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Symmetry
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Symmetry, Asymmetry and Other Patterns in Structural Engineering with Its...
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Symmetry, Asymmetry and Other Patterns in Structural Engineering with Its Application

A special issue of Symmetry (ISSN 2073-8994). This special issue belongs to the section "Engineering and Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2025 | Viewed by 3600

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Katarzyna Kubicka

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Kielce University of Technology, al. Tysiąclecia PP 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland
Interests: structural mechanics; steel structures; reliability analysis of steel structures; design of steel structures for fire conditions

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The phenomena of symmetry or asymmetry occur practically in every type of science, including structural engineering. Taking into account the loads or the geometry of the structure, they are often either symmetrical or asymmetrical. What is more, the symmetry phenomena is often used to reduce the size of the task in order to reduce the cost of computational research.

This Special Issue aims to collect original articles that cover the topics of symmetry/asymmetry in civil engineering. Both theoretical and experimental research are welcome.

In this Special Issue, original research articles and reviews are welcome. Research areas may include (but are not limited to) the following:

  • Steel, concrete, or wood structures research;
  • Reliability analysis of building structures;
  • The examination of existing structures;
  • Optimization of structures.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Katarzyna Kubicka
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Symmetry is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • building structures
  • symmetry/asymmetry phenomena
  • computational methods
  • experimental methods
  • steel wood and concrete structures
  • structure geometry
  • symmetrical/asymmetrical load

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue policies can be found here.

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

21 pages, 3456 KB  
Article
Symmetry in Stress Distribution: Elastic–Plastic Behavior of Rib Plates and Rib-to-Deck Weld Root Performance in Steel Orthotropic Bridge Decks
by Hanan Akad, Abdul Qader Melhem and George Wardeh
Symmetry 2025, 17(11), 1934; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17111934 - 11 Nov 2025
Viewed by 324
Abstract
This study investigates the mechanical behavior and fatigue performance of orthotropic steel bridge decks, with a focus on rib-to-deck welded connections and the impact of geometric symmetry on stress distribution. Two full-scale models with full-penetration butt welds were tested under static compression loads, [...] Read more.
This study investigates the mechanical behavior and fatigue performance of orthotropic steel bridge decks, with a focus on rib-to-deck welded connections and the impact of geometric symmetry on stress distribution. Two full-scale models with full-penetration butt welds were tested under static compression loads, yielding failure forces of 27 kN (experimental) and 26 kN (analytical), with only a 3% difference. Finite element simulations using ANSYS 16.1 validated these results and enabled parametric studies. Rib plate thicknesses ranging from 5 mm to 9 mm were analyzed to assess their influence on stress distribution and deformation. The geometric ratio h′/tr, which reflects the symmetry of the trapezoidal rib web, was found to be a critical factor in stress behavior. At h′/tr = 38 (tr = 7 mm), compressive and tensile stresses are balanced, demonstrating a symmetric stress field; at h′/tr = 33 (tr = 8 mm), and fatigue performance at the RDW root drops by 47%. Increasing h′/tr improves fatigue life by increasing the number of load cycles to failure. Stress contours revealed that compressive stress concentrates in the rib plate above the weld toes, while tensile stress localizes at the RDW root. The study highlights how symmetric geometric configurations contribute to balanced stress fields and improved fatigue resistance. Multiple linear regression analysis (SPSS-25) produced predictive equations linking stress values to applied load and geometry, offering a reliable tool for estimating stress without full-scale simulations. These findings underscore the importance of optimizing h′/tr and leveraging structural symmetry to enhance resilience and fatigue resistance in welded joints. This research provides practical guidance for improving the design of orthotropic steel bridge decks and contributes to safer, longer-lasting infrastructure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry, Asymmetry and Other Patterns in Structural Engineering with Its Application)
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17 pages, 1671 KB  
Article
Early-Stage Prediction of Steel Weight in Industrial Buildings Using Neural Networks
by Johnny Setiawan, Ridho Bayuaji, Mohammad Arif Rohman and Delima Canny Valentine Simarmata
Symmetry 2025, 17(9), 1579; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17091579 - 22 Sep 2025
Viewed by 563
Abstract
In industrial building projects, steel is the main material used to create sturdy structures that have large open spaces without many columns in the center of the building. To estimate the cost of constructing a building before it enters the detailed design stage, [...] Read more.
In industrial building projects, steel is the main material used to create sturdy structures that have large open spaces without many columns in the center of the building. To estimate the cost of constructing a building before it enters the detailed design stage, engineers and stakeholders must have the right tools and guidelines. Steel is an important construction material used at high volumes in industrial buildings, and it plays a significant role in determining the total cost of a project. This study develops and evaluates an artificial neural network (ANN) model based on multilayer perceptron (MLP) to predict the weight of steel structures in industrial buildings. The data collected include actual projects from 180 industrial building projects, using parameters that influence the weight of steel. The findings show that the ANN method can accurately estimate the weight of steel at an early stage in the building project, even before the detailed design phase. It was found that ANN has the ability to predict the weight of steel for industrial buildings with an excellent degree of accuracy, with a coefficient of correlation (R2) of 94.85% and prediction accuracy (PA) of 94.23%. This indicates that the relationship between the independent and dependent variables of the developed models is good and the predicted values from the forecast model fit with the real-life data. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry, Asymmetry and Other Patterns in Structural Engineering with Its Application)
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17 pages, 3061 KB  
Article
Model-Agnostic Meta-Learning in Predicting Tunneling-Induced Surface Ground Deformation
by Wei He, Guan-Bin Chen, Wenlian Qian, Wen-Li Chen, Liang Tang and Xiangxun Kong
Symmetry 2025, 17(8), 1220; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17081220 - 2 Aug 2025
Viewed by 668
Abstract
The present investigation presents the field measurement and prediction of tunneling-induced surface ground settlement in Tianjin Metro Line 7, China. The cross-section of a metro tunnel exhibits circular symmetry, thereby making it suitable for tunneling with a circular shield machine. The ground surface [...] Read more.
The present investigation presents the field measurement and prediction of tunneling-induced surface ground settlement in Tianjin Metro Line 7, China. The cross-section of a metro tunnel exhibits circular symmetry, thereby making it suitable for tunneling with a circular shield machine. The ground surface may deform during the tunneling stage. In the early stage of tunneling, few measurement data can be collected. To obtain a better usable prediction model, two kinds of neural networks according to the model-agnostic meta-learning (MAML) scheme are presented. One kind of deep learning strategy is a combination of the Back-Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) and the MAML model, named MAML-BPNN. The other prediction model is a mixture of the MAML model and the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model, named MAML-LSTM. Founded on several measurement datasets, the prediction models of the MAML-BPNN and MAML-LSTM are successfully trained. The results show the present models possess good prediction ability for tunneling-induced surface ground settlement. Based on the coefficient of determination, the prediction result using MAML-LSTM is superior to that of MAML-BPNN by 0.1. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry, Asymmetry and Other Patterns in Structural Engineering with Its Application)
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21 pages, 8075 KB  
Article
Finite Element Analysis-Based Assessment of Damage Parameters for Ultra-Low-Cycle Fatigue Behavior of Structural Steels
by Ivan Milojević, Mirsad Tarić, Dardan Klimenta, Bojana Grujić, Darius Andriukaitis, Saša Jovanović and Miloš Čolović
Symmetry 2025, 17(4), 615; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17040615 - 18 Apr 2025
Viewed by 1362
Abstract
Steel structures subjected to earthquakes or extreme cyclic loadings may undergo extensive damage and fractures due to ultra-low-cycle fatigue (ULCF). Although assessments of damage initiation and evolution parameters have been carried out for some steels exposed to low-cycle fatigue, so far, these parameters [...] Read more.
Steel structures subjected to earthquakes or extreme cyclic loadings may undergo extensive damage and fractures due to ultra-low-cycle fatigue (ULCF). Although assessments of damage initiation and evolution parameters have been carried out for some steels exposed to low-cycle fatigue, so far, these parameters for structural steels exposed to ULCF have neither been sufficiently studied nor quantified. Accordingly, this paper provides the results of finite element analysis (FEA) concerning the ULCF behaviors of S355 and S690 steel specimens. Calibration of the damage parameters is performed in SIMULIA Abaqus 6.11 FEA software using a direct cyclic algorithm and available experimental data. Kliman’s model for the hysteresis energy of cyclic loading is used to analytically verify the damage parameters. In addition, available experimental data were obtained from cyclic axial strain tests on S355 and S690 steel specimens according to the ASTM International standard E606/E606M-21. Finally, the non-linear Chaboche–Lemaitre (C–L) combined isotropic–kinematic hardening model is used for the characterization of the ULCF behavior of S355 steel in a simple cylindrical bar. It is found that the two damage initiation parameters are 5.0 and −0.8, the first damage initiation parameter is dominant when modeling the number of cycles to failure, and the second damage initiation parameter is a material constant. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry, Asymmetry and Other Patterns in Structural Engineering with Its Application)
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