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Symmetry, Finite Element Analysis, and Intelligent Sensing and Monitoring: Applications...
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Symmetry, Finite Element Analysis, and Intelligent Sensing and Monitoring: Applications in Engineering

A special issue of Symmetry (ISSN 2073-8994). This special issue belongs to the section "Engineering and Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2024) | Viewed by 18282

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Xiangyang Xu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Rail Transit, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
Interests: finite element analysis; structural health monitoring; tunnel structures; deformation analysis; underground space; damage detection; vision-based measurement
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Hao Yang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
Interests: finite element analysis; structural health monitoring; structural engineering; terrestrial laser scanning; deformation monitoring

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue aims to synthesize state-of-the-art developments in the area of finite element analysis, symmetry modelling, and intelligent sensing. Papers related to the new developments of finite element analysis with respect to theoretical, computational, models and experimental techniques, as well as their applications in science and technology, will be considered.

Papers that cover a broad range of issues including (but not limited to):

  1. Finite element analysis;
  2. Multi-sensor measurement;
  3. Structural health monitoring;
  4. Deformation analysis;
  5. Intelligent sensing;
  6. Geometric modelling.

Prof. Dr. Xiangyang Xu
Prof. Dr. Hao Yang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Symmetry is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Finite element analysis
  • Geometric modelling
  • Intelligent sensing
  • Deformation analysis
  • Structural health monitoring
  • Multi-sensor measurement

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 7753 KiB  
Article
Construction-Monitoring Analysis of a Symmetrical Rigid Frame Tied Steel Box Arch Bridge in Southwest China Based on Segmental Assembly Technique
by Yuanchong Zhang, Longlin Wang, Yu Nong and Wensheng Wang
Symmetry 2023, 15(7), 1437; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15071437 - 18 Jul 2023
Viewed by 1147
Abstract
Tied steel box arch bridges are increasingly being used due to their attractive appearance, high load-bearing capacity, and good stress performance. Their construction involves multiple processes and factors. Construction monitoring can ensure that such a bridge remains in its intended stress and linear [...] Read more.
Tied steel box arch bridges are increasingly being used due to their attractive appearance, high load-bearing capacity, and good stress performance. Their construction involves multiple processes and factors. Construction monitoring can ensure that such a bridge remains in its intended stress and linear states during and after construction. This helps to minimize deviations from the design state at every stage of construction. Using the segmental assembly construction technique, this study conducted construction monitoring of the alignment and force at each stage of the reconstruction of bridges using MIDAS Civil software. The construction monitoring analysis indicated that the arch rib and lattice beam were correctly placed, thereby meeting the specified requirements for arch rib closure. Displacement errors between the measured and theoretical values at each stage of construction fell within an allowable range, resulting in overall smooth bridge alignment. The measured stress in the main arch and the lattice beam generally corresponded to the theoretical stress derived from the control section stress of the entire bridge. The deviation between the cable force of the suspender and the tie rod and theoretical value fell within 10%, indicating good stress reserve. The symmetrical monitoring points in the analyzed rigid-frame tied steel box arch bridges exhibited symmetrical displacement, stress, and cable force results under various working conditions. This observation further confirms the effectiveness of construction monitoring using the segmental assembly technique. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry, Finite Element Analysis, and Intelligent Sensing and Monitoring: Applications in Engineering)
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19 pages, 11340 KiB  
Article
Effects of Foundation Excavation on Metro Tunnels at Different Locations and Performance of Corresponding Reinforcement Measures: A Case of Shenzhen Metro Line 11, China
by Zelin Zhou, Yunlei Zhou, Heng Zhang, Shougen Chen, Long Xiang and Lu Wang
Symmetry 2022, 14(12), 2561; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14122561 - 04 Dec 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1663
Abstract
Symmetrical excavation of a foundation pit inevitably causes stress redistribution and deformation in adjacent tunnels, even threatening the safety of their operation. Therefore, it is of practical significance to evaluate the deformation characteristics of adjacent tunnels and propose corresponding reinforcement measures after the [...] Read more.
Symmetrical excavation of a foundation pit inevitably causes stress redistribution and deformation in adjacent tunnels, even threatening the safety of their operation. Therefore, it is of practical significance to evaluate the deformation characteristics of adjacent tunnels and propose corresponding reinforcement measures after the excavation of a foundation pit. This study, based on the overlapping tunnel project of the section between Nanshan Station and Qianhaiwan Station of Shenzhen Metro Line 11, analyzes the influence of overlapping foundation pit excavation on adjacent tunnels by numerical simulation method. The deformation characteristics of adjacent tunnels at different locations caused by foundation pit excavation are studied, and the soil reinforcement measures applicable to tunnels at different locations are proposed, respectively. Some useful conclusions have been drawn as follows. The deformation characteristics of adjacent tunnels caused by foundation pit excavation can be divided into three areas: the settlement zone, the transition zone, and the uplift zone. Moreover, for different zones of the tunnel, corresponding soil reinforcement measures are taken, respectively. Soil reinforcement measure makes the soil more monolithic and thus make the stress and strain transfer more uniform, which is effective in reducing soil rebound displacement and tunnel uplift displacement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry, Finite Element Analysis, and Intelligent Sensing and Monitoring: Applications in Engineering)
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27 pages, 8961 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Rheological Factors of Soft Rock Tunnel Based on Constitutive Model of Rock Parameters Attenuation with Equivalent Effect
by Zelin Zhou, Yiqi Zhao, Heng Zhang, Shougen Chen, Liang Chen and Lu Wang
Symmetry 2022, 14(11), 2432; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14112432 - 16 Nov 2022
Viewed by 1175
Abstract
Rock mass deformation is a time related process, especially for soft rock. Its deformation usually has a certain timeliness. Moreover, the deformation of surrounding rock is typically asymmetric. Therefore, it is of great significance to reasonably describe the time-dependent mechanical properties and behaviors [...] Read more.
Rock mass deformation is a time related process, especially for soft rock. Its deformation usually has a certain timeliness. Moreover, the deformation of surrounding rock is typically asymmetric. Therefore, it is of great significance to reasonably describe the time-dependent mechanical properties and behaviors of rock mass for practical engineering, especially when the actual engineering is a symmetric structure. Taking the chlorite schist section at the west end of the diversion tunnel of Jinping II Hydropower Station as the research object and introducing the characteristic that creep parameters attenuate with equal effect change into Burgers constitutive model used for numerical calculation, an improved Burgers model is proposed. Then, according to the actual situation of the project, the improved three-parameter H-K model, which is suitable for this study, is proposed by using the fractional calculus method. The effects of different factors on the rheological properties of soft rock tunnels are discussed. The results show that When K is equal to 1, creep is positively correlated with burial depth; When the burial depth H is 1500 m, the creep deformation is positively correlated with the horizontal geostress; The farther away from the working face, the greater the instantaneous elastic deformation release and the later creep displacement; After the tunnel excavation is stopped, the earlier the support is, the smaller the later creep deformation is; After excavation and support of the upper bench, the longer the stagnation time is, the more unfavorable the rheological deformation of the tunnel is. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry, Finite Element Analysis, and Intelligent Sensing and Monitoring: Applications in Engineering)
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17 pages, 4949 KiB  
Article
Research on the Stability of Anti-Slip Pile Support Structures for Railway Pile Slopes
by Bi-Chang Dong, Shi-Long Chen, Ya-Xin Wang, Tao Yang and Bin-Bin Ju
Symmetry 2022, 14(11), 2291; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14112291 - 01 Nov 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1258
Abstract
The accumulation slope is widely distributed in the mountainous area of China; this paper takes the slope of the Chengdu–Lanzhou Railway as the engineering background and analyzes the stability of the slope and the mechanical properties of the anti-slip pile under symmetrical train [...] Read more.
The accumulation slope is widely distributed in the mountainous area of China; this paper takes the slope of the Chengdu–Lanzhou Railway as the engineering background and analyzes the stability of the slope and the mechanical properties of the anti-slip pile under symmetrical train loads. First, the finite element software Midas GTS NX was used to analyze the effect of the slope after the anti-slip pile support and the stability of the slope at different pile spacings, pile row distances, and pile positions. Then, the finite element analysis results of the pile-side earth pressure and landslide thrust were compared with those of earth pressure theory, the standard method, and field-measured data. The results of this paper are as follows: (1) The anti-slip pile support increased the slope stability coefficient from 1.175 to 1.680. (2) The slope stability gradually decreased with increases in anti-slip pile spacing and pile row distance and rose first and then decreased with an increase in pile position. (3) The active earth pressure values behind the pile by Coulomb theory were slightly smaller than the finite element analysis result; the theoretical values of the passive pressure before the pile were much larger than the finite element analysis results. (4) The landslide thrust was calculated by the transfer coefficient method when the safety factor K = 1.00. The results of explicit method and implicit method were the same, which were 8–19% higher than the finite element simulation value; when the safety factor K = 1.35, the theoretical value of the explicit method was about three times the simulated value, and the theoretical value of the implicit method was about 2.3 times the simulated value. (5) The measured values verified that the simulated values had a certain degree of reliability, and the relative deviation between the two was 5–17%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry, Finite Element Analysis, and Intelligent Sensing and Monitoring: Applications in Engineering)
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18 pages, 10637 KiB  
Article
Study on Transverse Deformation Characteristics of a Shield Tunnel under Earth Pressure by Refined Finite Element Analyses
by Wen Long, Weijie Chen, Changfu Huang, Dongyang Li and Dong Su
Symmetry 2022, 14(10), 2030; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14102030 - 28 Sep 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1293
Abstract
We establish an elaborate numerical model with which to investigate the deformation characteristics of segmental lining. The numerical model contains reinforcement and connecting bolts that previous numerical studies have generally neglected. We validated the model parameters using a full-scale model test result. Based [...] Read more.
We establish an elaborate numerical model with which to investigate the deformation characteristics of segmental lining. The numerical model contains reinforcement and connecting bolts that previous numerical studies have generally neglected. We validated the model parameters using a full-scale model test result. Based on this numerical model, we studied the deformation characteristics of segmental lining. Convergence, joint deformation, bolt stress, and reinforcement stress were systematically analyzed under different loading conditions. Furthermore, we discuss the relationships between convergence and joint opening, bolt stress and joint opening. The deformation characteristics of segmental lining are revealed. When the lining is deformed by earth pressure, plastic hinges form at the joints. The segment rotates around the plastic hinge, which is the main reason for segmental lining deformation under earth pressure. Horizontal convergence is a single index to reflect the deformation of tunnel rings, representing the overall deformation of the ring to a certain extent but not the deformation characteristics of the joint. When the loading conditions differ, the relationship between joint opening and horizontal convergence is consistent for some joints and inconsistent for others. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry, Finite Element Analysis, and Intelligent Sensing and Monitoring: Applications in Engineering)
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14 pages, 3741 KiB  
Article
Effects of Large-Diameter Shield Tunneling on the Pile Foundations of High-Speed Railway Bridge and Soil Reinforcement Schemes
by Qiaohong Yang, Bing Wang and Wenhua Guo
Symmetry 2022, 14(9), 1913; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14091913 - 13 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1399
Abstract
In order to study the effects induced by large-diameter shield tunneling on the internal force and displacement of adjacent high-speed railway bridge pile foundations, symmetrical element analysis models for the whole process of large-diameter shield tunneling through the high-speed railway bridge were established. [...] Read more.
In order to study the effects induced by large-diameter shield tunneling on the internal force and displacement of adjacent high-speed railway bridge pile foundations, symmetrical element analysis models for the whole process of large-diameter shield tunneling through the high-speed railway bridge were established. The protective effects of various soil reinforcement schemes such as isolation piles’ protection, Metro Jet System (MJS) reinforcement, and the addition of isolated piles’ crown beams were investigated. The numerical results show that the maximum bending moment and the maximum lateral displacement of the bridge piles appear at the piles’ body of the central elevation of the tunnel and the piles’ top, respectively. Without any soil reinforcement measures, the maximum lateral displacement and settlement of the piers top were 7.1 mm and −7.2 mm respectively, which could not meet the displacement control requirements of ±2 mm for the piers of the existing bridge under the condition of the normal operation of high-speed trains. The isolation piles’ protection effect was better than that of MJS reinforcement alone. Two or more soil reinforcement measures could be adopted simultaneously to further control the displacement of piers within ±1 mm. The validity of the numerical simulation results was verified by comparing them with the field monitoring results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry, Finite Element Analysis, and Intelligent Sensing and Monitoring: Applications in Engineering)
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19 pages, 7966 KiB  
Article
Numerical Study on Stratigraphic and Structural Deformation Patterns Considering Surface Load with Pile-Beam-Arch Method Construction
by Yu Zeng, Yao Bai, Yu Zou and Bo Huang
Symmetry 2022, 14(9), 1892; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14091892 - 09 Sep 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1197
Abstract
Due to soil disturbance during the construction of metro stations, the initial stress of the stratum is modified, leading to ground settlement within a particular range, fracturing the surrounding buildings and even causing significant ground deformation and building collapse. This paper employed the [...] Read more.
Due to soil disturbance during the construction of metro stations, the initial stress of the stratum is modified, leading to ground settlement within a particular range, fracturing the surrounding buildings and even causing significant ground deformation and building collapse. This paper employed the Pile-Beam-Arch method to assemble the Daguanying Station of Beijing Metro Line 7 as the engineering background. The numerical calculation method was used to study the regulations of ground settlement and structural deformation throughout the construction stage. Meanwhile, the effect of surface loading was taken into account and surface settlement control strategies were suggested. Finally, the Stochastic medium theory was used to predict surface settlement. It was evident from the study’s findings that the pilot tunnels excavation and the arches installation accounted for 67% and 23.1% of the total surface settlement, respectively, and produced the most surface settlement. Surface settlement can be significantly reduced by utilizing grouting reinforcement technology and the pilot tunnels excavation approach of “upper first, then lower and side first, then middle”. The structure was much less stressed during the pre-construction stage, with the maximum principal stress ranging from 1 to 5 MPa; after construction was finalized, the maximum principal stress reached 14.203 MPa, concentrating mostly in the middle column part, which was the consequence of the combined action of the upper load and the lower soil uplift. Additionally, there was a linear relationship between the surface load and ground settlement. The bottom slab and the middle column were situated where the structure’s most unfavorable components were concentrated. The conclusions of the surface settlement prediction demonstrated that there were discrepancies between the theoretical calculation and the simulated; thus, the prediction results were more conservative. The study results can serve as a reference for construction sites. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry, Finite Element Analysis, and Intelligent Sensing and Monitoring: Applications in Engineering)
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18 pages, 6891 KiB  
Article
Machine Learning in Conventional Tunnel Deformation in High In Situ Stress Regions
by Ke Ma, Li-Ping Chen, Qian Fang and Xue-Fei Hong
Symmetry 2022, 14(3), 513; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14030513 - 02 Mar 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2312
Abstract
Deformation prediction of extremely high in situ stress in soft-rock tunnels is a complex problem involving many parameters, and traditional analytical solutions and numerical simulations have difficulty achieving satisfactory results. This paper proposes the MIC-LSTM algorithm based on machine learning methods to predict [...] Read more.
Deformation prediction of extremely high in situ stress in soft-rock tunnels is a complex problem involving many parameters, and traditional analytical solutions and numerical simulations have difficulty achieving satisfactory results. This paper proposes the MIC-LSTM algorithm based on machine learning methods to predict the deformation of soft-rock tunnels under extremely high in situ stress conditions caused by construction. The study first analyzed the difficulties of engineering construction and the construction plan; then, numerical simulation was used to verify the modified construction plan. To prove that the construction plan was reasonable, machine learning was used to analyze the correlation of the various parameters that cause tunnel deformation; then, the future deformation of the tunnel was predicted. The study found that: (1) the new construction scheme contains symmetrical arrangement of bolts and two support structures along the tunnel vault can effectively control the deformation of the tunnel, and meet the requirements of the specification; (2) the rock uniaxial compressive strength had the greatest impact on tunnel deformation, and the rock humidity had the least influence on tunnel deformation; and (3) the prediction curve based on the deep learning model had a higher similarity to the monitoring curve compared with the traditional numerical analysis software. The MIC-LSTM machine algorithm provides a new approach to predicting the deformation of extremely high in situ stress soft-rock tunnels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry, Finite Element Analysis, and Intelligent Sensing and Monitoring: Applications in Engineering)
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20 pages, 7668 KiB  
Article
Deformation and Mechanical Characteristics of Existing Foundation Pit and Tunnel Itself Caused by Shield Tunnel Undercrossing
by Ping Lou, Yonghe Li, Shide Lu, Hongbo Xiao and Zhengang Zhang
Symmetry 2022, 14(2), 263; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14020263 - 29 Jan 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2345
Abstract
This paper establishes a three-dimensional symmetrical shield model to investigate the influence of a double-line shield tunnel undercrossing an existing foundation pit and of changed grouting pressure on the deformation and mechanical characteristics of both the foundation pit and the tunnel itself, and [...] Read more.
This paper establishes a three-dimensional symmetrical shield model to investigate the influence of a double-line shield tunnel undercrossing an existing foundation pit and of changed grouting pressure on the deformation and mechanical characteristics of both the foundation pit and the tunnel itself, and it proposes a method of symmetrical segmented pressure, in which different grouting pressure is applied in different sections of the tunnel. The monitoring data are used to verify the reliability of the model, and the maximum relative error is 5.44%. The numerical results show that the maximum subsidence of the retaining pile and anchor are 3.76 mm and 10.33 mm, respectively, and the maximum tensile stress of the anchor is increased by 32.4%. The subsidence shape of the foundation pit raft is an arch with four corners warping upward and the maximum subsidence difference is 3.17 mm. Uneven subsidence of the tunnel occurs along the longitudinal direction, and large and small subsidences are located at the outside and underpart of the foundation pit, respectively, and the maximum and minimum values are 11.15 mm and 2.13 mm, respectively, and the maximum subsidence difference is 9.02 mm. The deformation and mechanical characteristics of both the foundation pit and the tunnel are significantly decreased by appropriately increasing the grouting pressure, and it is recommended that the grouting pressure should not exceed 300 kPa. The proposed method of segmented pressure can reduce the differential subsidence by 47.2% and the maximum tensile stress by 27.2%, so it can significantly reduce the uneven subsidence of the tunnel and improve the tunnel stress condition. The research results can provide a theoretical basis for the safe construction of shield tunnels under the existing foundation pit. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry, Finite Element Analysis, and Intelligent Sensing and Monitoring: Applications in Engineering)
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14 pages, 19872 KiB  
Article
Deformation Characteristics of Soil Layers and Diaphragm Walls during Deep Foundation Pit Excavation: Simulation Verification and Parameter Analysis
by Zheyuan Feng, Qi Xu, Xiangyang Xu, Qiang Tang, Xuedong Li and Xin Liao
Symmetry 2022, 14(2), 254; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14020254 - 28 Jan 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3005
Abstract
The research on the deformation of soil mass and ground connection walls is not sufficiently thorough due to the huge risk of deep excavation in soft soil areas. In this paper, finite element software is used to numerically simulate a symmetrical foundation pit [...] Read more.
The research on the deformation of soil mass and ground connection walls is not sufficiently thorough due to the huge risk of deep excavation in soft soil areas. In this paper, finite element software is used to numerically simulate a symmetrical foundation pit in Suzhou, and the reliability is verified by on-site measured data. The purpose of this study is to investigate the deformation mechanism of the enclosure structure and surrounding soil during the excavation of soft soil foundation pits, and to carry out sensitivity analysis. The results show that the maximum subsidence of the surface is 21.25 mm, the maximum horizontal displacement of the underground diaphragm wall is 9.45 mm, and the maximum uplift of the pit bottom is 21.46 mm. By changing the soil layer properties (the elastic modulus, cohesion, and internal friction angle) and the insertion ratio of the diaphragm wall, the maximum horizontal displacement of the diaphragm wall is more easily affected than the maximum settlement of the surface. Based on different research results, the maximum land subsidence and maximum horizontal displacement of the support structure are 0.313–0.060% and 0.070–0.250% of the maximum excavation depth, respectively. Finally, the simulation may have some applicability to other foundation pit excavations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry, Finite Element Analysis, and Intelligent Sensing and Monitoring: Applications in Engineering)
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