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EEG-Based Brain–Computer Interfaces: Research and Applications

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Electronic Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2025) | Viewed by 3110

Special Issue Editors

College of Information Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
Interests: BCI; EEG; deeplearning
College of Mathematical Medicine, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
Interests: brain functional network; EEG; artificial intelligence (AI); biomedical signal processing; sleep apnea

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, UK.
Interests: brain-computer interface; machine learning; signal processing

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Electroencephalography (EEG)-based brain–computer interface (BCI) technology holds immense research value, offering a non-invasive, cost-effective, and practical approach to bridging human neural activity and external devices. By decoding brain signals, EEG-BCIs enable direct communication and control pathways, opening new frontiers in understanding brain function and enhancing human capabilities.

In recent years, EEG-BCI technology has achieved remarkable progress in signal processing, machine learning, and interdisciplinary applications, driving significant advancements in areas such as neurorehabilitation, virtual reality interaction, and disease diagnosis. This Special Issue aims to provide a platform for showcasing the latest research and developments in EEG-based brain–computer interfaces (BCIs). We welcome original contributions addressing key topics, including EEG signal preprocessing, novel deep learning algorithms, EEG-based disease diagnosis, and emerging BCI paradigms. By fostering academic exchange and promoting innovation, this Special Issue seeks to push the boundaries of BCI research and unlock new possibilities in this rapidly evolving field. We look forward to receiving your submissions. 

Potential topics include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Advanced signal processing techniques;
  • Machine learning and deep learning in BCIs;
  • Neurofeedback and cognitive enhancement;
  • EEG-based disease diagnosis;
  • BCI in clinical settings;
  • BCI paradigms and applications.

Dr. Fo Hu
Dr. Gang Li
Dr. Junhua Li
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • brain–computer interface
  • neural signal processing
  • neural modeling and neuromodulation
  • computational neuroscience
  • practical applications of brain–computer interfaces

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

29 pages, 2940 KB  
Article
Influence of EEG Signal Augmentation Methods on Classification Accuracy of Motor Imagery Events
by Bartłomiej Sztyler, Aleksandra Królak and Paweł Strumiłło
Sensors 2026, 26(4), 1258; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26041258 - 14 Feb 2026
Viewed by 863
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of various data-augmentation techniques on the performance of neural networks in EEG-based motor imagery three-class event classification. EEG data were obtained from a publicly available open-source database, and a subset of 25 patients was selected for analysis. The [...] Read more.
This study investigates the impact of various data-augmentation techniques on the performance of neural networks in EEG-based motor imagery three-class event classification. EEG data were obtained from a publicly available open-source database, and a subset of 25 patients was selected for analysis. The classification task focused on detecting two types of motor events: imagined movements of the left hand and imagined movements of the right hand. EEGNet, a convolutional neural network architecture optimized for EEG signal processing, was employed for classification. A comprehensive set of augmentation techniques was evaluated, including five time-domain transformations, three frequency-domain transformations, two spatial-domain transformations and two generative approaches. Each method was tested individually, as well as in selected two- and three-method cascade combinations. The augmentation strategies were tested using three data-splitting methodologies and applying four ratios of original-to-generated data: 1:0.25, 1:0.5, 1:0.75 and 1:1. Our results demonstrate that the augmentation strategies we used significantly influence classification accuracy, particularly when used in combination. These findings underscore the importance of selecting appropriate augmentation techniques to enhance generalization in EEG-based brain–computer interface applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue EEG-Based Brain–Computer Interfaces: Research and Applications)
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22 pages, 1350 KB  
Article
Optimization of Dynamic SSVEP Paradigms for Practical Application: Low-Fatigue Design with Coordinated Trajectory and Speed Modulation and Gaming Validation
by Yan Huang, Lei Cao, Yongru Chen and Ting Wang
Sensors 2025, 25(15), 4727; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25154727 - 31 Jul 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1419
Abstract
Steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) paradigms are widely used in brain–computer interface (BCI) systems due to their reliability and fast response. However, traditional static stimuli may reduce user comfort and engagement during prolonged use. This study proposes a dynamic stimulation paradigm combining periodic [...] Read more.
Steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) paradigms are widely used in brain–computer interface (BCI) systems due to their reliability and fast response. However, traditional static stimuli may reduce user comfort and engagement during prolonged use. This study proposes a dynamic stimulation paradigm combining periodic motion trajectories with speed control. Using four frequencies (6, 8.57, 10, 12 Hz) and three waveform patterns (sinusoidal, square, sawtooth), speed was modulated at 1/5, 1/10, and 1/20 of each frequency’s base rate. An offline experiment with 17 subjects showed that the low-speed sinusoidal and sawtooth trajectories matched the static accuracy (85.84% and 83.82%) while reducing cognitive workload by 22%. An online experiment with 12 subjects participating in a fruit-slicing game confirmed its practicality, achieving recognition accuracies above 82% and a System Usability Scale score of 75.96. These results indicate that coordinated trajectory and speed modulation preserves SSVEP signal quality and enhances user experience, offering a promising approach for fatigue-resistant, user-friendly BCI application. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue EEG-Based Brain–Computer Interfaces: Research and Applications)
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