski

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
National Cold Water Marine Aquaculture Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service, Franklin, ME 04634, USA
Interests: virology; immunology; aquatic animal health; aquaculture development (new species); molecular diagnostics; host–pathogen interactions; RNA-seq/transcriptomics/genomics; RNA viruses; fish respiratory physiology; MinION sequencing
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Aquatic environments host the highest diversity of animal species on our planet. This diversity is reflected by the aquatic viruses that infect them, as well as in the responses aquatic animals have developed to combat viral infection. Although many insights have been gained for understanding these animal–virus interactions in aquatic ecosystems, there is still much to be uncovered.

For this Special Issue, we invite papers that expand our understanding of aquatic animal–virus interactions with the aim of expanding the body of literature that can be used to enhance farming, biomedical utilization, and environmental stewardship of aquatic ecosystems necessary for maintaining healthy and productive environments. We encourage papers describing new virus discoveries, emerging or changing viral diseases, therapies, molecular detection methods, genetics and advances in understanding viral–host interactions that push the current boundaries of how we understand aquatic viruses and aquatic animal antiviral immunity.

Dr. Mark Polinski
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • aquatic virus
  • aquatic animals
  • innate immunity
  • adaptive immunity
  • host–virus interactions
  • fish
  • aquaculture
  • biomedical research
  • aquatic animal stewardship

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 2256 KiB  
Article
Development of IgY-Based Passive Immunization Against Tilapia Lake Virus: Development and In Vitro Neutralization Assays
by Piyathip Setthawong, Jidapa Yamkasem, Matepiya Khemthong, Puntanat Tattiyapong, Pornphimon Metheenukul, Noppadol Prasertsincharoen, Tuchakorn Lertwanakarn, Naris Thengchaisri and Win Surachetpong
Viruses 2025, 17(3), 448; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17030448 - 20 Mar 2025
Viewed by 409
Abstract
Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) poses a major threat to global tilapia aquaculture and contributes to significant economic losses due to the absence of effective vaccines and treatments. Given the high mortality rates and severe pathological effects of TiLV on tilapia, alternative strategies, such [...] Read more.
Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) poses a major threat to global tilapia aquaculture and contributes to significant economic losses due to the absence of effective vaccines and treatments. Given the high mortality rates and severe pathological effects of TiLV on tilapia, alternative strategies, such as immunoglobulin-based therapies, are being considered for disease control. In this study, we developed specific immunoglobulin Y (IgY) antibodies against TiLV and evaluated their neutralization activity. Laying hens were immunized via intramuscular injections of recombinant TiLV segment 4 protein, and IgY antibodies were extracted and purified from their egg yolks using polyethylene glycol precipitation. Western blot analysis confirmed the specificity of the IgY, which demonstrated no cross-reactivity with nontarget proteins. Neutralization assays revealed a dose-dependent reduction in TiLV infectivity, which declined from 5.01 × 106 TCID50/mL to 5.01 × 104–1.26 × 105 TCID50/mL, with the highest efficacy observed at a 1:2 dilution. Despite the variability in neutralization infectivity among the different hens, IgY effectively inhibited TiLV-induced cytopathic effects. Immunofluorescence assays further confirmed a significant reduction in the TiLV antigen levels in IgY-treated RHTiB cells. Our findings highlight IgY as a promising strategy for TiLV control and suggest its potential application in the prevention of emerging viruses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aquatic Animal Viruses and Antiviral Immunity)
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21 pages, 1732 KiB  
Article
PRV-1 Virulence in Atlantic Salmon Is Affected by Host Genotype
by Mark Polinski, Lynden Gross, David Groman, Marta Alarcón, Mark Braceland, Marije Booman, Delphine Ditlecadet, Samuel May, Nellie Gagné and Kyle Garver
Viruses 2025, 17(2), 285; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17020285 - 19 Feb 2025
Viewed by 578
Abstract
Heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) is a significant disease affecting Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) production in Norway but has had limited impact to production in North America. The causative agent of HSMI is piscine orthoreovirus genotype 1 (PRV-1), and disease [...] Read more.
Heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) is a significant disease affecting Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) production in Norway but has had limited impact to production in North America. The causative agent of HSMI is piscine orthoreovirus genotype 1 (PRV-1), and disease variation between regions is suggested to be at least partially driven by genetic variation of the virus. Using controlled laboratory injection challenges, we corroborate variations in disease outcomes for three PRV-1 isolates (PRV-1a from the eastern Pacific, PRV-1a from the western Atlantic, and PRV-1b from the Norwegian sea); however, virus replication dynamics, host recognition, and PRV-1-associated heart inflammation were also discrete relative to the Atlantic salmon stock challenged, irrespective of the viral isolate used. Specifically, New Brunswick Tobique River Atlantic salmon had less (p < 0.01) heart inflammation relative to Mowi-McConnell Atlantic salmon of Western Canada which, in turn, had less (p < 0.01) heart inflammation than Mowi Atlantic salmon of Scotland when cumulatively considering challenges using all three PRV-1 isolates. These data indicate that the presence of PRV-1a or PRV-1b alone is not sufficient to reliably predict disease and highlights at least one potential mechanism (host genotype) for reducing HSMI disease severity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aquatic Animal Viruses and Antiviral Immunity)
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24 pages, 4033 KiB  
Article
Influence of Viral Re-Infection on Head Kidney Transcriptome of Nervous Necrosis Virus-Resistant and -Susceptible European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, L.)
by Dimitra K. Toubanaki, Odysseas-Panagiotis Tzortzatos, Antonia Efstathiou, Vasileios Bakopoulos and Evdokia Karagouni
Viruses 2025, 17(2), 230; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17020230 - 7 Feb 2025
Viewed by 658
Abstract
Fish viral infections have great environmental and economic implications in aquaculture. Nervous necrosis virus (NNV) is a pathogen affecting more than 120 different species, causing high mortality and morbidity. Herein, we study how NNV re-infection affects the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax [...] Read more.
Fish viral infections have great environmental and economic implications in aquaculture. Nervous necrosis virus (NNV) is a pathogen affecting more than 120 different species, causing high mortality and morbidity. Herein, we study how NNV re-infection affects the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, L.) head kidney transcriptome in disease-resistant and -susceptible sea bass families. To determine how each family responds to re-infection, we performed the RNA-sequencing analysis of experimentally NNV-infected D. labrax. Fish were experimentally infected in a long-term study, and one month after the last recorded death, all surviving fish were re-infected by the same NNV strain. Fish tissues were sampled 7 days upon re-infection. The transcriptome profiles of infected vs. non-infected fish revealed 103 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) for the resistant family and 336 DEGs for the susceptible family. Only a few pathways were commonly enriched in the two families, further indicating that the resistant and susceptible families utilize completely different mechanisms to fight the NNV re-infection. Protein–protein interaction analysis identified a variety of hub genes for the resistant and the susceptible families, quite distinct in their function on NNV resistance. In conclusion, NNV-resistant and -sensitive sea bass transcriptomes were analyzed following NNV survivors’ viral re-infection, offering a glimpse into how host attempts to control the infection depending on its genetic background in relation with virus resistance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aquatic Animal Viruses and Antiviral Immunity)
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12 pages, 2482 KiB  
Article
scTRIM44 Positively Regulated Siniperca Chuatsi Rhabdovirus Through RIG-I- and MDA5-Mediated Interferon Signaling
by Yinjie Niu, Xinmei Yang, Hongru Liang, Xia Luo, Baofu Ma, Qiang Lin, Xiaozhe Fu and Ningqiu Li
Viruses 2024, 16(12), 1876; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16121876 - 2 Dec 2024
Viewed by 1039
Abstract
Tripartite Motif-Containing 44 (TRIM44) is responsible for cancers, neurodegenerative diseases, and viral infections. However, the role of Siniperca chuatsi TRIM44 (scTRIM44) during viral infection remains unclear. In the present study, we analyzed the molecular characteristics of scTRIM44 and its role in infectious spleen [...] Read more.
Tripartite Motif-Containing 44 (TRIM44) is responsible for cancers, neurodegenerative diseases, and viral infections. However, the role of Siniperca chuatsi TRIM44 (scTRIM44) during viral infection remains unclear. In the present study, we analyzed the molecular characteristics of scTRIM44 and its role in infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV), largemouth bass virus (LMBV), and Siniperca chuatsi rhabdovirus (SCRV) infection. ScTRIM44 contained one B-box domain (B, 166–207 aa) and a coiled-coil domain (CC, 279–309 aa), but lacked the canonical RING domain of E3 ubiquitin ligases. The scTRIM44 mRNA was expressed relatively high in immune-related tissues. The mRNA expression of scTRIM44 significantly decreased in vivo and vitro post-ISKNV and -LMBV infection. However, the expression of scTRIM44 mRNA showed significant up-regulation post-SCRV infection. ScTRIM44 positively regulated SCRV infection in CPB cells, but copies of ISKNV and LMBV showed no significant alteration in over-expressed or knocked-down scTRIM44 cells. Moreover, scTRIM44 positively regulated RIG-I- and MDA5-mediated interferon molecule signaling. These data suggested that scTRIM44 promoted SCRV infection by positively regulating RIG-I- and MDA5-mediated interferon molecule signaling, but didn’t regulate ISKNV and LMBV infection. This research provided a comprehensive insight into the antiviral activity of scTRIM44. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aquatic Animal Viruses and Antiviral Immunity)
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