Advances in Monitoring, Transformation and Ecological Risk Assessment of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in Aquatic Environments

A special issue of Toxics (ISSN 2305-6304). This special issue belongs to the section "Emerging Contaminants".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 October 2025 | Viewed by 389

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
School of Environmental Engineering and Science, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 083000, China
Interests: pharmaceuticals and personal care products; water environment monitoring; ecological risk assessment; bioavailability; biological effects

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Guest Editor
School of Environmental Engineering and Science, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
Interests: anammox; wastewater treatment; nitrogen removal; sustainability; process op-timization; technological advancements; environmental engineering; biological treatment
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Due to their widespread use and incomplete elimination, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) have been frequently detected in aquatic environments. Although the concentrations of these pollutants are generally found at low levels, their presence is considered to pose a threat to aquatic organisms and human health. However, information about their bioavailability, biological effects, fate, and ecological risk is still largely unknown in the presence of environmental factors, such as natural organic materials, suspended particles, and micro/nanoplastics. Further investigation is also needed relating to the removal and metabolic pathways of PPCPs in wastewater treatment processes. Given that the emerging pollutants in aquatic ecosystems may threaten human health, special attention should be paid to these pollutants.

We invite research and review papers on, but not limited to, the following research areas:

  • Advanced monitoring method of PPCPs in aquatic systems;
  • Bioavailability of PPCPs under the influence of environmental factors;
  • Transformation and metabolic pathways of PPCPs in wastewater treatment;
  • Ecotoxicological effects of PPCPs on aquatic organisms;
  • Ecological risk assessment of PPCPs in water bodies.

Dr. Haohan Yang
Prof. Dr. Jun Wu
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Toxics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • PPCPs
  • natural organic materials
  • micro/nanoplastics
  • bioavailability
  • ecological risk assessment
  • biological effects
  • transfromation and metabolic pathways

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

13 pages, 2884 KiB  
Article
Overlooked Photochemical Risk of Antimicrobial Fragrances: Formation of Potent Allergens and Their Mechanistic Pathways
by Xiaolin Niu, Junji Wu, Yi Chen, Na Luo and Yanpeng Gao
Toxics 2025, 13(5), 386; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13050386 - 10 May 2025
Viewed by 250
Abstract
Antimicrobial fragrances, commonly found in household and personal care products, are frequently detected in water bodies, yet their environmental fate and transformation mechanisms remain inadequately explored. This study investigates the photochemical transformation of cinnamaldehyde (CA), a representative antimicrobial fragrance, and its consequence for [...] Read more.
Antimicrobial fragrances, commonly found in household and personal care products, are frequently detected in water bodies, yet their environmental fate and transformation mechanisms remain inadequately explored. This study investigates the photochemical transformation of cinnamaldehyde (CA), a representative antimicrobial fragrance, and its consequence for toxicological effects. The results showed that under UV irradiation, 94.6% CA was eliminated within 60 min, with a degradation rate of 0.059 min−1. Laser flash photolysis, quenching experiments, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectra identified O2•− and 3CA* as the important species, contributing 29.4% and 33.6%, respectively, to the transformation process. Additionally, singlet oxygen (1O2), hydroxyl radicals (OH), and solvated electrons (eaq) were involved in mediating the oxidation reactions. These species facilitated photoionization and oxidation, resulting in the formation of five major transformation products, including cis-cinnamyl aldehyde, cinnamic acid, styrene, 1aH-indeno [1,2-b]oxirene), and 1-Oxo-1H-indene. Most of these products were persistent, and exhibited considerable ecotoxicological risks. Specifically, the cinnamic acid and 1-Oxo-1H-indene caused severe skin irritation, while cinnamic acid induced significant eye irritation. Notably, the transformation products demonstrated sensitizing effects on human skin. This study underscores the overlooked ecotoxicological risks associated with the photochemical transformation of antimicrobial fragrances, revealing their potential to generate potent allergens and other harmful byproducts. Full article
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