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Recent Advances of FMCW-Based Radar Sensors
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Recent Advances of FMCW-Based Radar Sensors

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Radar Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 1 September 2024 | Viewed by 13764

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Daniel Rodriguez

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR, USA
Interests: radar; continuous wave radar; vital signs
Prof. Dr. Changzhi Li

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Box 43102, Lubbock, TX 79409-3102, USA
Interests: radio frequency and microwave; wireless localization; non-contact motion sensing; healthcare monitoring; structural monitoring; biomedical radar
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Marco Mercuri

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Informatica, Modellistica, Elettronica e Sistemistica, Università della Calabria, Rende, Italy
Interests: microwave/RF radar systems and algorithms; remote radar sensing; contactless health monitoring; biomedical applications; wireless sensor networks

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Recent years have witnessed rapid advancements in semiconductor devices, signal processing, and deployment of frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar sensors. By measuring the speed, distance, and angle or various objects, FMCW radar sensors have manifested their important roles in the automotive industry, internet-of-things (IoT) applications, through-the-wall surveillance, smart building, human–computer interface, as well as emerging biomedical and health care systems. Compared with other sensing modalities, including cameras and lidars, FMCW radars rely on radio frequency signals that are more robust in various ambient light and weather conditions and offer the potential to better protect visual privacy. With the help of antenna-on-chip and antenna-in-package technologies, FMCW radar sensors can be completely integrated in low-cost semiconductor products for mass production and deployment. In addition, both the angular and range resolutions of modern radar sensors are improving aggressively owing to the development of high-performance beamforming and millimeter-wave technologies, which move hand-in-hand with 5G and 6G progress in the field of wireless communication. In the current IoT era, millions of connected sensors are being deployed, which is raising different concerns among scientists, industry leaders, government officials, and final users. These concerns are especially focused in the areas of privacy and security, where FMCW radars have clear advantages over other types of sensors. Therefore, it is of great interest for the scientific community to continue the advancement of FMCW radars at a rapid pace. This Special Issue highlights exciting progress in the hardware, software, signal processing, security, and applications of FMCW radar sensors that will help to enable the massive deployment of these sensors.

Dr. Daniel Rodriguez
Prof. Dr. Changzhi Li
Dr. Marco Mercuri
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • frequency-modulated continuous-wave
  • radar
  • automotive radar
  • internet-of-things
  • biomedical
  • semiconductor
  • radar signal processing
  • radar remote sensing

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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21 pages, 6493 KiB  
Article
A Double Fourier-Transform Imaging Algorithm for a 24 GHz FMCW Short-Range Radar
by Renato Cicchetti, Stefano Pisa, Emanuele Piuzzi and Orlandino Testa
Sensors 2023, 23(8), 4119; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23084119 - 19 Apr 2023
Viewed by 1752
Abstract
A frequency-modulated continuous-wave radar for short-range target imaging, assembling a transceiver, a PLL, an SP4T switch, and a serial patch antenna array, was realized. A new algorithm based on a double Fourier transform (2D-FT) was developed and compared with the delay and sum [...] Read more.
A frequency-modulated continuous-wave radar for short-range target imaging, assembling a transceiver, a PLL, an SP4T switch, and a serial patch antenna array, was realized. A new algorithm based on a double Fourier transform (2D-FT) was developed and compared with the delay and sum (DAS) and multiple signal classification (MUSIC) algorithms proposed in the literature for target detection. The three reconstruction algorithms were applied to simulated canonical cases evidencing radar resolutions close to the theoretical ones. The proposed 2D-FT algorithm exhibits an angle of view greater than 25° and is five times faster than DAS and 20 times faster than the MUSIC one. The realized radar shows a range resolution of 55 cm and an angular resolution of 14° and is able to correctly identify the positions of single and multiple targets in realistic scenarios, with errors lower than 20 cm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances of FMCW-Based Radar Sensors)
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24 pages, 27351 KiB  
Article
A Novel Approach for Simulation of Automotive Radar Sensors Designed for Systematic Support of Vehicle Development
by Zoltan Ferenc Magosi and Arno Eichberger
Sensors 2023, 23(6), 3227; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23063227 - 17 Mar 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2892
Abstract
Despite the progress in driving automation, the market introduction of higher-level automation has not yet been achieved. One of the main reasons for this is the effort in safety validation to prove functional safety to the customer. However, virtual testing may compromise this [...] Read more.
Despite the progress in driving automation, the market introduction of higher-level automation has not yet been achieved. One of the main reasons for this is the effort in safety validation to prove functional safety to the customer. However, virtual testing may compromise this challenge, but the modelling of machine perception and proving its validity has not been solved completely. The present research focuses on a novel modelling approach for automotive radar sensors. Due to the complex high-frequency physics of radars, sensor models for vehicle development are challenging. The presented approach employs a semi-physical modelling approach based on experiments. The selected commercial automotive radar was applied in on-road tests where the ground truth was recorded with a precise measurement system installed in ego and target vehicles. High-frequency phenomena were observed and reproduced in the model on the one hand by using physically based equations such as antenna characteristics and the radar equation. On the other hand, high-frequency effects were statistically modelled using adequate error models derived from the measurements. The model was evaluated with performance metrics developed in previous works and compared to a commercial radar sensor model. Results show that, while keeping real-time performance necessary for X-in-the-loop applications, the model is able to achieve a remarkable fidelity as assessed by probability density functions of the radar point clouds and using the Jensen–Shannon divergence. The model delivers values of radar cross-section for the radar point clouds that correlate well with measurements comparable with the Euro NCAP Global Vehicle Target Validation process. The model outperforms a comparable commercial sensor model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances of FMCW-Based Radar Sensors)
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18 pages, 4662 KiB  
Article
A Modified Keystone-Based Forward-Looking Arc Array Synthetic Aperture Radar 3D Imaging Method
by Xiaofan Zhu, Pingping Huang, Wei Xu, Weixian Tan and Yaolong Qi
Sensors 2023, 23(5), 2674; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052674 - 28 Feb 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1285
Abstract
An arc array synthetic aperture radar (AA-SAR) is a new type of omnidirectional observation and imaging system. Based on linear array 3D imaging, this paper introduces a keystone algorithm combined with the arc array SAR 2D imaging method and proposes a modified 3D [...] Read more.
An arc array synthetic aperture radar (AA-SAR) is a new type of omnidirectional observation and imaging system. Based on linear array 3D imaging, this paper introduces a keystone algorithm combined with the arc array SAR 2D imaging method and proposes a modified 3D imaging algorithm based on keystone transformation. The first step is to discuss the target azimuth angle, retain the far-field approximation method of the first-order term, analyze the influence of the forward motion of the platform on the along-track position, and realize the two-dimensional focusing of the target slant range–azimuth direction. The second step is to redefine a new azimuth angle variable in the slant-range along-track imaging and use the keystone-based processing algorithm in the range frequency domain to eliminate the coupling term generated by the array angle and the slant-range time. The corrected data are used to perform along-track pulse compression to obtain the focused image of the target and realize the three-dimensional imaging of the target. Finally, in this article, the spatial resolution of the AA-SAR system in the forward-looking state is analyzed in detail, and the change in the spatial resolution of the system and the effectiveness of the algorithm are verified through simulation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances of FMCW-Based Radar Sensors)
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Review

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19 pages, 1302 KiB  
Review
Dynamic Gesture Recognition Based on FMCW Millimeter Wave Radar: Review of Methodologies and Results
by Gaopeng Tang, Tongning Wu and Congsheng Li
Sensors 2023, 23(17), 7478; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23177478 - 28 Aug 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1661
Abstract
As a convenient and natural way of human-computer interaction, gesture recognition technology has broad research and application prospects in many fields, such as intelligent perception and virtual reality. This paper summarized the relevant literature on gesture recognition using Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) [...] Read more.
As a convenient and natural way of human-computer interaction, gesture recognition technology has broad research and application prospects in many fields, such as intelligent perception and virtual reality. This paper summarized the relevant literature on gesture recognition using Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) millimeter-wave radar from January 2015 to June 2023. In the manuscript, the widely used methods involved in data acquisition, data processing, and classification in gesture recognition were systematically investigated. This paper counts the information related to FMCW millimeter wave radar, gestures, data sets, and the methods and results in feature extraction and classification. Based on the statistical data, we provided analysis and recommendations for other researchers. Key issues in the studies of current gesture recognition, including feature fusion, classification algorithms, and generalization, were summarized and discussed. Finally, this paper discussed the incapability of the current gesture recognition technologies in complex practical scenes and their real-time performance for future development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances of FMCW-Based Radar Sensors)
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22 pages, 672 KiB  
Review
A Survey on Modelling of Automotive Radar Sensors for Virtual Test and Validation of Automated Driving
by Zoltan Ferenc Magosi, Hexuan Li, Philipp Rosenberger, Li Wan and Arno Eichberger
Sensors 2022, 22(15), 5693; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22155693 - 29 Jul 2022
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4312
Abstract
Radar sensors were among the first perceptual sensors used for automated driving. Although several other technologies such as lidar, camera, and ultrasonic sensors are available, radar sensors have maintained and will continue to maintain their importance due to their reliability in adverse weather [...] Read more.
Radar sensors were among the first perceptual sensors used for automated driving. Although several other technologies such as lidar, camera, and ultrasonic sensors are available, radar sensors have maintained and will continue to maintain their importance due to their reliability in adverse weather conditions. Virtual methods are being developed for verification and validation of automated driving functions to reduce the time and cost of testing. Due to the complexity of modelling high-frequency wave propagation and signal processing and perception algorithms, sensor models that seek a high degree of accuracy are challenging to simulate. Therefore, a variety of different modelling approaches have been presented in the last two decades. This paper comprehensively summarises the heterogeneous state of the art in radar sensor modelling. Instead of a technology-oriented classification as introduced in previous review articles, we present a classification of how these models can be used in vehicle development by using the V-model originating from software development. Sensor models are divided into operational, functional, technical, and individual models. The application and usability of these models along the development process are summarised in a comprehensive tabular overview, which is intended to support future research and development at the vehicle level and will be continuously updated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances of FMCW-Based Radar Sensors)
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