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A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050). This special issue belongs to the section "Sustainable Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (26 March 2023) | Viewed by 24745

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. ‪Ime Bassey Obot

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Guest Editor

Interdisciplinary Research Center for Advanced Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
Interests: materials and corrosion; corrosion inhibition; computational and theoretical chemistry; oilfield corrosion
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Ambrish Singh

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Guest Editor

School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
Interests: corrosion inhibitors; corrosion prevention techniques and phenomenon; computational chemistry; green chemistry; polymers; nanomaterials; composites; materials science and engineering; alloys, petroleum engineering; advanced electrochemical corrosion measurements

Prof. Dr. Akram Alfantazi

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Guest Editor

1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
2. Emirates Nuclear Technology Center (ENTC), Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
Interests: corrosion; electrometallurgy; metallurgical engineering; electrochemical processes in materials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Ihsan ulhaq Toor

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Guest Editor

Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
Interests: materials and corrosion; steel metallurgy; development of CRAs (Casting/Powder Metallurgy); nanocomposites for Wear & Corrosion Resistance; solid particle erosion and erosion corrosion/Flow Accelerated Corrosion (CO2 corrosion); Tribo-Corrosion; electrodeposition; environmental induced cracking and mechanical behavior of materials; material characterization; corrosion control and management; failure analyses

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Corrosion has a huge economic, environmental and sustainability impact on virtually all facets of constructional materials, from highways, bridges, and buildings to oil and gas, chemical processing, desalination, nuclear, power facilities, water, and wastewater systems. In addition to causing severe environmental damage and threats to public safety, corrosion disrupts operations and requires extensive repair and replacement of failed assets. The annual cost of corrosion worldwide was estimated to exceed $U.S.2.5 trillion in 2016, which translates to 3 to 4% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of industrialized countries according to NACE IMPACT study report. Thus, the economic and environmental impact of corrosion is significant.

To reduce the huge cost and the environmental impact of corrosion and enhance the sustainability of materials used for construction, available corrosion control practices such as proper material design and selection, the use of corrosion inhibitors, coatings, cathodic protection etc., are recommended and could lead to savings of between 15 and 35% of the cost of corrosion. This translates to between US$375 and $875 billion annually. Corrosion mitigation and control is still one of the burning issues for researchers in industries and academia.

This special issue aims at covering recent progress and advancements in the fight against corrosion, in terms of corrosion resistant material development, corrosion mitigation strategies and monitoring. All aspects related to advances in materials for corrosion protection, cathodic protection, corrosion inhibitors, advanced coating, computational corrosion science, artificial intelligence and machine learning in corrosion research, advances in analytical methods in corrosion science, corrosion in oil and gas industry, corrosion in nuclear facilities etc., are covered.

We encourage academic and industry researchers to submit high quality original research articles, case studies, reviews, critical perspectives, and viewpoint articles on topics including, but not limited to the following:

Advances in Materials for Corrosion Protection
Advances in Cathodic Protection
Corrosion Inhibitors
Advanced Coating
Recent Experiences with Corrosion Resistance Alloys
Corrosion modeling and prediction tools
Advances in Corrosion Characterization
Corrosion in Oil and Gas Industry
Corrosion in Desalination Industry
Corrosion Evaluation and Mitigation in Reinforced Concrete Structures
Corrosion in Nuclear Facilities
Corrosion Issues in Military Equipment and Facilities
High Temperature Corrosion
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Corrosion Research
Corrosion Failure Analysis
Localized Corrosion, Mechanisms and Mitigation
Advances in Electrochemical and analytical Methods of Corrosion Measurements
Corrosion in the Power Industry
Progress in Laboratory Testing of Corrosion
Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion
Corrosion in cooling water and wastewater systems
Recent trends in corrosion management in terms of inspection and monitoring

Prof. Dr. ‪Ime Bassey Obot
Prof. Dr. Ambrish Singh
Prof. Dr. Akram Alfantazi
Prof. Dr. Ihsan ulhaq Toor
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

materials and corrosion
corrosion inhibition
advanced coatings
cathodic protection
corrosion mechanisms
corrosion in oil and gas Industry
corrosion failure analysis
corrosion modelling and prediction
high temperature corrosion
material characterization
advanced corrosion electrochemistry

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 15669 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Corrosion Compatibility of Stainless Steels and Nickel in Pyrolysis Biomass-Derived Oil at Elevated Storage Temperatures

by Jiheon Jun, Yi-Feng Su, James R. Keiser, John E. Wade IV, Michael D. Kass, Jack R. Ferrell III, Earl Christensen, Mariefel V. Olarte and Dino Sulejmanovic

Sustainability 2023, 15(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010022 - 20 Dec 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1530

Abstract

Corrosion compatibility of stainless steels and nickel (Ni200) was assessed in fast pyrolysis bio-oil produced from pyrolysis of high ash and high moisture forest residue biomass. Sample mass change, ICP-MS and post-exposure electron microscopy characterization was used to investigate the extent of corrosion. Among the tested samples, type 430F and type 316 stainless steels (SS430F and SS316) and Ni200 (~98.5% Ni) showed minimal mass changes (less than 2 mg∙cm⁻²) after the bio-oil exposures at 50 and 80 °C for up to 168 h. SS304 was also considered to be compatible in the bio-oil due to its relatively low mass change (1.6 mg∙cm⁻² or lower). SS410 samples showed greater mass loss values even after exposures at a relatively low temperature of 35 °C. Fe/Cr values from ICP-MS data implied that Cr enrichment in stainless steels would result in a protective oxide layer associated with corrosion resistance against the bio-oil. Post exposure characterization showed continuous and uniform Cr distribution in the surface oxide layer of SS430F, which showed a minimal mass change, but no oxide layer on a SS430 sample, which exhibited a significant mass loss. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials and Corrosion)

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15 pages, 5323 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cerium Compounds Coating as a Single Self-Healing Layer for Corrosion Inhibition on Aluminum 3003

by José Antonio Cabello Mendez, José de Jesús Pérez Bueno, Yunny Meas Vong and Benjamín Portales Martínez

Sustainability 2022, 14(22), 15056; https://doi.org/10.3390/su142215056 - 14 Nov 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1411

Abstract

The formation of cerium hydroxide was studied, and its capacity as a corrosion inhibitor on aluminum substrates was evaluated. These particles were deposited by immersing the substrate in a bath with cerium nitrate and hydrogen peroxide. Four different immersion times were used to determine the differences in behavior from low concentrations to an excess of particles on the surface. The coatings were analyzed morphologically by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and optical microscope, and chemically by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Electrochemical corrosion analysis was studied using cyclic potentiodynamic polarization (CPP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and electrochemical noise (EN). The results show that for 2 and 5 min of immersion, there was corrosion inhibition caused by the presence of cerium Ce³⁺ in the coating, but with excess cerium hydroxide particles, corrosion was favored. The presence of cerium particles favors corrosion at 30 s of immersion. This is the same case at 60 min, where corrosion was favored by the excess of Ce⁴⁺ particles on the surface. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials and Corrosion)

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11 pages, 3927 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Carboxylic Acids on Corrosion of Type 410 Stainless Steel in Pyrolysis Bio-Oil

by Dino Sulejmanovic, James R. Keiser, Yi-Feng Su, Michael D. Kass, Jack R. Ferrell III, Mariefel V. Olarte, John E. Wade IV and Jiheon Jun

Sustainability 2022, 14(18), 11743; https://doi.org/10.3390/su141811743 - 19 Sep 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1491

Abstract

Biomass-derived oils are renewable fuel sources and commodity products and are proposed to partially or entirely replace fossil fuels in sectors generally considered difficult to decarbonize such as aviation and maritime propulsion. Bio-oils contain a range of organic compounds with varying functional groups which can lead to polarity-driven phase separation and corrosion of containment materials during processing and storage. Polar compounds, such as organic acids and other oxygenates, are abundant in bio-oils and are considered corrosive to structural alloys, particularly to those with a low-Cr content. To study the corrosion effects of small carboxylic acids present in pyrolysis bio-oils, type 410 stainless steel (SS410) specimens were exposed in bio-oils with varying formic, acetic, propionic and hexanoic acid contents at 50 °C during 48 h exposures. The specific mass change data show a linear increase in mass loss with increasing formic acid concentration. Interestingly, a mild corrosion inhibition effect on the corrosion of SS410 specimens was observed with the addition of acetic, propionic and hexanoic acids in the bio-oil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials and Corrosion)

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13 pages, 3460 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nephelium lappaceum Extract as an Organic Inhibitor to Control the Corrosion of Carbon Steel Weldment in the Acidic Environment

by Femiana Gapsari, Djarot B. Darmadi, Putu H. Setyarini, Hubby Izzuddin, Kartika A. Madurani, Ayoub Tanji and Hendra Hermawan

Sustainability 2021, 13(21), 12135; https://doi.org/10.3390/su132112135 - 3 Nov 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2420

Abstract

Organic inhibitors have been considered as an effective way to control the corrosion of carbon steel weldment in an acidic environment. This work proposes a new green organic inhibitor made of extract of rambutan fruit (Nephelium lappaceum) peel and aims at analyzing its corrosion inhibitor properties and protection mechanism. Specimens of carbon steel weldment were tested for their corrosion by using electrochemical and immersion methods in 1 M HCl solution containing 0 to 6 g/L of Nephelium peel (NP) extract. Results showed that, in the same solution, the corrosion rate was measured to be higher on the weld metal zone than that of base metal zone, which could be related to the coarser grain of the weld metal zone and the stability of the formed oxide layer. The addition of NP extract was found to increase the stability of the oxide layer, thus increasing the corrosion resistance of the specimens. The maximum inhibition efficiency of the NP extract was reached at 97% for weld metal with 5 g/L of extract, at 80% for the heat affected zone with 5 g/L, and at 70% for base metal with 4 g/L. This work reveals the particularity of different weldment zones to the different needs of inhibitor concentration for obtaining the optimum corrosion protection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials and Corrosion)

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16 pages, 4165 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Aluminum Protection by Using Green Zirconium Oxide Layer and Organic Coating: An Efficient and Adherent Dual System

by Vitor B. Moreira, Alvaro Meneguzzi, Emilio Jiménez-Piqué, Carlos Alemán and Elaine Armelin

Sustainability 2021, 13(17), 9688; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179688 - 28 Aug 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2746

Abstract

In this work, the use of ZrO₂ nanocoating in aluminum substrates, generated by controlled electrochemical chronoamperometry in hexafluorozirconic acid solutions (H₂ZrF₆·5H₂O), resulted in a lower porous films than that obtained by chemical conversion coating. After the application of an epoxy coating, long-term cyclic immersion corrosion tests and scratch tests proved the superior protection of the dual system and the coating lifespan, thanks to the enhanced adhesion of ZrO₂ intermediate layer and the organic coating. As zirconium-based electrolytes are considered more friendly bath if compared to that of other conversion coating processes, like chromating, phosphating or anodizing processes, the study opens new insights to the protection of structural metals in sectors such as automotive, naval and aerospace industries. The main advantages are the employment of lightweight intermediate pre-treatment (nanoscale), compared to conventional ones (microscale), and reduction of waste slurry (electrolyte bath free of additives). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials and Corrosion)

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12 pages, 4078 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Earthquake Response Modeling of Corroded Reinforced Concrete Hollow-Section Piers via Simplified Fiber-Based FE Analysis

by Nicola Scattarreggia, Tianyue Qiao and Daniele Malomo

Sustainability 2021, 13(16), 9342; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13169342 - 20 Aug 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2167

Abstract

The effect of corrosion-induced damage on the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) circular bridge piers has been extensively investigated in the last decade, both experimentally and numerically. Contrarily, only limited research is presently available on hollow-section members, largely employed worldwide and intrinsically more vulnerable to corrosion attacks. In this paper, fiber-based finite element (FB-FEM) models, typically the preferred choice by practitioners given their reduced computational expense, are validated against previous shake-table and quasi-static cyclic tests on hollow-section RC columns, and then used to investigate the influence of corrosion-induced damage. To this end, modeling strategies of varying complexity are used, including artificial reduction of steel rebar diameter, yield strength and ductility, as well as that of concrete compressive strength to simulate cover loss, and ensuing dissimilarities quantified. Pushover and incremental dynamic analyses are conducted to explore impacts on collapse behavior, extending experimental results while accounting for multiple corrosion rates. Produced outcomes indicate a minimal influence of cover loss; substantial reductions of base shear (up to 37%) and ultimate displacement capacity (up to 50%) were observed, instead, when introducing relevant levels of deterioration due to corrosion (i.e., 30% rebar mass loss). Its predicted impact is generally lower when considering more simplified assumptions, which may thus yield non-conservative predictions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials and Corrosion)

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13 pages, 2528 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of the Electrochemical Breakdown Response in Sensitised AA5083 Aluminium Alloy

by YanHan Liew, Sudesh Wijesinghe and Daniel J. Blackwood

Sustainability 2021, 13(13), 7342; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137342 - 30 Jun 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1768

Abstract

The light-weight aluminium alloys play an important role in reducing emissions from the transport industry. However, to take full advantage of these, the corrosion mechanisms that govern their failure need to be properly understood. Hence, the electrochemical response, especially after passive film breakdown, of the aluminium alloy AA5083 was analysed via potentiodynamic polarisation. By starting the scans at the relatively negative potential of −1.4 V (vs. SCE), the reduction of water in the electrolyte causes a localised increase in pH, leading to a preferential attack on the susceptible regions in the (sensitised) microstructure; that is, the deleterious β-Al₃Mg₂ along the grain boundaries. Subsequently, in the later stages of the potentiodynamic scan, these regions that have been degraded by the dissolution of β-Al₃Mg₂ undergo imperfect repassivation, leading them to be vulnerable to localised breakdowns. These conditions allowed for the discovery of a discernible trend after breakdown, in which AA5083 microstructures with a more extensive β-Al₃Mg₂ region (both in size and in amount) recorded a more rapid increase in the measured current density. In particular, the potential at which the anodic current density reached 1 × 10⁻⁴ A cm⁻² was correlated with the extent of β-Al₃Mg₂ formed during isothermal heat-treatments. This work provides a possible pathway towards the development of an electrochemical quantification technique for the extent of β-Al₃Mg₂ growth, degree of sensitisation, and, ultimately, the intergranular corrosion (IGC) susceptibility of the microstructure of AA5083 components used in industrial applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials and Corrosion)

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22 pages, 6752 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Intensifier Additives on the Performance of Butanolic Extract of Date Palm Leaves against the Corrosion of API 5L X60 Carbon Steel in 15 wt.% HCl Solution

by Saviour A. Umoren, Moses M. Solomon, Ime B. Obot and Rami K. Suleiman

Sustainability 2021, 13(10), 5569; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13105569 - 17 May 2021

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2219

Abstract

The quest to replace toxic chemicals in the nearest future is revolutionizing the corrosion inhibitor research world by turning its attention to plant biomaterials. Herein, we report the corrosion inhibiting potential of butanolic extract of date palm leaves (BUT) on the corrosion of API 5L X60 carbon steel in 15 wt.% HCl solution. The mass loss, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), linear polarization (LPR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques were employed in the investigation. We also report the effect of intensifier additives, namely formic acid (FA), potassium iodide (KI), and zinc nitrate (Zn(NO₃)₂) as well as temperature on the corrosion inhibiting performance of BUT. BUT exhibits inhibiting ability but the extent of inhibition is dependent on concentration, temperature, and intensifiers’ concentration. At 25 °C, 200 mg/L BUT and 700 mg/L BUT protected the carbon steel surface by 50% and 88%, respectively. The addition of 3 mM FA and 5 mM KI to 200 mg/L upgraded the extract performance to 97% and 95%, respectively. Zn(NO₃)₂ performs poorly as an intensifier for BUT under acidizing conditions. The adsorption of BUT + FA and BUT + KI is synergistic in nature whereas that of BUT + Zn(NO₃)₂ drifts towards antagonistic behavior according to the calculated synergism parameter. Increase in the system temperature resulted in a slight decline in the inhibition efficiency of BUT + FA and BUT + KI but with efficiency of above 85% achieved at 60 °C. The SEM and AFM results corroborate results from the electrochemical techniques. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials and Corrosion)

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Review

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28 pages, 5194 KiB

Open AccessReview

Emerging Layered Materials and Their Applications in the Corrosion Protection of Metals and Alloys

by Ramaraj Sukanya, Tara N. Barwa, Yiran Luo, Eithne Dempsey and Carmel B. Breslin

Sustainability 2022, 14(7), 4079; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14074079 - 30 Mar 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3107

Abstract

Metals and alloys are essential in modern society, and are used in our daily activities. However, they are prone to corrosion, with the conversion of the metal/alloy to its more thermodynamically-favored oxide/hydroxide phase. These undesirable corrosion reactions can lead to the failure of metallic components. Consequently, corrosion-protective technologies are now more important than ever, as it is essential to reduce the waste of valuable resources. In this review, we consider the role of emerging 2D materials and layered materials in the development of a corrosion protection strategy. In particular, we focus on the materials beyond graphene, and consider the role of transition metal dichalcogenides, such as MoS₂, MXenes, layered double hydroxides, hexagonal boron nitride and graphitic carbon nitride in the formulation of effective and protective films and coatings. Following a short introduction to the synthesis and exfoliation of the layered materials, their role in corrosion protection is described and discussed. Finally, we discuss the future applications of these 2D materials in corrosion protection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials and Corrosion)

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14 pages, 5703 KiB

Open AccessReview

Durable Steel-Reinforced Concrete Structures for Marine Environments

by Robert E. Melchers and Igor A. Chaves

Sustainability 2021, 13(24), 13695; https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413695 - 11 Dec 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3054

Abstract

Even in harsh marine environments, concrete structures reinforced with steel can show excellent long-term durability, with little or no reinforcement corrosion. Very few actual reinforced concrete (RC) structures have been closely scrutinized over many years and subject to interpretation using recent state-of-the-art understanding gained from detailed laboratory observations. Such a case is described for an 80-year-old RC structure observed annually over about 30 years in what is essentially an extraordinary long experiment. Despite very high chloride concentrations, field excavation evidence showed that reinforcement corrosion overall remains minimal, except where insufficient concrete compaction permitted air-voids to initiate quite severe, very localized corrosion even with still high concrete pH. It is possible that the use of blast furnace slag as aggregate may have assisted the observed durability. The case study supports other studies that show that it is possible to achieve long-term durable and therefore sustainable RC structures without additives and using only conventional reinforcement steels and conventional cements and aggregates. However, the potential dangers of deep narrow cracking extending to the reinforcement and the potentially deleterious effects of alkali–aggregate reactivity of some aggregates needs to be considered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials and Corrosion)

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