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Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics of Antimicrobials in Aquatic Animals

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A special issue of Veterinary Sciences (ISSN 2306-7381). This special issue belongs to the section "Veterinary Physiology, Pharmacology, and Toxicology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 April 2023) | Viewed by 9961

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Chi-Chung Chou

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Guest Editor

Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan
Interests: pharmacokinetics in aquatic species; development of HPLC and CE methods for biomedical and food safety applications; drug residues; pathogen identification and disease diagnosis

Dr. Prapansak Srisapoome

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Guest Editor

Department of Aquaculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
Interests: molecular immunology; vaccine; probiotics and prebiotics; expression analysis; fish

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Infectious diseases are among the most serious threats to aquaculture development and continue to plague the aquaculture industry. As antimicrobials remain the main defense of infectious diseases and only few are approved for use in aquatic species, the prudent use of antimicrobials is crucial to the sustainability of aquaculture. A dependable platform to share concepts and findings pertaining to the sensible use of current aquatic antimicrobials, new drug approval, and therapeutic efficacy and safety is required.

The goal of this Research Topic is to advance scientific knowledge pertaining to the development and application of aquatic antimicrobial drugs, including antibacterial, antiviral, antiparasitic and antifungal agents, as well as antiseptics and disinfectants. Topics regarding all aspects of basic and clinical pharmacology, including, but not limited to, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic modeling, pharmacotherapeutics, pharmacognosy, pharmacogenetics, and pharmacovigilance in all aquatic species of domestic, wild, and laboratory origin are welcome. Factors affecting the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic behaviors of antimicrobials and the use of anesthetics/analgesics to facilitate aquatic research are also of interest.

Unless appropriate justification is provided, research regarding prohibited or unapproved drugs such as malachite green, chloramphenicol, nitrofurans, and higher generations of cephalosporin in food fish and shellfish are discouraged from submission to minimize the improper use of aquatic drugs.

Prof. Dr. Chi-Chung Chou
Dr. Prapansak Srisapoome
Guest Editors

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

aquatic animals
antimicrobials
pharmacology
pharmacokinetics
anesthetics
antibacterial
antiviral
antiparasitic
antifungal

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 1039 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Use of Tricaine Methanesulfonate (MS-222) in Asian Seabass (Lates calcarifer) at Different Temperatures: Study of Optimal Doses, Minimum Effective Concentration, Blood Biochemistry, Immersion Pharmacokinetics, and Tissue Distributions

by Julia Chu-Ning Hsu, Tirawat Rairat, Yi-Ping Lu and Chi-Chung Chou

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(9), 539; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10090539 - 24 Aug 2023

Viewed by 1641

Abstract

This study was conducted to determine the optimal doses and minimum effective concentrations (MECs) of tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) in marketable-size Asian seabass reared at two temperatures (22 and 28 °C). Serum biochemical parameters, pharmacokinetics, and tissue distributions of MS-222 following immersion at the determined optimal doses were also evaluated in order to delineate possible mechanisms dictating the temperature difference. The definition of optimal dose is set as the dose when fish attain stage III anesthesia within 5 min, sustain this stage for 3 min, and re-attain equilibrium within 5 min. The MEC is the fish serum MS-222 concentration when stage III anesthesia is reached. The results showed that water temperature exerted no or minimal impact on the designated parameters. The optimal doses at 22 and 28 °C were 140 and 150 µg/mL, while the MECs were 70.48 and 78.27 µg/mL, respectively. Fish exposed to the optimal doses of MS-222 had significantly elevated blood concentrations of lactate, glucose, calcium, magnesium, and sodium, while the blood pH was significantly decreased. The fish eliminated MS-222 faster at 28 °C than at 22 °C, with serum half-lives of 18.43 and 37.01 h, respectively. Tissue-specific distribution patterns were evident. Irrespective of water temperature, MS-222 peaked at 5 min for the brain and gill but peaked slightly later at 10–20 min for the liver and kidney. Most tissues exhibit a gradual decline of drug concentration except for the gill, which was maintained at a steady level. Muscle is the least perfused tissue with the lowest drug concentration throughout the 90 min period. This study provided physiological and pharmacokinetic evidence contributing to a better understanding of the actions of MS-222 in Asian seabass at different temperatures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics of Antimicrobials in Aquatic Animals)

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11 pages, 1503 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Population Pharmacokinetics of Difloxacin in Crucian Carp (Carassius auratus) after a Single Oral Administration

by Kai-Li Ma, Fang Yang, Mei Zhang, Jun-Cheng Chen, Ming-Hui Duan, Ze-En Li, Yan Dai, Yue Liu, Yang-Guang Jin and Fan Yang

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(7), 416; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10070416 - 27 Jun 2023

Viewed by 991

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the population pharmacokinetics of difloxacin in crucian carp (Carassius auratus) orally provided a single dose of 20 mg/kg body weight (BW). To achieve this, fish were sampled at various intervals using a sparse sampling strategy, and plasma samples were analyzed using the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Subsequently, naïve average data were analyzed using a non-compartmental method, and a population model was developed based on the nonlinear mixed effects approach. The covariate of BW and the relationship between covariances were sequentially incorporated into the population model. However, it was found that only covariance and not BW affected the population parameters. Therefore, the covariance model was taken as the final population model, which revealed that the typical values of the absorption rate constant (tvKa), apparent volume of distribution per bioavailability (tvV), and clearance rate per bioavailability (tvCl) were 1.18 1/h, 14.18 L/kg, and 0.20 L/h/kg, respectively. Based on the calculated free AUC/MIC values, the current oral dose of difloxacin (20 mg/kg BW) cannot generate adequate plasma concentrations to inhibit pathogens with MIC values above 0.83 μg/mL. Further study should be carried out to collect the pathogens from crucian carp and determine the MIC data of difloxacin against them. Pharmacodynamic experiments must also be further carried out to determine the optimal therapeutic dose for the treatment of Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics of Antimicrobials in Aquatic Animals)

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12 pages, 1331 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Temperature on the Pharmacokinetics, Tissue Residues, and Withdrawal Times of Doxycycline in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) following Oral Administration

by Orhan Corum, Kamil Uney, Ertugrul Terzi, Duygu Durna Corum, Devran Coskun, Feray Altan and Muammer Elmas

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(6), 401; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10060401 - 18 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1562

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics, tissue residues, and withdrawal times of doxycycline after oral administration in rainbow trout reared at 10 and 17 °C. Fish received a 20 mg/kg oral dose of doxycycline after a single or 5-day administration. Six rainbow trout were used at each sampling time point for plasma and tissue samples, including liver, kidney, and muscle and skin. The doxycycline concentration in the samples was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detector. The pharmacokinetic data were evaluated by non-compartmental kinetic analysis. The WT 1.4 software program was used to estimate the withdrawal times. The increase of temperature from 10 to 17 °C shortened the elimination half-life from 41.72 to 28.87 h, increased the area under the concentration–time curve from 173.23 to 240.96 h * μg/mL, and increased the peak plasma concentration from 3.48 to 5.50 μg/mL. At 10 and 17 °C, the doxycycline concentration was obtained in liver > kidney > plasma > muscle and skin. According to the MRL values stated for muscle and skin in Europe and China (100 μg/kg) and in Japan (50 μg/kg), the withdrawal times of doxycycline at 10 and 17 °C were 35 and 31 days, respectively, for Europe and China and 43 and 35 days, respectively, for Japan. Since temperature significantly affected pharmacokinetic behavior and withdrawal times of doxycycline in rainbow trout, temperature-dependent dosing regimens and withdrawal times of doxycycline might be necessary. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics of Antimicrobials in Aquatic Animals)

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18 pages, 4327 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impacts of Oral Florfenicol Medication and Residues on the Kidney and Liver of Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.)

by Avishek Bardhan, Thangapalam Jawahar Abraham, Jasmine Singha, Ravindran Rajisha, Edaparambil Krishnappan Nanitha Krishna, Satyen Kumar Panda and Prasanna Kumar Patil

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10010036 - 3 Jan 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2498

Abstract

Florfenicol (FFC), an approved aquaculture antibiotic, is administered in feed at doses of 10–15 mg kg biomass⁻¹ day⁻¹ for 10 successive days. In this study, healthy Oreochromis niloticus were fed with 0–10 times the therapeutic dose of 15 mg kg biomass⁻¹ day⁻¹ for 10 days and tracked for 43 days post dosing. Assessments of residue accrual and depletion, oxidative stress, serum biochemistry, histopathology and extent of kidney and liver damages were made. FFC dosing reduced the feed intake significantly. The therapeutic dose produced no mortalities on day 10. Dose-dependent alterations in serum biochemistry were noted upon dosing. Several histopathological alterations were observed in the kidney and liver, which vindicated the toxic potentials of FFC. The residual FFC and florfenicol amine (FFA) accrual, depletion and oxidative stress responses, such as increased malondialdehyde, total nitric oxide, ferric reducing antioxidant power and reduced glutathione S-transferase activity, were documented. The dietary FFC persuaded the physiological state of O. niloticus, the effects of which normalized sparsely with time upon cessation of dosing at the higher doses. The study provided a brief outlook on the physiological responses upon oral FFC administration, which should be kept in mind during its application for fish health safety purposes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics of Antimicrobials in Aquatic Animals)

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Review

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14 pages, 1501 KiB

Open AccessReview

Understanding CNS Effects of Antimicrobial Drugs Using Zebrafish Models

by Maria M. Kotova, David S. Galstyan, Tatiana O. Kolesnikova, Murilo S. de Abreu, Tamara G. Amstislavskaya, Tatyana Strekalova, Elena V. Petersen, Konstantin B. Yenkoyan, Konstantin A. Demin and Allan V. Kalueff

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(2), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10020096 - 29 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2145

Abstract

Antimicrobial drugs represent a diverse group of widely utilized antibiotic, antifungal, antiparasitic and antiviral agents. Their growing use and clinical importance necessitate our improved understanding of physiological effects of antimicrobial drugs, including their potential effects on the central nervous system (CNS), at molecular, cellular, and behavioral levels. In addition, antimicrobial drugs can alter the composition of gut microbiota, and hence affect the gut–microbiota–brain axis, further modulating brain and behavioral processes. Complementing rodent studies, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) emerges as a powerful model system for screening various antimicrobial drugs, including probing their putative CNS effects. Here, we critically discuss recent evidence on the effects of antimicrobial drugs on brain and behavior in zebrafish, and outline future related lines of research using this aquatic model organism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics of Antimicrobials in Aquatic Animals)

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