Genomic and Phenotypic Characterization of a Novel Virulent Strain of Cyvirus cyprinidallo2 Originating from an Outbreak in The Netherlands
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection and Handling
2.2. In Vitro Methods
2.2.1. CyHV-2 PCR Detection
2.2.2. Cells and Virus
2.2.3. Initial In Vitro Culture and Characterization of the CyHV-2 Isolates
2.2.4. Plaque Purification and Amplification
2.2.5. Viral DNA Extraction and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) Analysis
2.2.6. Genome Sequencing, Assembly, Phylogenetic and Mutation Analysis
2.2.7. Viral Growth Assay
2.2.8. Viral Plaque Size Assay
2.3. In Vivo
2.3.1. Fish
2.3.2. Infection of Fish with CyHV-2
2.3.3. Transmission Electron Microscopy
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.5. Ethics Statement
3. Results
3.1. Confirmation of CyHV-2 Presence in Pooled Organ Samples
3.2. Virus Isolation and Amplification
3.3. Genomic and Phylogenetic Analysis
3.4. Pathogenicity of the Three Isolates
3.5. In Vitro Growth Kinetics Comparison
3.6. Comparison of In Vivo Pathogenicity of CyHV-2 NL-2 Strain and Reference Strain ST-J1
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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NL-1 | NL-2 | NL-3 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Proportion | Number | Proportion | Number | Proportion | ||
Variants Class | Indel | 13 | 2.2% | 27 | 3.7% | 23 | 3.1% |
Substitution | 40 | 6.6% | 45 | 6.1% | 31 | 4.2% | |
Insertion | 117 | 19.4% | 130 | 17.7% | 153 | 20.5% | |
Deletion | 138 | 22.9% | 179 | 24.4% | 165 | 22.1% | |
SNV | 295 | 48.9% | 353 | 48.1% | 374 | 50.1% | |
Consequences | Stop gained | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 1 | 0.1% |
Frameshift * | 5 | 0.8% | 7 | 1% | 8 | 1.1% | |
Inframe insertion | 29 | 4.8% | 33 | 4.5% | 41 | 5.5% | |
Inframe deletion | 48 | 8% | 61 | 8.3% | 55 | 7.4% | |
Protein altering | 2 | 0.3% | 5 | 0.7% | 5 | 0.7% | |
Missenses | 93 | 15.4% | 118 | 16.1% | 102 | 13.7 | |
Start retained | 1 | 0.2% | 0 | 0% | 2 | 0.3% | |
Stop retained | 0 | 0% | 1 | 0.1% | 1 | 0.1% | |
Synonymous | 106 | 17.6% | 125 | 17% | 124 | 16.6% | |
Coding sequence | 1 | 0.2% | 1 | 0.1% | 2 | 0.3% | |
Upstream gene | 306 | 50.7% | 358 | 48.8% | 390 | 52.3% | |
Downstream gene | 9 | 1.5% | 22 | 3% | 11 | 1.5% | |
Intergenic | 3 | 0.5% | 3 | 0.4% | 4 | 0.5% |
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He, B.; Sridhar, A.; Thiry, M.; Haenen, O.; Vanderplasschen, A.F.C.; Donohoe, O. Genomic and Phenotypic Characterization of a Novel Virulent Strain of Cyvirus cyprinidallo2 Originating from an Outbreak in The Netherlands. Viruses 2025, 17, 658. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17050658
He B, Sridhar A, Thiry M, Haenen O, Vanderplasschen AFC, Donohoe O. Genomic and Phenotypic Characterization of a Novel Virulent Strain of Cyvirus cyprinidallo2 Originating from an Outbreak in The Netherlands. Viruses. 2025; 17(5):658. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17050658
Chicago/Turabian StyleHe, Bo, Arun Sridhar, Marc Thiry, Olga Haenen, Alain F. C. Vanderplasschen, and Owen Donohoe. 2025. "Genomic and Phenotypic Characterization of a Novel Virulent Strain of Cyvirus cyprinidallo2 Originating from an Outbreak in The Netherlands" Viruses 17, no. 5: 658. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17050658
APA StyleHe, B., Sridhar, A., Thiry, M., Haenen, O., Vanderplasschen, A. F. C., & Donohoe, O. (2025). Genomic and Phenotypic Characterization of a Novel Virulent Strain of Cyvirus cyprinidallo2 Originating from an Outbreak in The Netherlands. Viruses, 17(5), 658. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17050658