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Sustainable Civil Engineering: Innovative Methods for Structures, Elements and Materials

A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050). This special issue belongs to the section "Sustainable Engineering and Science".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 25 March 2026 | Viewed by 15284

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Faculty of Civil Engineering Engineering and Architecture Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 3, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
Interests: earthquake engineering; structural vibration; building; structural dynamics; finite element analysis; construction engineering
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Faculty of Civil Engineering, Transilvania University of Brașov, Turnului street 5, 500152 Brașov, Romania
Interests: structural integrity; steel structures; building materials; assessment and optimization of existing structural elements; new materials for sustainable constructions
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Guest Editor
Department of Civil Engineering and Geodesy, University of Novi Sad, 6 Trg Dositeja Obradovica Street, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
Interests: earthquake engineering; structural health monitoring; seismic hazard analysis; seismic risk assessment; bridge engineering
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Guest Editor
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Computer Science and Information Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Kneza Trpimira 2B, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
Interests: robot vision; machine learning; soft computing
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

It is our pleasure to announce a new Special Issue of the journal Sustainability, entitled “Sustainable Civil Engineering: Innovative Methods for Structures, Elements and Materials”. Earthquakes, demolition activities and urban development projects have a significant impact on the generation of waste materials. Earthquakes can lead to the widespread destruction of buildings and infrastructure, resulting in large amounts of debris and waste materials such as broken bricks, concrete and other building materials. Demolition work, whether undertaken to renovate existing buildings or to make way for new developments, also contributes to the generation of waste materials as buildings are demolished and materials removed. Urban development projects, including the construction of new buildings, roads and infrastructure, also generate significant amounts of waste during the construction process. These activities contribute to the overall accumulation of waste, which emphasizes the importance of effective waste management strategies to mitigate their environmental impact.

Environmental and civil engineering are closely intertwined and work together to manage the environmental consequences of infrastructure growth, achieve sustainability goals and protect natural resources. Their collaborative, interdisciplinary methods are essential to tackling complicated environmental problems and promoting a more sustainable built environment. With growing concerns about environmental sustainability, civil engineers are tasked with incorporating environmentally conscious methods into their plans. This includes using environmentally friendly materials, utilizing energy-efficient technologies and designing structures that reduce the ecological footprint.

The Special Issue, entitled “Sustainable Civil Engineering: Innovative Methods for Structures, Elements and Materials“ examines the development and application of innovative frameworks and methods that optimize the design, construction, and performance of infrastructure. These models include advanced computational algorithms, simulation techniques and experimental approaches that improve the structural integrity, durability and sustainability of buildings. Examples include computational modelling and the simulation of complex structural behavior using finite element analysis or computational fluid dynamics in order to optimize designs and predict performance under different loading conditions. In addition, experimental models such as scale models and material testing facilities allow researchers to study the behavior of structures and materials in controlled environments, facilitating the development of novel materials and design techniques. In addition, the integration of data-driven modelling and machine learning algorithms enables the predictive maintenance to be undertaken and the performance of infrastructure assets to be monitored, increasing resilience and longevity. By using innovative modelling, civil engineers can advance the state of the art in structural design and materials science, ultimately leading to safer, more efficient and more sustainable infrastructure systems.

This Special Issue, resulting from the collaboration of colleagues from several countries within the IM4StEM project (https://im4stem.eu/en/home/), emphasizes the essential link between the environment and civil engineering, particularly with regard to the use of intelligent methods in this field.

In this Special Issue, original research articles and reviews are welcome. Research areas may include (but are not limited to) the following:

  • machine learning applications;
  • structural integrity, durability and sustainability;
  • finite element analysis;
  • infrastructure systems;
  • waste materials;
  • geopolymer composites used as low-carbon construction materials;
  • in-service life calculation of new and existing structures;
  • ecofriendly construction materials.

Dr. Marijana Hadzima-Nyarko
Dr. Dorin Radu
Dr. Borko Đ. Bulajić
Dr. Emmanuel Karlo Nyarko
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sustainability is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • finite element analysis
  • structural integrity, durability and sustainability
  • infrastructure systems
  • waste materials

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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22 pages, 4328 KiB  
Article
Minimizing Rebar Consumption: A Decarbonization Strategy for the Civil and Construction Industry
by Daniel Darma Widjaja, Titi Sari Nurul Rachmawati and Sunkuk Kim
Sustainability 2025, 17(3), 1172; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17031172 - 31 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1072
Abstract
The growing demand for reinforced concrete (RC) structures, driven by population growth, significantly contributes to carbon emissions, particularly during the construction phase. Steel rebar production, a major contributor to these emissions, faces challenges due to high material consumption and waste, often stemming from [...] Read more.
The growing demand for reinforced concrete (RC) structures, driven by population growth, significantly contributes to carbon emissions, particularly during the construction phase. Steel rebar production, a major contributor to these emissions, faces challenges due to high material consumption and waste, often stemming from market-length rebar and conventional lap splices, impeding decarbonization efforts. This study introduces a comprehensive strategy to minimize rebar consumption and waste, advancing decarbonization in the civil and construction industry. The strategy integrates a special-length-priority minimization algorithm with lap splice position adjustments or couplers to reduce rebar consumption, waste, and carbon emissions. A case study evaluates distinct scenarios regarding rebar consumption. The study demonstrates that conventional rebar practices, such as market-length rebar and lap splices, lead to excessive consumption and waste, impeding decarbonization. Couplers significantly reduce rebar requirements, though cutting waste remains when combined with market-length rebar. Special-length-priority optimization with lap splice adjustments demonstrates greater efficiency in reducing consumption while minimizing cutting waste, proving effectiveness. The combination of special-length-priority optimization and couplers achieves the greatest reductions in rebar consumption, waste, and carbon emissions, making it the most efficient strategy for future construction projects. These findings emphasize the importance of optimizing rebar consumption in advancing decarbonization and promoting sustainable practices in the civil and construction industry. Full article
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22 pages, 4312 KiB  
Article
Eco-Pozzolans as Raw Material for Sustainable Construction Industry: Comparative Evaluation of Reactivity Through Direct and Indirect Methods
by Gabriela Pitolli Lyra, Afonso José Felício Peres Duran, Mauro Mitsuuchi Tashima, María Victoria Borrachero, Lourdes Soriano, Jordi Payá and João Adriano Rossignolo
Sustainability 2024, 16(22), 10087; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162210087 - 19 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1101
Abstract
A solution to reduce the consumption of raw materials and the generation of greenhouse gases is the partial replacement of clinker (the main constituent of cement) with supplementary cementitious materials. This study aimed to compare the reactivity of ten supplementary cementitious materials—synthetic/commercial ones [...] Read more.
A solution to reduce the consumption of raw materials and the generation of greenhouse gases is the partial replacement of clinker (the main constituent of cement) with supplementary cementitious materials. This study aimed to compare the reactivity of ten supplementary cementitious materials—synthetic/commercial ones and those from industrial and agricultural waste (eco-pozzolans). The characterization of the raw materials was carried out using X-ray fluorescence, the loss on ignition, X-ray diffraction, and the determination of the amorphous silica content and particle size distribution. The pozzolanicity assessment was carried out using the Frattini test (direct method) and electrical conductivity and pH tests (indirect method), with the latter presenting greater sensitivity and precision, enabling us to classify the pozzolan reactivity. Although synthetic/commercial pozzolans have higher silica content, the eco-pozzolans showed excellent reactivity results, thus indicating their use as sustainable pozzolans, presenting characteristics that enhance the performance of cement matrices and reduce the environmental impacts of production. Nyasil and rice leaf ash were the pozzolans that presented the greatest reactivity among those studied. The obtained results suggest that using industrial/agricultural waste like reactive pozzolans can help to mitigate the adverse impacts of cement production, address natural resource shortages, and promote a circular economy. Full article
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16 pages, 1890 KiB  
Article
Key Factors in the Design of Urban Underground Metro Lines
by Amichai Mitelman and Yahel Giat
Sustainability 2024, 16(21), 9293; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219293 - 25 Oct 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2798
Abstract
Designing sustainable underground metro lines in dense urban environments is a highly challenging task that requires the collaboration of numerous stakeholders and consultants to make crucial decisions influenced by several factors. While it is impossible to address every issue influencing the decision-making process, [...] Read more.
Designing sustainable underground metro lines in dense urban environments is a highly challenging task that requires the collaboration of numerous stakeholders and consultants to make crucial decisions influenced by several factors. While it is impossible to address every issue influencing the decision-making process, identifying key factors and their interdependencies is essential for optimal design. This study focuses on six critical aspects of the reference design of metro systems: (1) track alignment, (2) tunneling strategy, (3) station typology, (4) operations and maintenance, (5) procurement strategy, and (6) environmental aspects. Amongst these aspects, we identify track alignment as the primary driving factor that influences the other factors. We analyze the decision between shallow and deep alignments as an engineering choice that necessitates balancing conflicting factors and constraints. Our contribution lies in mapping these factors and their dependencies, thus offering policymakers, project managers, and designers a framework to navigate the design process. Our discussion also provides guidance to public agencies in tendering for design teams more efficiently. Drawing from lessons learned by experienced design managers, this study aims to fill the gap in the literature by offering a generalist perspective on metro design. Full article
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31 pages, 36493 KiB  
Article
Seismic Performance and Failure Mechanisms of Reinforced Concrete Structures Subject to the Earthquakes in Türkiye
by Ercan Işık, Fatih Avcil, Marijana Hadzima-Nyarko, Rabia İzol, Aydın Büyüksaraç, Enes Arkan, Dorin Radu and Zeki Özcan
Sustainability 2024, 16(15), 6473; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16156473 - 29 Jul 2024
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3523
Abstract
Many reinforced-concrete structures collapsed or were seriously damaged in the 7.7 and 7.6 magnitude earthquakes that occurred in southern Türkiye on 6 February 2023. The recorded peak ground accelerations were quite high (2.2 g) and the recorded motions’ elastic acceleration response spectra were [...] Read more.
Many reinforced-concrete structures collapsed or were seriously damaged in the 7.7 and 7.6 magnitude earthquakes that occurred in southern Türkiye on 6 February 2023. The recorded peak ground accelerations were quite high (2.2 g) and the recorded motions’ elastic acceleration response spectra were significantly greater than the elastic design spectra given by the most recent Turkish seismic design code. A total of 518,000 houses were heavily damaged or collapsed in the eleven cities affected by the earthquake. More than 53,000 people lost their lives and over 100,000 people were injured, the majority of these injurits caused by the collapse of reinforced concrete structures. Post-earthquake damage assessments are important in the context of applying sustainability principles to building design and construction. In this study, post-earthquake damage assesments and evaluations were made for the reinforced-concrete structures that were exposed to destruction or various structural damage in Hatay, Kahramanmaraş and Adıyaman, which where most affected after the Kahramanmaraş earthquakes. The RC building damage and failure mechanisms resulting from field observations were evaluated in detail from a broad performance-based structural and earthquake engineering perspective. Information about Kahramanmaraş earthquakes is given briefly. Design spectra and spectral accelerations were compared for the earthquake stations in these three provinces. Soft/weak story, short column, insufficiently reinforced-concrete, and poor workmanship are the primary causes of structural damage, which cause earthquake weaknesses in these buildings. Full article
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Review

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36 pages, 19667 KiB  
Review
State-of-the-Art and Practice Review in Concrete Sandwich Wall Panels: Materials, Design, and Construction Methods
by Fray F. Pozo-Lora, Taylor J. Sorensen, Salam Al-Rubaye and Marc Maguire
Sustainability 2025, 17(8), 3704; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083704 - 19 Apr 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1059
Abstract
Concrete sandwich wall panels (CSWPs) have been constructed since the early 1900s using various wythe connectors, panel geometries, and construction methods to create a structurally and thermally efficient system. Initially, thermal bridging hindered thermal efficiency due to the concrete connections and steel bars [...] Read more.
Concrete sandwich wall panels (CSWPs) have been constructed since the early 1900s using various wythe connectors, panel geometries, and construction methods to create a structurally and thermally efficient system. Initially, thermal bridging hindered thermal efficiency due to the concrete connections and steel bars used to transfer interface forces between the concrete wythes. This issue was mitigated with the advent of polymer connectors, now widely used in the precast and tilt-up industries. As a result, CSWPs now offer buildings an efficient envelope, aiding in energy savings and reducing the need for additional construction materials and therefore contributing to the construction industry’s sustainability goals. This paper examines the current state of the practice in CSWP construction, focusing on CSWP’s construction methods, sustainability, material selection, and design processes. This manuscript delves into the history of CSWPs and showcases projects ranging from housing to industrial applications. Moreover, the materials and hardware popularly used in their construction are reviewed from the practicing engineer and researcher’s point of view and other aspects, such as environmental, architectural, and structural design, are presented. The most popular construction methods and approaches when precasting these panels on- or off-site and their associated challenges are also presented. Lastly, current deficiencies in CSWP design and construction are outlined and future directions for research and practice are suggested to advance this field further. Full article
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28 pages, 2345 KiB  
Review
Marble Powder as a Sustainable Cement Replacement: A Review of Mechanical Properties
by Moutaman M. Abbas and Radu Muntean
Sustainability 2025, 17(2), 736; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17020736 - 17 Jan 2025
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2757
Abstract
The sudden increase in industrialization has reduced the availability of natural building materials and triggered the growing awareness of sustainable practices within the construction industry. The study presented here deals with marble powder, which is one of the by-products obtained from the marble [...] Read more.
The sudden increase in industrialization has reduced the availability of natural building materials and triggered the growing awareness of sustainable practices within the construction industry. The study presented here deals with marble powder, which is one of the by-products obtained from the marble industry, as a cement replacement in concrete mixtures. The main aims will be to investigate the impact of marble powder waste materials on the mechanical properties of concrete and to promote the recycling of various industrial wastes for environmental sustainability. Material testing was conducted with the levels of substitution of marble powder for cement ranging from 0% to 50%, and the resulting concrete was evaluated for compressive and tensile strength over different curing periods. The results show that concrete compressive strength and tensile strength are most efficiently improved when marble powder replacement is up to 10–15%, attaining its full potential after 28 days. Beyond this replacement level of 15%, the mechanical properties decrease, suggesting that higher substitution levels may not be effective. This paper consolidates findings, provides a novel comparative analysis, and addresses key challenges regarding the use of marble powder, providing room for the future industrial development of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), eventually leading to sustainability in the construction sector. Full article
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26 pages, 1618 KiB  
Review
Some Remarks on New Trends in Using Waste Aggregates in Civil Engineering: An Overview
by Anna M. Grabiec and Wiesława Głodkowska
Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 233; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010233 - 31 Dec 2024
Viewed by 1572
Abstract
The extensive development of construction, in which cement concrete remains the key composite, enforces the need for particular environmental concerns. This applies to aspects, including ecological challenges in the cement industry and the rational use of natural construction aggregates. This review article focuses [...] Read more.
The extensive development of construction, in which cement concrete remains the key composite, enforces the need for particular environmental concerns. This applies to aspects, including ecological challenges in the cement industry and the rational use of natural construction aggregates. This review article focuses on new trends in the use of waste aggregate, with particular emphasis on concrete recycled aggregate and waste sands. The state of the art was analysed, including many years of own studies on modification of properties of waste aggregate and concrete composites made from it. It was assessed that among possible ways of quality improvement of RCA, the most promising for the macro scale seems to be carbonation, unlike biodeposition. The latter, novel and undoubtedly interesting from a scientific viewpoint, has not been studied sufficiently, and the real obstacle is the cost of its implementation in practice. Multi-recycling, the pioneering proposal of recycled concrete aggregate management, can be viewed only in the ecological context for the moment. The use of waste sands from hydroclassification combined with steel fibres is the closest to implementation for constructional purposes in engineering practice. Full article
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