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Viruses
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Canine Distemper Virus
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Canine Distemper Virus

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Animal Viruses".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 June 2025 | Viewed by 10249

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Monica G. Candela

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Animal Health, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Spain
Interests: wildlife diseases; epidemiology; immunology; disease geographical patterns; one health; co-infection; multi-host diseases
Prof. Dr. Nieves Ortega Hernández

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Animal Health, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
Interests: chlamydia; tuberculosis; immunology; vaccines; molecular diagnosis

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a virus of the genus Morbillivirus that causes a highly contagious, acute, and fatal disease, canine distemper (CD). CDV is a multi-host pathogen with a worldwide distribution, affecting a wide range of wild and domestic species of the Carnivora order. The CDV genome encodes eight viral proteins, two of which are more variable than other CDV proteins, suitable for genetic lineage identification, phylogenetic analysis, and useful markers for evolutionary studies, and likely related to the high geographic distribution and host diversity. Dogs are considered the major reservoir host for CDV, and wildlife is not only a reservoir for CDV, but many species are susceptible to disease. Spillover from canine reservoirs to wildlife species has led to high mortality outbreaks that represent a major conservation threat.

The aim of this Special Issue is to review current research on CDV epidemiology and pathogenesis. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to, the following:

- Worldwide spread of this cosmopolitan virus.

- Plasticity of its geographical distribution.

- The rapid evolution of lineages due to the high variation capacity of its H gene or other factors.

- High similarity to human measles and other morbilliviruses.

- The high frequency of the emergence of new carnivorous hosts.

- The occurrence of epidemic outbreaks in wild species.

- Environmental factors likely to affect distribution and occurrence.

Prof. Dr. Monica G. Candela
Prof. Dr. Nieves Ortega Hernández
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • CDV taxonomy (lineages)
  • new hosts of CDV
  • CDV pathogenesis
  • CDV epidemiology (risk factors, distribution, and prevalence)
  • CDV prevention/risk mitigation

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 4508 KiB  
Article
The Nucleoside Analog GS-441524 Effectively Attenuates the In Vitro Replication of Multiple Lineages of Circulating Canine Distemper Viruses Isolated from Wild North American Carnivores
by Arturo Oliver-Guimera, Brian G. Murphy and M. Kevin Keel
Viruses 2025, 17(2), 150; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17020150 - 23 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1526
Abstract
Canine distemper is a severe and lethal viral disease of dogs and wild carnivores with an urgent need for the identification of effective antiviral agents against canine distemper virus (CDV). We assessed multiple agents for their ability to block the replication of three [...] Read more.
Canine distemper is a severe and lethal viral disease of dogs and wild carnivores with an urgent need for the identification of effective antiviral agents against canine distemper virus (CDV). We assessed multiple agents for their ability to block the replication of three different lineages of CDV isolated from wild carnivores in the United States. Six antiviral compounds were selected after preliminary experiments that excluded ribavirin, hesperidin and rutin: a protease inhibitor (nirmatrelvir), a polymerase inhibitor (favipiravir) and four nucleoside analogs (remdesivir, GS-441524, EIDD2801 and EIDD1931). Antiviral efficacy was determined by the attenuation of the cytopathic effect in a CDV-susceptible cell line and the inhibition of viral RNA replication. The nucleoside analog GS-441524 effectively blocked the replication of CDV at pharmacologically relevant concentrations. Four other antiviral agents inhibited CDV replication to a lesser degree (remdesivir, nirmatrelvir, EIDD2801 and EIDD1931). The replication of different viral lineages was differentially inhibited by the antivirals. Several of the nucleoside analogs have been safely used previously in carnivore species for the treatment of other viral diseases, suggesting that they may be promising candidates for the treatment of canine distemper in dogs. Our results emphasize the need to consider different viral lineages in the screening of antiviral compounds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Canine Distemper Virus)
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9 pages, 529 KiB  
Article
Prolonged Visual Evoked Potential Latencies in Dogs Naturally Infected with Canine Distemper Virus
by Mary Gutiérrez, Luis Delucchi, Alejandro Bielli and José Manuel Verdes
Viruses 2024, 16(11), 1721; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16111721 - 31 Oct 2024
Viewed by 991
Abstract
Canine distemper (CD) is a deadly, multi-system infection caused by a Morbillivirus. The canine distemper virus (CDV) frequently affects the nervous system with demyelinating leukoencephalitis, the most common neurological lesion. The disease has been linked to multiple sclerosis (MS) in humans due to [...] Read more.
Canine distemper (CD) is a deadly, multi-system infection caused by a Morbillivirus. The canine distemper virus (CDV) frequently affects the nervous system with demyelinating leukoencephalitis, the most common neurological lesion. The disease has been linked to multiple sclerosis (MS) in humans due to similar clinical presentation and pathophysiological mechanisms. In MS, visual evoked potentials (VEPs) have been identified as a reliable marker for disease progression, enabling the early detection of clinically suspected lesions. The aim of this study was to determine if there are any abnormalities in VEP responses in dogs with neurological CD. Visual evoked potentials and electroretinogram (ERG) were recorded at both the cranial and spinal levels in dogs naturally infected with CDV and in healthy dogs. The results in the CDV-infected group revealed a bilateral increase in the latency of N1, P1, N2, P2, and N3 waves of the VEPs, without any alterations in their amplitudes. No significant differences were observed in the ERG between the groups. These results suggest that altered VEP responses could serve as an early diagnostic indicator of neurological damage caused by distemper. Therefore, conducting these studies could potentially aid in the detection of central nervous conduction disorders during the subclinical phases of the disease. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Canine Distemper Virus)
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14 pages, 2658 KiB  
Article
Droplet Digital PCR Enhances Sensitivity of Canine Distemper Virus Detection
by Victoria Iribarnegaray, Guillermo Godiño, Camila Larrañaga, Kanji Yamasaki, José Manuel Verdes and Rodrigo Puentes
Viruses 2024, 16(11), 1720; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16111720 - 31 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1492
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) poses a substantial threat to diverse carnivorans, leading to systemic and often fatal diseases. Accurate and prompt diagnosis is paramount for effective management and curbing further transmission. This study evaluates the diagnostic performance of droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) in [...] Read more.
Canine distemper virus (CDV) poses a substantial threat to diverse carnivorans, leading to systemic and often fatal diseases. Accurate and prompt diagnosis is paramount for effective management and curbing further transmission. This study evaluates the diagnostic performance of droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) in comparison to conventional reverse-transcription (RT-PCR) and quantitative reverse-transcription real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). Seventy-six clinical samples were collected from dogs with CDV symptoms diagnosed by specialized veterinarians, and sixteen samples from apparently healthy individuals. Conventional PCR, quantitative real-time PCR, and ddPCR were deployed, and their diagnostic capabilities were meticulously assessed. DdPCR exhibited heightened analytical sensitivity, reaching a detection limit of 3 copies/μL, whereas RT-qPCR had a detection limit of 86 copies/μL. The comparative analysis between clinical diagnosis and molecular techniques, including RT-PCR and RT-qPCR, demonstrated low concordance, with Kappa coefficients of 0.268 and 0.324, respectively. In contrast, ddPCR showed a moderate concordance, with a Kappa coefficient of 0.477. The sensitivity was 42.4% for RT-PCR, 57.9% for RT-qPCR, and 72.4% for ddPCR, with 100% specificity for all methods. This study underscores ddPCR’s superior sensitivity and agreement with clinical CDV diagnosis, even at low viral concentrations, suggesting it as a promising alternative for CDV diagnosis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Canine Distemper Virus)
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15 pages, 9374 KiB  
Article
Pathological Study of Demyelination with Cellular Reactions in the Cerebellum of Dogs Infected with Canine Distemper Virus
by José Manuel Verdes, Camila Larrañaga, Guillermo Godiño, Belén Varela, Victoria Yozzi, Victoria Iribarnegaray, Luis Delucchi and Kanji Yamasaki
Viruses 2024, 16(11), 1719; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16111719 - 31 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1132
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between demyelination and cellular reactions in the cerebellum of Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)-infected dogs. We subdivided the disease staging by adding the degree of demyelination determined by Luxol Fast Blue staining to the [...] Read more.
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between demyelination and cellular reactions in the cerebellum of Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)-infected dogs. We subdivided the disease staging by adding the degree of demyelination determined by Luxol Fast Blue staining to the previously reported disease staging from the acute stage to the chronic stage, and investigated the relationship between demyelination in the cerebellum and the number and histological changes in astroglia, microglia, and Purkinje cells in each stage. Reactions of astrocytes and microglia were observed at an early stage when demyelination was not evident. Changes progressed with demyelination. Demyelination initially began in the medulla adjoining the fourth ventricle and gradually spread to the entire cerebellum, including the lobes. CDV immune-positive granules were seen from the early stage, and inclusion bodies also appeared at the same time. CDV immune-positive reaction and inclusion bodies were observed in astrocytes, microglia, neurons, ependymal cells, and even leptomeningeal mononuclear cells. On the other hand, infiltration of CDV-immunoreactive particles from the pia mater to the gray matter and further into the white matter through the granular layer was observed from an early stage. Purkinje cells decreased from the intermediate stage, and a decrease in cells in the granular layer was also observed. There was no clear association between age and each stage, and the stages did not progress with age. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Canine Distemper Virus)
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10 pages, 4057 KiB  
Communication
Coinfection with Canine Distemper Virus and Yellow Fever Virus in a Neotropical Primate in Brazil
by Maria Angélica Monteiro de Mello Mares-Guia, Marina Carvalho Furtado, Flávia Löwen Levy Chalhoub, Maria Dulce Portugal, Janice Mery Chicarino de Oliveira Coelho, Ana Maria Bispo de Filippis and Felipe Gomes Naveca
Viruses 2024, 16(11), 1670; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16111670 - 25 Oct 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1717
Abstract
We describe a natural coinfection with canine distemper virus (CDV) and yellow fever virus in a free-ranging neotropical primate of the genus Callithrix, found dead in the northeastern region of Brazil. The laboratory diagnosis included histopathology, immunohistochemistry, rRT-PCR, and phylogenetic analyses. The [...] Read more.
We describe a natural coinfection with canine distemper virus (CDV) and yellow fever virus in a free-ranging neotropical primate of the genus Callithrix, found dead in the northeastern region of Brazil. The laboratory diagnosis included histopathology, immunohistochemistry, rRT-PCR, and phylogenetic analyses. The CDV sequences from this primate in Brazil represent a divergent lineage in Rio Grande do Norte, closely related to genotypes EU1/South America 1 and South America 2. To our knowledge, this is the first report of natural coinfection by CDV and yellow fever virus in a neotropical primate, underscoring the need to further investigate the circulation of this virus in Brazilian nonhuman primates and its potential implications for wildlife conservation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Canine Distemper Virus)
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11 pages, 826 KiB  
Brief Report
Concurrent Circulation of Canine Distemper Virus (South America-4 Lineage) at the Wild–Domestic Canid Interface in Aburrá Valley, Colombia
by Carolina Rios-Usuga, Melissa C. Ortiz-Pineda, Sergio Daniel Aguirre-Catolico, Víctor H. Quiroz and Julian Ruiz-Saenz
Viruses 2025, 17(5), 649; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17050649 (registering DOI) - 29 Apr 2025
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is the causative agent of a widespread infectious disease affecting both domestic and wild carnivores. Owing to its ability to cross species barriers and its high fatality rate in unvaccinated animals, CDV poses a significant conservation threat to endangered [...] Read more.
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is the causative agent of a widespread infectious disease affecting both domestic and wild carnivores. Owing to its ability to cross species barriers and its high fatality rate in unvaccinated animals, CDV poses a significant conservation threat to endangered wildlife worldwide. To date, two distinct CDV lineages have been reported in Colombia, with cases documented separately in domestic dogs and wild peri-urban carnivores. This study aimed to detect and characterize the concurrent circulation of CDV in naturally infected domestic dogs and crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous) from the same area in Colombia. Through molecular and phylogenetic analyses, we identified the South America/North America-4 lineage infecting both populations simultaneously. Our findings revealed high genetic variability, multiple virus reintroductions, and a close relationship with CDV strains previously detected in the United States. These results confirm the simultaneous circulation of CDV in the domestic and wildlife interface and underscore the urgent need for an integrated approach to CDV prevention and control involving both domestic and wildlife health interventions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Canine Distemper Virus)
21 pages, 2354 KiB  
Systematic Review
Safety and Immunogenicity of Morbillivirus canis Vaccines for Domestic and Wild Animals: A Scoping Review
by Santiago Rendon-Marin, Luis Felipe Higuita-Gutiérrez and Julian Ruiz-Saenz
Viruses 2024, 16(7), 1078; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16071078 - 4 Jul 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2684
Abstract
Morbillivirus canis (canine distemper virus (CDV)) is recognized as a multihost pathogen responsible for a transmissible disease affecting both domestic and wild animals. A considerable portion of wildlife populations remain unvaccinated due to a lack of safety and immunogenicity data on existing vaccines [...] Read more.
Morbillivirus canis (canine distemper virus (CDV)) is recognized as a multihost pathogen responsible for a transmissible disease affecting both domestic and wild animals. A considerable portion of wildlife populations remain unvaccinated due to a lack of safety and immunogenicity data on existing vaccines for the prevention of CDV infection in these species. This review aimed to assess the current state of CDV vaccination research for both domestic and wild animals and to explore novel vaccine candidates through in vivo studies. It also sought to synthesize the scattered information from the extensive scientific literature on CDV vaccine research, identify key researchers in the field, and highlight areas where research on CDV vaccination is lacking. A scoping review was conducted across four databases following the PRISMA-ScR protocol, with information analyzed using absolute and relative frequencies and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for study number proportions. Among the 2321 articles retrieved, 68 met the inclusion criteria and focused on CDV vaccines in various animal species, such as dogs, ferrets, minks, and mice. Most of the scientific community involved in this research was in the USA, Canada, France, and Denmark. Various vaccine types, including MLV CDV, recombinant virus, DNA plasmids, inactivated CDV, and MLV measles virus (MeV), were identified, along with diverse immunization routes and schedules employed in experimental and commercial vaccines. Safety and efficacy data were summarized. Notably, 37 studies reported postimmunization CDV challenge, primarily in dogs, revealing the survival rates of vaccinated animals. In summary, CDV vaccines generally demonstrate an acceptable safety profile in dogs and show promise as a means of controlling CDV. However, significant gaps in vaccine research persist, particularly concerning wildlife reservoirs, indicating the need for further investigation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Canine Distemper Virus)
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