Uremic Toxins and Chronic Kidney Disease

A special issue of Toxins (ISSN 2072-6651). This special issue belongs to the section "Uremic Toxins".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 January 2027 | Viewed by 1306

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
1. Unidad de Gestión Clínica Nefrología, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
2. Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
3. Department of Medicine, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
Interests: chronic kidney disease; CKD-MBD; prevention of renal progression

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Unidad de Gestión Clínica Nefrología, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
2. Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
3. Department of Medicine, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
Interests: chronic kidney disease; CKD-MBD; prevention of renal progression

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasingly recognized as a systemic disorder in which the accumulation of uremic toxins contributes to inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and cardiovascular morbidity. Particularly relevant are toxins largely derived from intestinal microbial metabolism of dietary precursors. Nutritional interventions that modulate toxin generation and clearance therefore represent a key therapeutic frontier. Emerging evidence shows that dietary protein restriction, increased intake of plant-based foods, and controlled supplementation with fiber or prebiotics can reduce circulating concentrations of several uremic solutes.  Integrating such approaches within individualized nutritional care plans could help delay CKD progression and mitigate cardiovascular risk, reinforcing the great clinical relevance of the topic raised in this review. However, heterogeneity in dietary adherence, gut microbiota variability, and differences in residual renal function pose significant challenges. Future research should clarify optimal dietary patterns, define reliable biomarkers of uremic toxicity, and explore synergistic combinations of diet, pharmacologic, and dialysis-based strategies. Addressing the uremic milieu through nutrition is fundamental and implies a pathophysiological intervention. Tailored nutritional strategies targeting toxin production and gut–kidney interactions offer a tangible opportunity to improve survival and quality of life in CKD. The purpose of this Special Issue is to provide an updated overview of the complex interplay between nutrition, metabolic alterations, and the accumulation of uremic solutes across the spectrum of CKD. The Special Issue aims to gather original research, reviews, and clinical perspectives addressing how dietary patterns, nutritional therapies, and lifestyle interventions influence toxin generation, inflammation, oxidative stress, and cardiovascular and renal outcomes.

Dr. M. Victoria Pendón-RuizdeMier
Dr. Cristian Rodelo-Haad
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • chronic kidney disease
  • uremic toxins
  • nutritional intervention
  • prevention renal progression
  • keto analogues

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

12 pages, 882 KB  
Article
Optimization of Ibuprofen Route and Dosage to Enhance Protein-Bound Uremic Toxin Clearance During Hemodialysis
by Víctor Joaquín Escudero-Saiz, Elena Cuadrado-Payán, María Rodríguez-García, Gregori Casals, Lida María Rodas, Néstor Fontseré, María del Carmen Salgado, Carla Bastida, Nayra Rico, José Jesús Broseta and Francisco Maduell
Toxins 2026, 18(1), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins18010037 - 11 Jan 2026
Viewed by 1029
Abstract
Protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUT), particularly indoxyl sulphate (IS) and p-cresyl sulphate (pCS), are poorly removed by conventional haemodialysis because of their strong albumin binding. These toxins are associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in haemodialysis patients. Displacer molecules such as ibuprofen enhance PBUT [...] Read more.
Protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUT), particularly indoxyl sulphate (IS) and p-cresyl sulphate (pCS), are poorly removed by conventional haemodialysis because of their strong albumin binding. These toxins are associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in haemodialysis patients. Displacer molecules such as ibuprofen enhance PBUT clearance by competing for albumin-binding sites, but the optimal dose and route of administration remain unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different ibuprofen doses, infusion durations, and routes of administration on the removal of IS and pCS during on-line hemodiafiltration (OL-HDF). In this prospective, single-centre, crossover study, 21 chronic haemodialysis patients receiving intradialytic analgesia underwent nine OL-HDF sessions. Ibuprofen was administered at two doses (400 or 800 mg) either in the arterial pre-filter line (infusion over 1 h, 2 h, or 3 h) or in the venous post-filter line (30 min). Reduction ratios (RR) of total IS and pCS were determined by LC-MS and corrected for haemoconcentration. Statistical analysis included repeated-measures ANOVA with post-hoc testing. Baseline RR for IS and pCS were 53.7 ± 9.9% and 47.1 ± 10.9%, respectively. The highest RR was achieved with 800 mg ibuprofen infused via the arterial line over 2 h (IS: 60.8 ± 8.6%; pCS: 57.8 ± 9.7%). All arterial-line 800 mg regimens and the 3-h 400 mg infusion significantly improved pCS clearance versus baseline; IS clearance improved significantly only with arterial-line 800 mg regimens and with the 400 mg 3-h infusion. Infusion rate (1–3 h) had no significant effect on RR within the same dose group. Pain scores decreased significantly after dialysis regardless of ibuprofen regimen. Arterial-line administration of ibuprofen enhances total IS and pCS removal during OL-HDF, with higher doses yielding greater clearance. Prolonged low-dose infusion appears similarly effective for pCS and may reduce systemic exposure, potentially lowering toxicity risk. These findings support the arterial line as the preferred route for displacer administration in clinical practice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Uremic Toxins and Chronic Kidney Disease)
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