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A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050). This special issue belongs to the section "Energy Sustainability".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2021) | Viewed by 25226

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Puneet Verma

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

1. Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane QLD 4000, Australia
2. Air Quality Scientist, Trinity Consultants, Brisbane, 4101, Australia
Interests: air quality; alternative fuels; emission characterization; renewable energy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Ali Zare

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Flow, Aerosols & Thermal Energy (FATE) Group, School of Engineering, Deakin University, VIC 3216, Australia
Interests: Combustion; Engine performance and emissions; Alternative fuels; Emission regulations; RDE and PEMS

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Over the last few decades, the world has witnessed economic growth in the form of industrialization, the rapid development of infrastructure, and the expansion of cities. Simultaneously, the level of air pollution has increased to the point of being a major health risk and has caused a large increase in premature mortality. One of the main sources of air pollution is the transportation sector. Incentives, such as emissions regulations by authorities, have been put in place to limit the pollutant emissions from this sector.

To satisfy the stringent emission regulations, vehicle manufacturers and researchers have been actively exploring the feasibility of different techniques such as the following:·

Combustion process optimization;·
After-treatment systems;·
Alternative fuels and fuel additives;·
Fuel cells;·
Hybrid and electric vehicles.

Governments around the world have been strongly promoting the use of electric vehicles to decarbonize the transportation sector in the near future. For example, CEM-EVI participants Canada, China, Finland, France, Germany, India, Japan, Korea, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, South Africa, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States have been promoting the deployment of electric vehicles and targeted at least 30 percent new electric vehicle sales by 2030. However, the well-to-wheel emission analysis of electric vehicles is still debatable. Hence, the next decade will be crucial for the development of internal combustion engines and electric vehicles to achieve zero carbon and particulate matter emissions that play an important role in the overall air quality.

This Special Issue on “Air Quality and Future Mobility” welcomes submissions that promote sustainable transportation for the future focusing on different air quality-related topics such as sustainable transportation, regulated and unregulated emissions, combustion process optimization, engine performance and emissions, alternative fuels, fuel cells, and electric and hybrid vehicles from an air quality perspective.

Dr. Puneet Verma
Dr. Ali Zare
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sustainability is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

Air quality
alternative fuels
internal combustion engines
electric and hybrid vehicles
clean energy

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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21 pages, 1197 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Compression Ratio of Bio-Fueled SI Engines on the Thermal Balance and Waste Heat Recovery Potential

by Ali Qasemian, Sina Jenabi Haghparast, Pouria Azarikhah and Meisam Babaie

Sustainability 2021, 13(11), 5921; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13115921 - 24 May 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1923

Abstract

In internal combustion engines, a significant share of the fuel energy is wasted via the heat losses. This study aims to understand the heat losses and analyze the potential of the waste heat recovery when biofuels are used in SI engines. A numerical model is developed for a single-cylinder, four-stroke and air-cooled SI engine to carry out the waste heat recovery analysis. To verify the numerical solution, experiments are first conducted for the gasoline engine. Biofuels including pure ethanol (E100), E15 (15% ethanol) and E85 (85% ethanol) are then studied using the validated numerical model. Furthermore, the exhaust power to heat loss ratio (

{\dot{Q}}_{e x} / {\dot{Q}}_{h t}

) is investigated for different compression ratios, ethanol fuel content and engine speed to understand the exhaust losses potential in terms of the heat recovery. The results indicate that heat loss to brake power ratio (

{\dot{Q}}_{h t} / {\dot{W}}_{b}

) increases by the increment in the compression ratio. In addition, increasing the compression ratio leads to decreasing the

{\dot{Q}}_{e x} / {\dot{Q}}_{h t}

ratio for all studied fuels. According to the results, there is a direct relationship between the ethanol in fuel content and

{\dot{Q}}_{e x} / {\dot{Q}}_{h t}

ratio. As the percentage of ethanol in fuel increases, the

{\dot{Q}}_{e x} / {\dot{Q}}_{h t}

ratio rises. Thus, the more the ethanol in the fuel and the less the compression ratio, the more the potential for the waste heat recovery of the IC engine. Considering both power and waste heat recovery, the most efficient fuel is E100 due to the highest brake thermal efficiency and

{\dot{Q}}_{e x} / {\dot{Q}}_{h t}

ratio and E85, E15 and E00 (pure gasoline) come next in the consecutive orders. At the engine speeds and compression ratios examined in this study (3000 to 5000 rpm and a CR of 8 to 11), the maximum efficiency is about 35% at 5000 rpm and the compression ratio of 11 for E100. The minimum percentage of heat loss is 21.62 happening at 5000 rpm and the compression ratio of 8 by E100. The minimum percentage of exhaust loss is 35.8% happening at 3000 rpm and the compression ratio of 11 for E00. The most

{\dot{Q}}_{e x} / {\dot{Q}}_{h t}

is 2.13 which is related to E100 at the minimum compression ratio of 8. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air Quality and Future Mobility)

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15 pages, 2326 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biodiesel Production from Reutealis trisperma Oil Using Conventional and Ultrasonication through Esterification and Transesterification

by Teuku Meurah Indra Riayatsyah, Razali Thaib, Arridina Susan Silitonga, Jassinnee Milano, Abd. Halim Shamsuddin, Abdi Hanra Sebayang, Rahmawaty, Joko Sutrisno and Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia

Sustainability 2021, 13(6), 3350; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063350 - 18 Mar 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2605

Abstract

The limitation of fossil fuel sources and negative environmental impact persuade scientists around the world to find a solution. One possible solution is by using renewable fuel to replace fossil fuel with an inexpensive, fast, and effective production process. The objective of this study is to investigate the biodiesel production from crude Reutealis trisperma oil using the conventional and the ultrasonic bath stirrer method through the esterification and transesterification process. The result shows that the most effective reaction time with an optimum condition for the esterification and transesterification of Reutealis trisperma oil is at 2 h 30 min by using the ultrasonic bath stirrer method. The optimum conditions at a temperature of 55 °C for the esterification and at 60 °C for transesterification with 2% (v/v) of sulphuric acid with catalyst concentration of 0.5 wt.% were a methanol-to-oil ratio of 60%, and agitation speed of 1000 rpm. This optimum condition gives the highest yield of 95.29% for the Reutealis trisperma biodiesel. The results showed that the ultrasonic bath stirrer method had more effect on the reaction time needed than using the conventional method and reduced half of the conventional method reaction time. Finally, the properties of Reutealis trisperma biodiesel fulfilled the ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 biodiesel standards with density, 892 kg/m³; pour point, −2 °C; cloud point, −1 °C; flash point, 206.5 °C; calorific value, 40.098 MJ/kg; and acid value, 0.26 mg KOH/g. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air Quality and Future Mobility)

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22 pages, 11440 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Assessment of an Air Cleaner Device under Different Working Conditions in an Indoor Environment

by Farshad Moradi Kashkooli, Mostafa Sefidgar, Madjid Soltani, Shahab Anbari, Seyed-Amir Shahandashti and Bahram Zargar

Sustainability 2021, 13(1), 369; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010369 - 03 Jan 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2505

Abstract

Transmission and spread of exhaled contaminants in the air may cause many airborne infectious diseases. In addition to appropriate ventilation, air cleaner devices are used as one of the most common ways to improve the indoor air quality. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the performance of an air cleaner under different operating conditions. This study mainly concerns investigating the effect of presence or absence of furniture and its displacement on the removal rate of the particles leaving a person’s mouth while coughing in an isolated room. Moreover, the effect of air exit angle of the device on removal rate of contaminated particles and the pattern of their dispersion within a room was studied. To this aim, computational fluid dynamics were employed to examine the mentioned effects by using the Eulerian− Lagrangian method. As the results indicated, when the furniture was placed farther away from the device, more particles were removed by the device. Additionally, the air ejection angle of the air cleaner device significantly affects the removal of particles. Results of the present study could improve use of air cleaner devices for maximum reduction of particles in the indoor environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air Quality and Future Mobility)

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Review

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29 pages, 1953 KiB

Open AccessReview

Potential of Utilization of Renewable Energy Technologies in Gulf Countries

by J. Sadhik Basha, Tahereh Jafary, Ranjit Vasudevan, Jahanzeb Khan Bahadur, Muna Al Ajmi, Aadil Al Neyadi, Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar, MA Mujtaba, Abrar Hussain, Waqar Ahmed, Kiran Shahapurkar, S. M. Ashrafur Rahman and I. M. Rizwanul Fattah

Sustainability 2021, 13(18), 10261; https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810261 - 14 Sep 2021

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4699

Abstract

This critical review report highlights the enormous potentiality and availability of renewable energy sources in the Gulf region. The earth suffers from extreme air pollution, climate changes, and extreme problems due to the enormous usage of underground carbon resources applications materialized in industrial, transport, and domestic sectors. The countries under Gulf Cooperation Council, i.e., Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates, mainly explore those underground carbon resources for crude oil extraction and natural gas production. As a nonrenewable resource, these are bound to be exhausted in the near future. Hence, this review discusses the importance and feasibility of renewable sources in the Gulf region to persuade the scientific community to launch and explore renewable sources to obtain the maximum benefit in electric power generation. In most parts of the Gulf region, solar and wind energy sources are abundantly available. However, attempts to harness those resources are very limited. Furthermore, in this review report, innovative areas of advanced research (such as bioenergy, biomass) were proposed for the Gulf region to extract those resources at a higher magnitude to generate surplus power generation. Overall, this report clearly depicts the current scenario, current power demand, currently installed capacities, and the future strategies of power production from renewable power sources (viz., solar, wind, tidal, biomass, and bioenergy) in each and every part of the Gulf region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air Quality and Future Mobility)

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20 pages, 13964 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Comprehensive Review on Developments in Electric Vehicle Charging Station Infrastructure and Present Scenario of India

by Shubham Mishra, Shrey Verma, Subhankar Chowdhury, Ambar Gaur, Subhashree Mohapatra, Gaurav Dwivedi and Puneet Verma

Sustainability 2021, 13(4), 2396; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13042396 - 23 Feb 2021

Cited by 49 | Viewed by 12650

Abstract

The transportation sector of the world is in the transformation stage, shifting from conventional fossil fuel-powered vehicles to zero or ultra-low tailpipe emission vehicles. To support this transformation, a proper charging station (CS) infrastructure in combination with information technology, smart distributed energy generating units, and favorable government policies are required. The motive of this paper is to address the key aspects to be taken care of while planning for the charging station infrastructure for electric vehicles. The paper also provides major indagation and developments in planning and technological aspects that are going on for the enhancement of the design and efficient management of charging station infrastructure. The paper addresses the present scenario of India related to electric vehicle charging station developments. The paper specially provides a critical review on the research and developments in the charging station infrastructure, the problems associated with it, and the efforts that are going on for its standardization to help the researchers address the problems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air Quality and Future Mobility)

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