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Toxins
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Emerging Strategies for Extraction and Analysis of Mycotoxins in Food
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Emerging Strategies for Extraction and Analysis of Mycotoxins in Food

A special issue of Toxins (ISSN 2072-6651). This special issue belongs to the section "Mycotoxins".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 August 2023) | Viewed by 21317

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Yonghua Xiong

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
Interests: food safety and quality control; lateral flow immunoassay; optical sensors; nanoparticle; ultrasensitive detection
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Xiaolin Huang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
Interests: food safety detection; immunoassay; biosensor; nanomaterials; in vitro diagnostic
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Mycotoxins are a highly toxic secondary metabolite produced by several microscopic filamentous fungi and are a major threat to human and animal health. The ingestion of foods contaminated with mycotoxins, even at low levels, may have adverse effects on consumers. Mycotoxin-related food poisoning incidents occur occasionally around the world. Although the harm of mycotoxins could be effectively reduced by various mycotoxin-detoxifying technologies, developing emerging strategies for the extraction and analysis of mycotoxin residuals in food is still of great significance. In recent years, numerous excellent work on the extraction and analysis of mycotoxins has been reported, and great progress and achievements are expected to accelerate the rapid development of this field. Therefore, we hope that this Special Issue will summarize the latest developments. In this Special Issue of Toxins, the contributions of original research articles or reviews related to emerging strategies for extraction and analysis of mycotoxins in food are welcomed. Topics of interest will especially include targeted and untargeted adsorption or extraction technologies, in vitro rapid detection technologies, instrumental analysis methods, mycotoxin binding and degrading materials, and so on. We sincerely invite you to share the latest research achievements with our readers.

Prof. Dr. Yonghua Xiong
Prof. Dr. Xiaolin Huang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a double-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Toxins is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • mycotoxins
  • extraction
  • analysis
  • biosensors
  • degradation
  • targeted and nontargeted screening

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 1097 KB  
Article
Efficacy of Feed Additive Containing Bentonite and Enzymatically Hydrolyzed Yeast on Intestinal Health and Growth of Newly Weaned Pigs under Chronic Dietary Challenges of Fumonisin and Aflatoxin
by Zixiao Deng, Ki Beom Jang, Sangita Jalukar, Xiangwei Du and Sung Woo Kim
Toxins 2023, 15(7), 433; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15070433 - 30 Jun 2023
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2927
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of a feed additive containing bentonite and enzymatically hydrolyzed yeast on the intestinal health and growth of newly weaned pigs under chronic dietary exposure to fumonisin and aflatoxin. Newly weaned pigs were randomly allotted to one [...] Read more.
This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of a feed additive containing bentonite and enzymatically hydrolyzed yeast on the intestinal health and growth of newly weaned pigs under chronic dietary exposure to fumonisin and aflatoxin. Newly weaned pigs were randomly allotted to one of four possible treatments: a control diet of conventional corn; a diet of corn contaminated with fumonisin and aflatoxin; a diet of mycotoxin-contaminated corn with 0.2% of feed additive; and a diet of mycotoxin contaminated corn with 0.4% of feed additive. We observed lower average weight gain and average daily feed intake in pigs that were fed only mycotoxin-contaminated corn compared to the control group. Feed additive supplementation linearly increased both average weight gain and feed intake, as well as tumor necrosis factor-alpha. In the jejunum, there was an observed decrease in immunoglobulin A and an increase in claudin-1. Additionally, feed additive supplementation increased the villus height to crypt depth ratio compared to the control. In conclusion, feed additives containing bentonite and enzymatically hydrolyzed yeast could mitigate the detrimental effects of mycotoxins on the growth performance of newly weaned pigs by improving intestinal integrity and positively modulating immune response. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Strategies for Extraction and Analysis of Mycotoxins in Food)
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11 pages, 2036 KB  
Article
Ultrasensitive Lateral Flow Immunoassay for Fumonisin B1 Detection Using Highly Luminescent Aggregation-Induced Emission Microbeads
by Ge Xu, Xiaojing Fan, Xirui Chen, Zilong Liu, Guoxin Chen, Xiaxia Wei, Xiangmin Li, Yuankui Leng, Yonghua Xiong and Xiaolin Huang
Toxins 2023, 15(1), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15010079 - 16 Jan 2023
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3330
Abstract
Lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) based on fluorescent microbeads has attracted much attention for its use in rapid and accurate food safety monitoring. However, conventional fluorescent microbeads are limited by the aggregation-caused quenching effect of the loaded fluorophores, thus resulting in low signal intensity [...] Read more.
Lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) based on fluorescent microbeads has attracted much attention for its use in rapid and accurate food safety monitoring. However, conventional fluorescent microbeads are limited by the aggregation-caused quenching effect of the loaded fluorophores, thus resulting in low signal intensity and insufficient sensitivity of fluorescent LFIA. In this study, a green-emitting fluorophore with an aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristic was encapsulated in polymer nanoparticles via an emulsification technique to form ultrabright fluorescent microbeads (denoted as AIEMBs). The prepared AIEMBs were then applied in a competitive LFIA (AIE-LFIA) as signal reporters for the rapid and highly sensitive screening of fumonisin B1 (FB1) in real corn samples. High sensitivity with a detection limit of 0.024 ng/mL for FB1 was achieved by the developed AIE-LFIA. Excellent selectivity, good accuracy, and high reliability of the AIE-LFIA were demonstrated, indicating a promising platform for FB1 screening. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Strategies for Extraction and Analysis of Mycotoxins in Food)
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12 pages, 2033 KB  
Article
Bifunctional M13 Phage as Enzyme Container for the Reinforced Colorimetric–Photothermal Dual-Modal Sensing of Ochratoxin A
by Weipeng Tong, Hanpeng Xiong, Hao Fang, Yuhao Wu, Haichuan Li, Xiaolin Huang, Yuankui Leng and Yonghua Xiong
Toxins 2023, 15(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15010005 - 20 Dec 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2536
Abstract
“Point of care” (POC) methods without expensive instruments and special technicians are greatly needed for high-throughput analysis of mycotoxins. In comparison, the most widely used screening method of the conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) confronts low sensitivity and harmful competing antigens. Herein, we [...] Read more.
“Point of care” (POC) methods without expensive instruments and special technicians are greatly needed for high-throughput analysis of mycotoxins. In comparison, the most widely used screening method of the conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) confronts low sensitivity and harmful competing antigens. Herein, we develop a plasmonic-photothermal ELISA that allows precise readout by color-temperature dual-modal signals based on enzymatic reaction-induced AuNP aggregation for highly sensitive detection of ochratoxin A (OTA). The bifunctional M13 phage carrying OTA that mimics the mimotope on the end of p3 proteins and abundant biotin molecules on the major p8 proteins is adopted as an eco-friendly competing antigen and enzyme container for amplifying the signal intensity. Under optimal conditions, both colorimetric and photothermal signals enable good dynamic linearity for quantitative OTA detection with the limits of detection at 12.1 and 8.6 pg mL−1, respectively. Additionally, the proposed ELISA was adapted to visual determination with a cutoff limit of 78 pg mL−1 according to a vivid color change from deep blue to red. The recoveries of OTA-spiked corn samples indicate the high accuracy and robustness of the proposed method. In conclusion, our proposed strategy provides a promising method for eco-friendly and sensitive POC screening of OTA. Moreover, it can be easily applied to other analytes by changing the involved specific mimotope sequence. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Strategies for Extraction and Analysis of Mycotoxins in Food)
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10 pages, 1657 KB  
Article
Nanobody-Nanoluciferase Fusion Protein-Enabled Immunoassay for Ochratoxin A in Coffee with Enhanced Specificity and Sensitivity
by Kunlu Bao, Xing Liu, Yujing Liao, Zilong Liu, Hongmei Cao, Long Wu and Qi Chen
Toxins 2022, 14(10), 713; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14100713 - 19 Oct 2022
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2994
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA), one of the best-known mycotoxins, causes problems concerning food safety with potential toxic effects in humans and animals. So, it is crucial to develop simple and sensitive methods for the detection of OTA. Herein, a nanoluciferase–nanobody fusion protein (Nb28-Nluc)-retaining antibody [...] Read more.
Ochratoxin A (OTA), one of the best-known mycotoxins, causes problems concerning food safety with potential toxic effects in humans and animals. So, it is crucial to develop simple and sensitive methods for the detection of OTA. Herein, a nanoluciferase–nanobody fusion protein (Nb28-Nluc)-retaining antibody recognition and enzymatic activity was first prepared, which was then applied as a bifunctional tracer to construct a one-step bioluminescent enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (BLEIA) for OTA in coffee samples. On the basis of Nb28-Nluc, the BLEIA can be completed with a one-step incubation and detection, with only a substrate replacement from 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to a Nluc assay reagent (Furimazine). Under the optimal experimental conditions, the proposed one-step BLEIA achieved a detection limit of 3.7 ng/mL (IC10) within 3 h. Moreover, the BLEIA method showed good repeatability and accuracy in the spike recovery experiments with recoveries of 83.88% to 120.23% and relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 5.2% to 24.7%, respectively. Particularly, the BLEIA displayed superior performances, such as fewer operations and more rapid and sensitive detection as compared with Nb28-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Therefore, the proposed one-step BLEIA has great potential for the sensitive and accurate screening of OTA in food samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Strategies for Extraction and Analysis of Mycotoxins in Food)
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20 pages, 3753 KB  
Article
A Nanobody-Based Immunoassay for Detection of Ustilaginoidins in Rice Samples
by Weixuan Wang, Gan Gu, Ruya Yin, Jiajin Fu, Mingpeng Jing, Zhen Shen, Daowan Lai, Baomin Wang and Ligang Zhou
Toxins 2022, 14(10), 659; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14100659 - 23 Sep 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3209
Abstract
Ustilaginoidins are a class of bis-naphtho-γ-pyrone mycotoxins produced by the pathogen Villosiclava virens of rice false smut, which has recently become one of the most devastating diseases in rice-growing regions worldwide. In this research, the nanobody phage display library was established after an [...] Read more.
Ustilaginoidins are a class of bis-naphtho-γ-pyrone mycotoxins produced by the pathogen Villosiclava virens of rice false smut, which has recently become one of the most devastating diseases in rice-growing regions worldwide. In this research, the nanobody phage display library was established after an alpaca was immunized with the hemiustilaginoidin F-hapten coupled with bovine serum albumin (BSA). Heterologous antigen selection and combing trypsin with competition alternant elution methods were performed for nanobody screening. Two nanobodies, namely, Nb-B15 and Nb–C21, were selected for the establishment of indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ic-ELISAs). For Nb–B15 and Nb-C21, their IC50 values were 11.86 μg/mL and 11.22 μg/mL, and the detection ranges were at 3.41–19.98 μg/mL and 1.17–32.13 μg/mL, respectively. Two nanobodies had a broad spectrum to quantify the contents of total ustilaginoidins in rice samples according to cross-reactivity. The recognition mechanisms of Nb-B15 and Nb-C21 against ustilaginoidin A were elucidated by molecular modeling and docking. The key amino acid sites for the binding of Nb–B15 or Nb–C21 to ustilaginoidin A were mainly located in the FR1 and CDR1 regions. As Nb-B15 was superior to Nb–C21 in the aspects of protein expression, ELISA titer, and tolerance to organic solvents, it was selected for application in the detection of actual contaminated rice samples. The total ustilaginoidin contents of rice samples were analyzed by Nb–B15-based ic–ELISA and HPLC-DAD, between which the results were found to be consistent. The developed immunoassay based on the nanobody from the alpaca can be employed as a rapid and effective method for detection of total utilaginoidins in contaminated rice samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Strategies for Extraction and Analysis of Mycotoxins in Food)
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Review

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24 pages, 1515 KB  
Review
Recent Insights into Sample Pretreatment Methods for Mycotoxins in Different Food Matrices: A Critical Review on Novel Materials
by Yu Bian, Yuan Zhang, Yu Zhou, Binbin Wei and Xuesong Feng
Toxins 2023, 15(3), 215; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15030215 - 10 Mar 2023
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 5424
Abstract
Mycotoxins pollution is a global concern, and can pose a serious threat to human health. People and livestock eating contaminated food will encounter acute and chronic poisoning symptoms, such as carcinogenicity, acute hepatitis, and a weakened immune system. In order to prevent or [...] Read more.
Mycotoxins pollution is a global concern, and can pose a serious threat to human health. People and livestock eating contaminated food will encounter acute and chronic poisoning symptoms, such as carcinogenicity, acute hepatitis, and a weakened immune system. In order to prevent or reduce the exposure of human beings and livestock to mycotoxins, it is necessary to screen mycotoxins in different foods efficiently, sensitively, and selectively. Proper sample preparation is very important for the separation, purification, and enrichment of mycotoxins from complex matrices. This review provides a comprehensive summary of mycotoxins pretreatment methods since 2017, including traditionally used methods, solid-phase extraction (SPE)-based methods, liquid-liquid extraction (LLE)-based methods, matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD), QuEChERS, and so on. The novel materials and cutting-edge technologies are systematically and comprehensively summarized. Moreover, we discuss and compare the pros and cons of different pretreatment methods and suggest a prospect. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Strategies for Extraction and Analysis of Mycotoxins in Food)
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